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Process Works (process + work)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Law and Criminology	33%
Humanities and Social Sciences	33%

Selected Abstracts

How Does the Comforting Process Work?

HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006
An Empirical Test of an Appraisal-Based Model of Comforting
Burleson and Goldsmith's (1998) comforting model suggests an appraisal-based mechanism through which comforting messages can bring about a positive change in emotional states. This study is a first empirical test of three causal linkages implied by the appraisal-based comforting model. Participants (N = 258) talked about an upsetting event with a confederate trained to display low, moderate, or high levels of person centeredness and nonverbal immediacy. After the conversation, participants completed several scales. Latent composite structural equation modeling was used to examine the model, which showed that person-centered and immediate emotional support exerted a direct effect on emotional improvement. Above and beyond this direct effect, person-centered comfort also encouraged people to verbalize their thoughts and emotions. These verbalizations facilitated cognitive appraisals, which in turn exerted a strong direct effect on emotional improvement. Mediation analyses further suggested that verbalizations of positive emotion words in conjunction with reappraisals partially mediated the influence of person-centered comfort on emotional improvement. [source]

Strategies for achieving an arbitration advantage require early analysis, pre-hearing strategies, and awards scrutiny

ALTERNATIVES TO THE HIGH COST OF LITIGATION, Issue 9 2008
Kevin R. Casey
Setting a framework for resolving a dispute in arbitration is essential to make the process work. Kevin R. Casey and Marissa Parker, of Philadelphia, take a hard look at arbitration practice, and provide tips for your ADR game plan and for advising your client on getting to a successful resolution. [source]

The Treaty of Nice: The Sharing of Power and the Institutional Balance in the European Union,A Continental Perspective

EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001
Xenophon A. Yataganas
This paper presents an initial response to the conclusions of the Nice Summit and the new EU Treaty which emerged from it. It consists of two parts: in the first I discuss the climate in which the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) took place and the opening positions of the Institutions, the Member States, and the applicant countries. The results achieved at Nice are set out in the second part, with special emphasis on the themes that mark a shift of power within the Community's institutional architecture; i.e. the extension of qualified-majority voting in the Council and the co-decision procedure with the European Parliament, the reweighting of votes and the composition of the Institutions with a view to an enlargement which is both imminent and unprecedented in the history of the EU. I conclude that while the results of the IGC and the new Treaty of Nice fall short of what is needed in an EU with ambitions on a continental scale, they do mark another stage in the process of European integration and the permanent evolution of its constitution. In this sense, the balance of power is likely to be different from what it has been in the past. The Franco-German axis has been severely weakened, the UK and Spain seem to be determined to play a central role, and the smaller countries are seeking to retain some influence over how the process works. New alliances are likely to emerge, particularly after enlargement, with Germany in search of a dominant position, France desperately trying to preserve the status quo, and the UK wanting to influence the direction of moves towards integration from the inside. Nice seems to mark an interim stage in this process. A new IGC has already been scheduled for 2004. There is no doubt that the post-Nice period will be one of transition towards a new distribution of power within the EU, sanctioned by a new, highly constitutional treaty. [source]

On the role of context in hierarchical fuzzy controllers

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 5 2002
Luis Magdalena
This article analyzes the role of context in hierarchical fuzzy controllers based on the decomposition of the input space. The usual consideration in most hierarchical fuzzy systems is the reduction of dimensionality problems. This article will analyze how to profit from the qualities of context as a key question in the definition of a fuzzy controller, to reduce the design efforts by making it easier to introduce the expert knowledge in that process. The idea is to use the output of a level of the hierarchy as the method to define (or adjust) the normalization functions (considered as contextual information) applied to the variables of the following level of that hierarchy. Two different situations will be analyzed, including an application example for each case. In the first case the decomposition will affect variables placed at the same level of description (abstraction) regarding the problem to be solved. In the second case, the decomposition process works on variables placed at different levels of description of the problem (descriptions with a different level of abstraction). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

Single-particle motion and heat transfer in fluidized beds

AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 12 2006
Yee Sun Wong
Abstract Fluidized beds are particularly favored as chemical reactors because of their ability to exchange heat through immersed heat-exchange surfaces. However, little is known about how the heat-exchange process works on a single-particle level. The most commonly applied theory of fluidized bed heat exchange is that developed by Mickley and Fairbanks in the 1950s,the so-called packet model. The work described in this article is an attempt to understand the process of heat transfer by solids convection, using positron emission particle tracking to follow the trajectory of a single tracer particle in the bed. In particular, the residence time of particles in the vicinity of the surface is determined here for the first time. Using these data, the observed heat-transfer variations are interpreted mechanistically. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006 [source]

The memorialization of September 11: Dominant and local discourses on the rebuilding of the World Trade Center site

AMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 3 2004
Setha M. Low
ABSTRACT An inherent tension exists between the meanings of the World Trade Center site created by dominant political and economic players and the significance of the space for those who actually live near it. Most of the writing on and analysis of the site have focused on the construction of a memorial space for an imagined national and global community of visitors who identify with its broader, state-produced meanings. But New Yorkers, in general, and downtown residents, in particular, bring to meaning making their own personal involvement in and knowledge of a located history that has social, political, and economic significance for their everyday lives. These meanings are as much a part of memorialization as the dominant players' political machinations and economic competition for space and status. Uncovering and eliciting these local memorial discourses is part of an ethnographic project that focuses on how personalized narratives of loss emerge and are manipulated within mass-mediated representations of the World Trade Center space. My contribution to understanding how the memorial process works has been to analyze what downtown residents say about their experience of September 11 and its aftermath, to record their feelings about a memorial, and, in so doing, to contest, expand, and modify the dominant media and governmental representations of September 11 and its memorialization. [source]