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Private Enterprises (private + enterprises)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting81%

Selected Abstracts

A Proposal for Teaching Introductory and Intermediate Accounting in an Environment of International Financial Reporting Standards and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for Private Enterprises,

ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVES, Issue 1 2010
FRED PRIES
comptabilité générale; enseignement; IFRS Abstract Teaching introductory and intermediate financial accounting in an environment of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and generally accepted accounting principles for private enterprises (GAAP for PEs) is an issue facing faculty at Canadian universities and colleges. We present a number of options and then propose an approach that we believe provides a balanced treatment of accounting standards for both publicly accountable and private enterprises. This approach focuses on the concepts and principles that are common to both IFRS and GAAP for PEs. We argue that this approach encourages deep learning resulting in students' better understanding of accounting standards and their application. Proposition d'enseignement de la comptabilitéélémentaire et intermédiaire dans un contexte de normes internationales d'information financière et de principes comptables généralement reconnus pour les entreprises à capital fermé Résumé L'enseignement de la comptabilité générale élémentaire et intermédiaire dans le contexte des IFRS et des PCGR pour les entreprises à capital fermé est problématique pour les professeurs des universités et des collèges canadiens. Les auteurs exposent différentes options et proposent ensuite une approche qui offre, selon eux, un traitement équilibré des normes comptables pour les entreprises ayant une obligation d'information du public ainsi que les entreprises à capital fermé. Cette approche est axée sur les notions et les principes que partagent les IFRS et les PCGR pour les entreprises à capital fermé. Selon les auteurs, elle favorise un apprentissage en profondeur permettant aux étudiants de mieux comprendre les normes comptables et leur application. [source]

Current and Future Problems of Capital Accumulation in the Chinese Pension System

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY REVIEW, Issue 4 2000
Zhang Jinchang
The decree establishing a uniform system of basic pensions for employees in municipal and private enterprises, published by the State Council on 16 July 1997, reflects the Chinese Government's ultimate choice in favour of a partly private funded scheme to cover future pension needs. This article examines the reasons which led to this choice and asks how easy or otherwise it will be to find the capital to finance it. The authors believe that the partly private scheme is more advantageous than other methods and is right for China. Many issues, however, remain the focus of lively debate. In particular, a realistic coordination of individual and group accumulation is needed in order to avoid shortfalls in capital formation and the dangers of inadequate benefit provision. To safeguard the subsistence needs of former workers in state-owned enterprises, a system of equalization at national level is needed, and problems continue over how future pension insurance funds should best be managed. [source]

A combinatorial auction improves school meals in Chile: a case of OR in developing countries

INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2004
Rafael Epstein
Abstract The Chilean State delivers essential meal services at schools for low-income students. Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas, the institution in charge of covering 1,300,000 children, leases the meal service to private enterprises. We developed an integer linear programming model to assign the meal contracts, in a process known as combinatorial auctions. The resulting model, which is NP-hard, led to significant improvements in efficiency and also contributed to making the process more transparent. The results are apparent in substantial improvements in quality and coverage of the service, and important savings to the country, which are equivalent to feeding 300,000 children in addition. We developed techniques to solve the combinatorial models and also to analyze and compare multiple scenarios to find robust solutions. For the objective function of this problem, we analyzed several options to consider different kinds of social benefits. In this paper, we describe the problem, the methodology and the results. We also present empirical results based on 6 years of experience. Finally, we discuss the relevance and impact of using operations research in these central issues in developing countries. [source]

Finance and Firm Export in China

KYKLOS INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2007
Jun Du
SUMMARY Using a rich panel data set, we provide a rigorous analysis of the relationship between access to external finance, foreign direct investment and the exports of private enterprises in China. We conclude that, in order to foster the exports of indigenous enterprises, the elimination of financial discrimination against private firms is likely to be a more effective policy tool than the reliance on spillovers from multinational firms. [source]

Client Influence and the Contingency of Professionalism: The Work of Elite Corporate Lawyers in China

LAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 4 2006
Sida Liu
This study examines how the professional work of elite corporate lawyers is constructed by influence from different types of clients. The data presented include interviews with 24 lawyers from six elite corporate law firms in China and the author's participant-observation in one of the firms. For these elite Chinese corporate law firms, foreign corporations, state-owned enterprises, and private enterprises constitute their extremely diversified client types. Accordingly, lawyers' work becomes flexible and adaptive to accommodate the different demands of the clients. Meanwhile, client influence on lawyers' professional work is mediated by the division of labor within the corporate law firm: whereas partners have solid control over the process of diagnosis, inference, and treatment and thus enjoy a high degree of professional autonomy, associates are largely stripped of this cultural machinery in the workplace, and their work becomes vulnerable to client influence. As a result, client influence on professional work appears to decrease with a lawyer's seniority. [source]

Does the Colour of the Cat Matter?

MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW, Issue 1 2007
The Red Hat Strategy in China's Private Enterprises
abstract The proliferation of new property rights regimes in transitional economies provided an opportunity to examine the interaction between institutions and organizations. Some private enterprises in China developed the Red Hat strategy whereby they disguised their private ownership by registering as a public-owned organization. Drawing on a national survey, this study investigated how institutional variations, transaction costs and social embeddedness affected the firms' Red Hat strategy. The findings suggest that private firms preferred a fuzzy property rights arrangement in the early years of market transition. The temporal and regional variation of the institutional environment contributed to the adoption of the Red Hat strategy. High transaction costs , networking cost and resource constraints , were positively related to the adoption of the Red Hat strategy. Social embeddedness also played an important role. The reliance on transaction partners in the public sector increased the pressure to adopt the Red Hat, while connections with high-ranking cadres facilitated the process. However, private firms opted for clearly delineated property rights as the institutional environment improved. In turn, the decisions of individual firms affected the institutional environment at the aggregate level. The Red Hat strategy exemplifies the co-evolution of institutional change and organizational dynamics. [source]

Earnings Differentials between State and Non-State Enterprises in Urban China

PACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2002
Yaohui Zhao
The present paper estimates earnings differentials between state and non-state sectors for Chinese urban residents in 1996 by taking into account differences in non-wage benefits. Household survey data are used to estimate wage differentials while aggregate statistics are utilised in estimating non-wage benefits. We find that state-sector workers earned significantly more than workers in urban collective and domestic private enterprises in 1996. Unskilled workers in foreign invested enterprises (FIE) earned significantly less than those in the state sector but skilled workers earned more in FIE than in the state sector. These findings shed light on the source of labour immobility that state-owned enterprise had experienced until recently. [source]

Property rights protection and access to bank loans

THE ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION, Issue 4 2006
Evidence from private enterprises in China
D23; O16 and P23 Abstract Poor protection of private property has limited the access to bank loans by private enterprises in developing and transition economies. Under those circumstances, private entrepreneurs have resorted to various ways of enhancing the de facto protection of private property. Using a dataset of 3,073 private enterprises in China, this paper empirically investigates the impact of political participation and philanthropic activities , informal substitutes for the lack of formal protection of private property , on the access to bank loans. [source]

INTERNAL REGULATION BY MIXED ENTERPRISES: THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN WATER SECTOR

ANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2007
Alessandro MARRA
ABSTRACT,:,This paper aims at proposing an economic analysis of mixed enterprises in local utilities. We suggest that the public service concession to mixed enterprises could embody a noteworthy substitute to the traditional public provision and the concession to totally private enterprises. The starting point of the entire analysis is that ownership allows the (public) owner to gather more information about the actual management of the firm, according to property rights theory. Following it, we conclude that under certain conditions mixed enterprises could significantly reduce asymmetric information between regulators and regulated firms by implementing a sort of ,internal' regulation. With more information, the public authority can stimulate the private operator to be more efficient and can monitor it more effectively with respect to the fulfilment of contractual obligations. Moreover, concerning the latter function, the board of directors of these enterprises can be the suitable place where public and private representatives can meet to solve all disputes arising from incomplete contracts. [source]

Government Policies and Private Enterprise Development in China: 2003,2006

CHINA AND WORLD ECONOMY, Issue 4 2009
Shiyong Zhao
D21; E58; E61; H11 Abstract The relationship between government policy and economic development has been along-standing topic of academic research and policy debate. The government of a transitional economy plays an important role in the process of economic development. Over the past three decades, the Chinese economy has been growing very rapidly, in particular because of the rapid development of the private sector. However, the performance of private enterprises is still affected by government policies. In the present paper, we examine the changes in large Chinese private enterprises' performance during 2003,2006 and test the determinants of such changes. We conclude that the Chinese Government's discriminating policies against private enterprises are the main cause of the private sector's downturn. [source]