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Production Quantities (production + quantity)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	50%

Selected Abstracts

Modular Microreaction Systems for Homogeneously and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Chemical Synthesis

HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 1 2005
Daniel
Until now, microreaction devices designed for a specific type of reaction were used mainly for highly exothermic, very fast reactions. Described is a modular microreaction system and its application to representative homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions important in organic synthesis. The modular microreaction system allows continuous flow processes to be optimized and employed effectively in the chemical laboratory. The modular microreaction systems proved also versatile for syntheses requiring moderate reaction times, thus extending their application to a large fraction of organic reactions. The use of the modular and cleanable microreaction systems to rapidly develop optimized reaction conditions provides an excellent basis for the development of many chemical transformations scalable from milligram to ton production quantities. [source]

Do counter-cyclical payments in the 2002 US Farm Act create incentives to produce?,

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2-3 2004
Jesús Antón
Abstract Analytical results in the literature suggest that counter-cyclical payments create risk-related incentives to produce even if they are ,decoupled' under certainty [Hennessy, D. A., 1998. The production effects of agricultural income support polices under uncertainty. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 80, 46,57]. This paper develops a framework to assess the risk-related incentives to produce created by commodity programmes like the loan deficiency payments (LDPs) and the counter-cyclical payments (CCPs) in the 2002 US Farm Act. Because CCPs are paid based on fixed production quantities they have a weaker risk-reducing impact than LDPs. The latter have a direct impact through the variance of the producer price distributions, while the impact of CCPs is due only to the covariance between the CCP and the producer price distributions. The methodology developed by [Chavas, J.-P., Holt, M. T., 1990. Acreage decisions under risk: the case of corn and soybeans. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 72 (3), 529,538] is applied to calculate the appropriate variance-covariance matrix of the truncated producer price distributions under the 2002 Farm Act. Risk premia are computed showing that the risk-related incentives created by CCPs are significant and do not disappear for levels of production above the base production on which CCPs are paid. [source]

Economic impacts of bio-refinery and resource cascading systems: An applied general equilibrium analysis for Poland

BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 12 2007
Adriana M. Ignaciuk Dr.
Abstract Due to more stringent energy and climate policies, it is expected that many traditional chemicals will be replaced by their biomass-based substitutes, bio-chemicals. These innovations, however, can influence land allocation since the demand for land dedicated to specific crops might increase. Moreover, it can have an influence on traditional agricultural production. In this paper, we use an applied general equilibrium framework, in which we include two different bio-refinery processes and incorporate so-called cascading mechanisms. The bio-refinery processes use grass, as one of the major inputs, to produce bio-nylon and propane-diol (1,3PDO) to substitute currently produced fossil fuel-based nylon and ethane-diol. We examine the impact of specific climate policies on the bioelectricity share in total electricity production, land allocation, and production quantities and prices of selected commodities. The novel technologies become competitive, with an increased stringency of climate policies. This switch, however, does not induce a higher share of bioelectricity. The cascade does stimulate the production of bioelectricity, but it induces more of a shift in inputs in the bioelectricity sector (from biomass to the cascaded bio-nylon and 1, 3PDO) than an increase in production level of bioelectricity. We conclude that dedicated biomass crops will remain the main option for bioelectricity production: the contribution of the biomass systems remains limited. Moreover, the bioelectricity sector looses a competition for land for biomass production with bio-refineries. [source]

Optimal manufacturer's pricing and lot-sizing policies under trade credit financing

INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2006
Jinn-Tsair Teng
Abstract In this paper, we extend Goyal's economic order quantity (EOQ) model to allow for the following four important facts: (1) the manufacturer's selling price per unit is necessarily higher than its unit cost, (2) the interest rate charged by a bank is not necessarily higher than the manufacturer's investment return rate, (3) the demand rate is a downward-sloping function of the price, and (4) an economic production quantity (EPQ) model is a generalized EOQ model. We then establish an appropriate EPQ model accordingly, in which the manufacturer receives the supplier trade credit and provides the customer trade credit simultaneously. As a result, the proposed model is in a general framework that includes numerous previous models as special cases. Furthermore, we provide an easy-to-use closed-form optimal solution to the problem for any given price. Finally, we develop an algorithm for the manufacturer to determine its optimal price and lot size simultaneously. [source]