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Primary Sector (primary + sector)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Education	50%

Selected Abstracts

Regional socio-economic importance of fisheries in Finland

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 4-5 2001
J. Virtanen
The total value of Finnish fisheries production in 1997 was almost FIM 2 billion. The bulk of this sum was from processing and wholesaling, but in terms of value added, somewhat more than half was contributed by the primary sector, i.e. fishing and fish farming. In economic terms, fisheries accounted for 0.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1997 and the relative job creation capacity was 0.15%. This paper examines the structure of Finnish fisheries in terms of production value and employment. It also considers the level of dependency on fisheries and of value added along the production chain. The focus is on concentration of the industry and on input to the economy at the regional level. The concentration of fisheries and regional dependence on fisheries are assessed in absolute and relative terms. Examining employment and value added in these two ways enables the regional nature of fisheries to be shown in greater detail. The input of fisheries to the regional economy is examined by the share of value added and by location quotients. The location quotient compares an area's share of a particular activity with that area's share of some basic or aggregated phenomenon. The location quotient showed that fisheries have importance not only in the coastal area but also inland. [source]

Unemployment, Growth, and Trade Unions

GROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2001
Henri L. F. De Groot
This paper develops a two-sector endogenous growth model with a dual labor market caused by the operation of trade unions. Trade unions strive for the extraction of rents from the growth generating imperfectly competitive primary sector. This union behavior results in a non-competitive wage differential between the primary and secondary (perfectly competitive) sector. How the relationship between growth and unemployment depends on the institutional details of the labor market is analyzed. In general, growth and unemployment are intimately related for two reasons. Unemployment affects the scale of operation of the economy and thereby the growth rate. Growth affects inter-temporal decisions of workers about where to allocate on the labor market once they are laid off, and thereby it affects equilibrium unemployment. [source]

On Primary Matters, Because Primary Matters

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 3 2003
Raywen Ford
The list of achievements of NSEAD is significant, but this paper suggests that the lack of primary membership, standing at 4% at the time of writing, is a loss to both the Society, and the primary sector. In order to meets its objects as written in the constitution, the Society needs to represent art, craft and design education in all sectors. The paper underlines the value of education in art and design in the primary sector, and suggests that misunderstandings that exist about the nature of and importance on the activity of young children, particularly in relation to play, are indeed misunderstandings and need to be addressed. [source]

Art & Design:The Rhetoric and the Practice

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 1 2000
John Bowden
In this paper I will outline what I perceive to be the current context in which Art and Design activities operate in Primary and Secondary Schools in England. I will argue that significant advances in the teaching of the subject in the last two decades are being threatened, particularly in the primary sector, due to the impact of a number of factors, including the new ,standards' agenda, and constraints arising from limitations in resources, teaching expertise and deployment, and the effects of assessment. The under achievement of boys will be considered in relation to some observations on differentiation in the subject at Secondary level. The paper will suggest that the attempts by teachers to offer an art curriculum that covers all aspects of artistic activity has led to a superficiality of experience for pupils, and therefore a ,depth' rather than a breadth approach to art curriculum planning is now necessary. The variable impact of Critical Studies activities will be considered, including that of Artists in Schools, and I will suggest that there is an opportunity to extend current art practice encouraging greater risk-taking, through an open-ended problem-solving approach, and a development of work which celebrates pupils' own cultures and interests. [source]

Primary exclusions: are they rising?

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION, Issue 4 2003
Sue Pavey
Reducing the number of pupils excluded from school has formed part of the Government's strategy for school improvement in recent years. The study reported here was conducted within an inner-city LEA. In their article, Sue Pavey, research in special education, and John Visser, senior fellow lecturer in special education, both of whom work in the School of Education at the University of Birmingham, question the veracity of collected data on exclusions relating to the primary sector. Furthermore, they suggest that findings from their study indicate that exclusions are considered ineffective for the pupils concerned and are seen as a last resort by primary headteachers. More effective strategies for meeting the pupils' needs, argue Sue Pavey and John Visser, lie within enhanced, in-school support services and multi-agency approaches. The authors conclude that statistics on exclusion do not give a representative picture of real levels of exclusion in the LEA. This situation adversely affects strategic planning and the distribution of resources. In concluding their article, Sue Pavey and John Visser propose that resources should be spent on developing alternative strategies to exclusion and methods of identifying children at risk of disaffection. [source]

The socio-economical burden of hypersomnia

ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2010
P. Jennum
Jennum P, Kjellberg J. The socio-economical burden of hypersomnia. Acta Neurol Scand: 2010: 121: 265,270. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Munksgaard. Objectives,,, In the absence of socio-economical consequences of hypersomnia this study addresses the factual indirect and direct costs. Methods,,, Two thousand two hundred and eight patients with a hypersomnia diagnosis from 1998 to 2005 were identified in the Danish national patient registry (NPR), each compared with 4 age and gender adjusted, randomly chosen citizens selected from the Civil Registration System Statistics. The health cost was decomposed in direct and indirect yearly costs, including labor supply and social transfer payments. Direct costs included frequencies and costs of discharges and outpatient use by cost weights according to diagnosis related groups and specific outpatient prices based on data from The Danish Ministry of Health. The use of and costs of drugs was based on data from the Danish Medicines Agency. The frequencies and costs from primary sectors were based on data from The National Health Security. Indirect costs were based on income data from the coherent social statistics (CSS). Results,,, Patients with hypersomnia presented significant higher health related contact rate, expenses and medication use. No differences were identified in employment and income. The yearly sum of direct and indirect costs were yearly ,3402 vs. ,1212 in controls (P < 0.001), corresponding to a yearly excess costs ,2190. The patients presented higher transfer income, total ,889. Conclusion,,, Hypersomnia patient present higher health and medication uses, and social transfer income and thus represent a significant socio-economical burden. [source]