Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Principal Advantages (principal + advantage)
Selected AbstractsNew once-daily formulation for trospium in overactive bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 11 2010C. Chapple Summary Aims:, We examined the relative efficacy and safety of trospium 20 mg bid and 60 mg extended release formulations and position this drug against other antimuscarinic agents. Methods:, Data were identified on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of trospium chloride. Key publications on trospium 20-mg and 60-mg clinical studies in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) were identified and efficacy and safety compared between these formulations as well as other antimuscarinic agents. Results:, Trospium offers the principal advantage over other antimuscarinic agents that, as it is a quaternary amine, it does not cross the blood,brain barrier and is therefore less likely to cause central nervous system effects observed with several other agents. Moreover, with its minimal liver metabolisation, independent of the main cytochrome pathways, trospium has a low risk of drug,drug interaction in patients taking multiple pharmacological agents. Trospium 60 mg ER is as effective as trospium 20 mg bid in improving the key outcome parameters associated with OAB, but with a lower rate of dry mouth, the most common side effect of these agents. Trospium has comparable efficacy and safety to the other antimuscarinic agents currently marketed. Discussion:, Good patient persistence with treatment has been reported with trospium. There are currently a large number of antimuscarinic drugs on the market without clear evidence to distinguish one agent from another in terms of efficacy, provided that an adequate dose is used in the clinical setting. Conclusion:, The new formulation of trospium is certainly worth considering as a pharmacological treatment of patients with OAB, particularly in the elderly, in whom one wants to avoid the potential for cognitive dysfunction. [source] Multi-attribute value theory as a framework for conflict resolution in river rehabilitationJOURNAL OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS, Issue 2-3 2005Markus Hostmann Abstract Decision making in environmental projects is usually complex because of heterogeneous stakeholder interests, multiple objectives, long planning and implementation processes, and uncertain outcomes. Conflicting stakeholder interests in particular are often an important impediment to the realization and success of projects. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are potentially useful for facilitating conflict resolution among stakeholder groups. However, some studies that have applied MCDA methods indicate that users are often skeptical about the value of MCDA methods and prefer the freedom of unaided decision making. We examine whether and how multi-attribute value theory (MAVT), a particular kind of MCDA, facilitates conflict resolution in environmental projects. Therefore, the MAVT method is applied to a specific river rehabilitation project in Switzerland (Thur River). The main questions are: (1) Can the MAVT method predict the final preferences of stakeholders and therefore anticipate conflicts at an early stage? (2) Do stakeholders reconsider and change their preferences after using the MAVT method? (3) If they do, does this result in more consensus-oriented decisions? We find that the principal advantage of the method in our case was not the prediction of stakeholders' final preferences, but rather the methods' ability to facilitate more consensus-oriented decisions. The paper discusses possible reasons for this finding and concludes with recommendations for future applications of the MAVT method in environmental decision making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Evaluation of an Inexpensive Small-Diameter Temperature Logger for Documenting Ground Water,River InteractionsGROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION, Issue 4 2005Adam N. Johnson Increasing numbers of studies are recording detailed temperature data for characterization of ground water,stream exchange. We examined laboratory and field operation of a small-diameter, stand-alone and inexpensive temperature logger capable of investigating stream,ground water exchange was examined. The Thermochron iButton is a 17.35-mm-diameter by 6-mm-thick instrument that costs <$10 when ordered in quantity. Testing of the loggers in a controlled temperature bath revealed a precision of ±0.4°C and an accuracy of ±0.5°C for a group of 201. More than 500 loggers have been installed in channels and in subchannel and floodplain ground water environments in two gravel-bedded rivers in the western United States. Loggers were placed as single devices and in vertical arrays in monitoring wells with diameters of 10.16, 5.08, 2.54, and 1.9 cm. We determined that the loggers have four principal advantages over more commonly used wired and currently available stand-alone logging devices: (1) the wireless nature does not require the instrument location to be associated with a control-recording system; (2) the small size allows for installation in small hand-driven or direct-push monitoring wells and thus intimate contact of the instruments with the hydrologic environment; (3) multiple loggers are easily suspended in a single fully perforated monitoring well, allowing for the collection of high-resolution temperature profile data; and (4) the low cost of the loggers allows for the deployment of large numbers, thus improving spatial resolution in shallow ground water floodplain scale studies. [source] Gene therapy used for tissue engineering applicationsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Mieke Heyde This review highlights the advances at the interface between tissue engineering and gene therapy. There are a large number of reports on gene therapy in tissue engineering, and these cover a huge range of different engineered tissues, different vectors, scaffolds and methodology. The review considers separately in-vitro and in-vivo gene transfer methods. The in-vivo gene transfer method is described first, using either viral or non-viral vectors to repair various tissues with and without the use of scaffolds. The use of a scaffold can overcome some of the challenges associated with delivery by direct injection. The ex-vivo method is described in the second half of the review. Attempts have been made to use this therapy for bone, cartilage, wound, urothelial, nerve tissue regeneration and for treating diabetes using viral or non-viral vectors. Again porous polymers can be used as scaffolds for cell transplantation. There are as yet few comparisons between these many different variables to show which is the best for any particular application. With few exceptions, all of the results were positive in showing some gene expression and some consequent effect on tissue growth and remodelling. Some of the principal advantages and disadvantages of various methods are discussed. [source] Stem cells and regenerative medicine for the treatment of type 1 diabetes: the challenges lying aheadPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 2004Andreas Lechner Abstract:, The differentiation of insulin-producing cells in vitro from embryonic or adult stem cells offers potential new treatment options for type 1 diabetes. Progress toward this goal has been made in the recent years, but substantial obstacles still remain. In order to be advantageous over the current standard regimens with exogenous insulin, any stem cell-based therapy would have to restore normal or near normal metabolic control. To achieve this, many of the complex regulatory mechanisms that control physiologic insulin secretion would have to be recreated with in vitro -generated tissue. An alternative approach would be to use the insights gained through stem cell research to develop pharmacologic agents that can induce regeneration of endogenous pancreatic islets in patients with type 1 diabetes. Such a therapy also requires extensive further research, but it could have principal advantages over tissue transplantation. [source] A visual interface for model-fittingQUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2001Andrew J Smith Abstract We describe a tool which supports the activity of a human being in fitting a mathematical model to measured or simulated data. The tool offers two principal advantages; its use requires a minimum of statistical knowledge, and its visual and interactive nature ensures that its use is intuitive. The tool is novel in that, in the iterative and often exploratory construction of a model, it represents graphically the benefit of all possible single changes to the existing model; a single selection action suffices to add a new term to a model or to remove it. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||