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Problem Type (problem + type)
Selected AbstractsA SIBTEST Approach to Testing DIF Hypotheses Using Experimentally Designed Test ItemsJOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT, Issue 4 2000Daniel M. Bolt This paper considers a modification of the DIF procedure SIBTEST for investigating the causes of differential item functioning (DIF). One way in which factors believed to be responsible for DIF can be investigated is by systematically manipulating them across multiple versions of an item using a randomized DIF study (Schmitt, Holland, & Dorans, 1993). In this paper: it is shown that the additivity of the index used for testing DIF in SIBTEST motivates a new extension of the method for statistically testing the effects of DIF factors. Because an important consideration is whether or not a studied DIF factor is consistent in its effects across items, a methodology for testing item x factor interactions is also presented. Using data from the mathematical sections of the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), the effects of two potential DIF factors,item format (multiple-choice versus open-ended) and problem type (abstract versus concrete),are investigated for gender Results suggest a small but statistically significant and consistent effect of item format (favoring males for multiple-choice items) across items, and a larger but less consistent effect due to problem type. [source] Homework Assignments in Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy: A Meta-AnalysisCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 2 2000Nikolaos Kazantzis This meta-analysis (27 studies, N= 1702) examined (a) the effects of homework assignments on treatment outcome and (b) the relationship between homework compliance and therapy outcome. Results of the primary meta-analyses indicated a weighted mean effect size (r) of .36 for homework effects and .22 for homework compliance. A moderator analysis (chosen on a priori grounds) was also conducted by partitioning the sample of effect size estimations first according to the sample problem type, according to the type of homework activity administered, and according to the source and time of homework compliance assessment. We hope that the focus of future research will now be diverted from general questions of the benefit of including homework in therapy, to more specific questions regarding the relative effectiveness of different types of homework assignments for different client problems. [source] Supple Praxis: A Paralogical Strategy for ProblemsCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 3 2010Dan H. DeGooyer Jr. Based on Lyotard's (1984) paralogy, I provide a paralogical approach to problems in which participants identify and describe grammars of problems as a means to engage them. I provide paralogical grammars of extant problems and their solutions (i.e., performative, reliable, accidental, and wicked) to articulate how they move from more to less easily solved, with an increasing degree of complexity and stake. I offer paralogical action steps to enact a supple praxis as demonstrated through a discussion of hellish problems, a fifth problem type. Participants paralogically address incommensurability as they solve their current problem, so that they may face their next incommensurable problem. Practitioners using a paralogical approach thus both adeptly solve current problems and prepare for unknown future problems. La praxis souple : une stratégie paralogique face aux problèmes Dan H. DeGooyer, Jr. À partir de la paralogie de Lyotard (1984), je développe une approche paralogique pour affronter les problèmes, approche par laquelle les participants identifient et décrivent des grammaires de problèmes comme moyen d'y faire face. J'offre des grammaires paralogiques de problèmes existants (performatifs, fiables, accidentels et pernicieux) et leurs solutions, afin d'exprimer clairement les manières dont ces problèmes sont de plus en plus difficiles à résoudre, alors que leur degré de complexité et d'importance augmente. Je présente des étapes d'action paralogique afin de mettre en actes une praxis souple, telle que démontrée dans une discussion des problèmes infernaux, un cinquième type de problèmes. Les participants traitent de manière paralogique de l'incommensurabilité quand ils résolvent leur problème actuel, de manière à ce qu'ils affrontent le problème incommensurable suivant. Ainsi, les intervenants qui utilisent une approche paralogique résolvent de façon experte leurs problèmes actuels et se préparent également pour les problèmes futurs qui leur sont encore inconnus. Weiche Praxis: Eine paralogische Strategie für Probleme Dan H. DeGooyer, Jr. Basierend auf der Paralogie von Lyotard (1984) diskutiere ich einen paralogischen Ansatz für Probleme, die Teilnehmer erkennen und deren Grammatik sie beschreiben als ein Mittel, mit diesen Problemen umzugehen. Ich bestimme die paralogische Grammatiken von bestehenden Problemen und ihren Lösungen (z.B. performative, reliable, unbeabsichtigte und boshafte) um auszudrücken, wie sie diese im Feld zwischen mehr oder weniger leicht zu lösen und einem zunehmenden Grad an Komplexität und Einsatz bewegen. Ich biete paralogische Handlungsschritte, um Möglichkeiten einer weichen Praxis darzustellen, wie sie in der Diskussion um infernale Probleme, einem Typ 5-Problem, vorkommen. Die Teilnehmer befassen sich paralogisch mit der Unmessbarkeit während sie ihre aktuellen Probleme lösen, so dass sie ihr nächstes unmessbares Problem angehen können. Praktiker, die einen paralogischen Ansatz verfolgen, lösen also aktuelle Probleme und bereiten sich für unbekannte Probleme in der Zukunft vor. La Práctica Flexible: Una Estrategia Para-lógica para los Problemas Dan H. DeGooyer, Jr. Emmanuel College, University of Iowa, 312 Administrative Building, Boston, MA O2115, USA Resumen Basado en la para-logia de Lyotard (1984), proveo de una aproximación para-lógica a los problemas en la cual los participantes se identifican y describen las gramáticas de los problemas como un medio para comprometerse con ellos. Proveo de una gramática para-lógica de problemas existentes y sus soluciones (a saber, de performancia creíble, accidental, y malintencionado) que articula cómo ellos mueven de más a menos fácilmente solucionados, con un incremento en el grado de complejidad e interés. Ofrezco los pasos de la acción para-lógica una práctica flexible demostrada a través de una discusión de problemas infernales, un quinto tipo de problema. Los participantes trataron para-lógicamente la inconmensurabilidad al resolver el problema corriente, de manera tal que puedan enfrentar el problema inconmensurable siguiente. Los practicantes usando el enfoque para-lógico resolvieron así en forma experta los problemas y se prepararon para los problemas futuros inciertos. [source] Predictors and outcomes of persistent or age-limited registered criminal behavior: a 30-year longitudinal study of a Swedish urban populationAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 2 2009Lars R. Bergman Abstract This study uses data from the longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation, where an entire school-grade cohort of children in a middle-size Swedish city (n,1.300) has been followed from ages 10 to 43 and 48 for women and men, respectively. Our findings indicate that the patterns of offending across the life-course differ between genders, where males seem to initiate their offending earlier than females. Further, there are very few women on a persistent offending-trajectory. Focusing on precursors to as well as consequences of offending as indexed in official registers, our results indicate that individuals in the persistent offender group have the most pronounced adjustment problems in school- as well as in middle age. Individual characteristics and behaviors (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity, antisocial behavior) vary systematically between individuals with different developmental offending patterns. The combination of an unstable upbringing and own antisocial behavior seems to be especially predictive for criminality. For persistent offenders, the prevalence of alcohol and psychiatric problems at adult age is high for males and extremely high for females (nine out of ten and six out of ten for each of the two problem types for females). Further, the importance for adjustment of the two-dimensional variation in the number of crimes committed during adolescence and adult age seems to have been surprisingly well captured by the "crude" division into the four offender groups that were used. Aggr. Behav. 35:164,178, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Multiple Justiciable Problems: Common Clusters and Their Social and Demographic IndicatorsJOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2004Pascoe Pleasence Justiciable problems do not always occur in isolation. However, little empirical research has examined multiple problems in depth by identifying common clusters of problems, their extent, and those who experience them. The Legal Services Research Centre's Periodic Survey of Justiciable Problems is a large-scale survey undertaken in England and Wales, documenting 5,611 respondents' experience of 21 discrete problem categories. Having assessed the overall incidence and overlap of problem types, hierarchical cluster analysis, based on each respondent's experience of these categories, was used to identify clusters. We then established social and demographic predictors of each cluster using mixed-effects Poisson regression and examined each problem type's likelihood of overlapping with further problems, both within and between identified clusters. We highlight policy implications of our findings, particularly concerning developing "joined-up" solutions to multiple "joined-up" problems. [source] | ||||||||||