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Primary Component (primary + component)
Selected AbstractsTrade-offs between longevity and pathogen resistance in Drosophila melanogaster are mediated by NF,B signalingAGING CELL, Issue 6 2006Sergiy Libert Summary The innate immune response protects numerous organisms, including humans, from the universe of pathogenic molecules, viruses and micro-organisms. Despite its role in promoting pathogen resistance, inappropriate activation and expression of NF,B and other immunity-related effector molecules can lead to cancer, inflammation, and other diseases of aging. Understanding the mechanisms leading to immune system activation as well as the short- and long-term consequences of such activation on health and lifespan is therefore critical for the development of beneficial immuno-modulating and longevity-promoting interventions. Mechanisms of innate immunity are highly conserved across species, and we take advantage of genetic tools in the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, to study the effects of acute and chronic activation of immunity pathways on pathogen resistance and general fitness of adult flies. Our findings indicate that fat body specific overexpression of a putative pathogen recognition molecule, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-LE), is sufficient for constitutive up-regulation of the immune response and for enhanced pathogen resistance. Primary components of fitness are unaffected by acute activation, but chronic activation leads to an inflammatory state and reduced lifespan. These phenotypes are dependent on the NF,B-related transcriptional factor, Relish, and they establish a mechanistic basis for a link between immunity, inflammation, and longevity. [source] Complement receptors type 1 (CR1, CD35) and 2 (CR2, CD21) cooperate in the binding of hydrolyzed complement factor 3 (C3i) to human B lymphocytesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 12 2003Graham, Quinton Leslie, Robert Abstract The C3b-binding receptor, CR1/CD35, supports CR2/CD21-mediated activation of complement by human B lymphocytes, possibly by associating with CR2 to promote or stabilize the binding of hydrolyzed C3 (C3i), the primary component of the AP convertase, C3i-Bb. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined the uptake kinetics and binding equilibria for C3i dimer interaction with human blood cells in the absence and presence of CR1- and CR2-blocking mAb. C3i displayed dual uptake kinetics to B lymphocytes, comprising of rapid binding to CR1 and slower binding to CR2. The forward rate constants (k1) for CR1 and CR2, operating independently, differed ca. 9-fold (k1=193±9.4 and 22.2±6.0×103,M,1s,1, respectively). Equilibrium binding of C3i to B lymphocytes was also complex, varying in strength by ca. 13-fold over the C3i concentration range examined. The maximum association constant (Ka,,max=109±27.2×107,l/mole) was ca. 9- and 6-fold greater, respectively, than those for CR1 or CR2 acting alone (Ka=13.2±5.3 and 18.5±3.5×107,l/mole). The high avidity of the CR1-CR2 complex for C3i is consistent with its rates of C3i uptake and release being determined by CR1 and CR2, respectively. [source] Dynamics of skeletal muscle oxygenation during sequential bouts of moderate exerciseEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Leonardo F. Ferreira In rat muscle, faster dynamics of microvascular PO2 (approximately blood flowto O2 uptakeratio) after prior contractions that did not alter blood [lactate] have been considered to be a consequence of fasterkinetics. However, in humans, prior exercise below the lactate threshold does not affect the pulmonarykinetics. To clarify this apparent discrepancy, we examined the effects of prior moderate exercise on the kinetics of muscle oxygenation (deoxyhaemoglobin, [HHb],) and pulmonaryin humans. Eight subjects performed two bouts (6 min each) of moderate-intensity cycling separated by 6 min of baseline pedalling. Muscle (vastus lateralis) oxygenation was evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy andwas measured breath-by-breath. The time constant (,) of the primary component ofwas not significantly affected by prior exercise (21.5 ± 9.2 versus 25.6 ± 9.7 s; Bout 1 versus 2, P= 0.49). The time delay (TD) of [HHb] decreased (11.6 ± 2.6 versus 7.7 ± 1.5 s; Bout 1 versus 2, P < 0.05) and ,[HHb] increased (7.0 ± 3.5 versus 10.2 ± 4.6 s; Bout 1 versus 2, P < 0.05), while the mean response time (TD +,) did not change (18.6 ± 2.7 versus 17.9 ± 3.9 s) after prior moderate exercise. Thus, prior moderate exercise resulted in shorter onset and slower rate of increase in [HHb] during subsequent exercise. These data suggest that prior exercise altered the dynamic interaction betweenandfollowing the onset of exercise. [source] Pumping-Induced Drawdown and Stream Depletion in a Leaky Aquifer SystemGROUND WATER, Issue 2 2007James J. Butler Jr The impact of ground water pumping on nearby streams is often estimated using analytic models of the interconnected stream-aquifer system. A common assumption of these models is that the pumped aquifer is underlain by an impermeable formation. A new semianalytic solution for drawdown and stream depletion has been developed that does not require this assumption. This solution shows that pumping-induced flow (leakage) through an underlying aquitard can be an important recharge mechanism in many stream-aquifer systems. The relative importance of this source of recharge increases with the distance between the pumping well and the stream. The distance at which leakage becomes the primary component of the pumping-induced recharge depends on the specific properties of the aquifer, aquitard, and streambed. Even when the aquitard is orders of magnitude less transmissive than the aquifer, leakage can be an important recharge mechanism because of the large surface area over which it occurs. Failure to consider aquitard leakage can lead to large overestimations of both the drawdown produced by pumping and the contribution of stream depletion to the pumping-induced recharge. The ramifications for water resources management and water rights adjudication can be significant. A hypothetical example helps illustrate these points and demonstrates that more attention should be given to estimating the properties of aquitards underlying stream-aquifer systems. The solution presented here should serve as a relatively simple but versatile tool for practical assessments of pumping-induced stream-aquifer interactions. However, this solution should not be used for such assessments without site-specific data that indicate pumping has induced leakage through the aquitard. [source] Progressive edge detection compression for fingerprint imagesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2002Awad K. Al-Asmari In this article, a progressive fingerprint image compression (for storage or transmission) that uses an edge detection scheme is developed. First, the image is decomposed into two components: the primary component, which contains the edges, and the secondary component, which contains the textures and the features. Then, a general grasp for the image is reconstructed in the first stage at bit rates of 0.0223 and 0.0245 bpp for the tested fingerprints images (samples 1 and 2), respectively. The quality of the reconstructed images is competitive with the 0.75-bpp target bit set by the FBI standard. Also, the compression ratio and the image quality of this algorithm are competitive with other methods reported in the literature. The compression ratio for our algorithm is about 45:1 (0.180 bpp). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 211,216, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10025 [source] Spectroscopic and photometric observations of the selected Algol-type binaries , II.MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 1 2008V2080 Cygni, V2365 Ophiuchi ABSTRACT This paper is the second in the planned series of investigations. We present new radial velocities and photometric observations of V2080 Cyg and V2365 Oph. New UBV photometric data and radial velocities were analysed for the systems' parameters. While V2080 Cyg consists of two nearly equal F-type main-sequence stars, V2365 Oph has two different components, namely an early A-type primary and a G-type secondary star. New ephemerides are calculated for both systems. The masses of the component stars have been derived as 1.19 ± 0.02 and 1.16 ± 0.02 M, for V2080 Cyg and 1.97 ± 0.02 and 1.06 ± 0.01 M, for V2365 Oph. The effective temperatures and reddening of the systems have been estimated from Johnson wide-band UBV photometric calibrations. The radii have been measured by simultaneous fitting the UBV light curves using Wilson,Devinney code and are 1.60 ± 0.01 R, for both components of V2080 Cyg and 2.19 ± 0.01 and 0.934 ± 0.004 R, for V2365 Oph. The absolute parameters of the stars in both systems lie within the same ranges in the mass,radius, mass,effective temperature, mass,luminosity and luminosity,effective temperature planes as in detached Algol systems. A comparison between the properties of the systems of interest and the predictions of theoretical evolutionary models is undertaken in the log g,logTeff, log R, log M and radius,log age diagrams. The model predictions match the measured properties of V2080 Cyg for an age of about 5.6 Gyr and a ,solar' metal abundance (Z= 0.019), indicating the components near the end of their core hydrogen-burning phases. However, the position of the components of V2365 Oph on the Hertzsprung,Russell (HR) diagram is best reproduced with evolutionary models for somewhat metal-deficient (Z= 0.004) stars. We found an age of about 700 Myr, with the primary component slightly evolved off the zero-age main-sequence and the secondary one still very close to it. From the basic stellar parameters we have also redetermined the distances to V2080 Cyg and V2365 Oph as 78 ± 1 and 251 ± 8 pc, which are in agreement with, and more accurate than, Hipparcos values. The observations show that at least one of the components of V2365 Oph is an intrinsic variable with a period and peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.07 d and 0.05 mag, respectively. In accordance with its position in the HR diagram, the primary component should be considered as a , Scuti star and it is believed to be the variable star in the system. [source] Orbital parameters, masses and distance to , Centauri determined with the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer and high-resolution spectroscopyMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 4 2005J. Davis ABSTRACT The bright southern binary star , Centauri (HR 5267) has been observed with the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer (SUSI) and spectroscopically with the European Southern Observatory Coude Auxiliary Telescope and Swiss Euler telescope at La Silla. The interferometric observations have confirmed the binary nature of the primary component and have enabled the determination of the orbital parameters of the system. At the observing wavelength of 442 nm the two components of the primary system have a magnitude difference of 0.15 ± 0.02. The combination of interferometric and spectroscopic data gives the following results: orbital period 357.00 ± 0.07 d, semimajor axis 25.30 ± 0.19 mas, inclination 674 ± 03, eccentricity 0.821 ± 0.003, distance 102.3 ± 1.7 pc, primary and secondary masses M1=M2= 9.1 ± 0.3 M, and absolute visual magnitudes of the primary and secondary M1V=,3.85 ± 0.05 and M2V=,3.70 ± 0.05, respectively. The high degree of accuracy of the results offers a fruitful starting point for future asteroseismic modelling of the pulsating binary components. [source] Health care assistants' role, function and development: results of a national surveyNURSING IN CRITICAL CARE, Issue 4 2003The British Association of Critical Care NursesArticle first published online: 31 JUL 200 Summary ,,Intensive care has developed as a speciality since the 1950s; during this time there have been major technological advances in health care provision leading to a rapid expansion of all areas of critical care ,,The ongoing problem of recruiting appropriately qualified nurses has affected staffing levels in many units and continues to be a national problem. For many, the answer lies in employing health care assistants to support the work of registered nurses ,,A key aim of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses is to promote the art and science of critical care nursing by providing representation for its members, by responding to political and professional change and by producing and publishing position statements ,,A primary component of the work surrounding the development of this second position statement was the gathering of contemporary information in relation to the role of health care assistants within critical care units throughout the UK, through a survey of 645 critical care units within the UK ,,At present the impact upon the role of the critical care nurse is not fully understood, with research in this area suggesting that although there is a role for the health care assistant in the critical care environment, this should only be undertaken with a full analysis of this impact upon the work of the registered nurse [source] Strategies Used by Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses in Treating Adults With DepressionPERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 4 2008Evelyn Parrish APPN PURPOSE.,Strategies used by psychiatric advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) in treating clients with depression are described to explore their effectiveness. DESIGN AND METHODS.,Ten APRNs participated in semistructured individual interviews for this qualitative descriptive study. The use of either a symptom severity scale or symptom reduction checklist was used to measure the effectiveness of the strategies used. FINDINGS.,APRNs identified a biopsychosocial approach as the primary component of their treatment of clients with depression. Other strategies identified include psychopharmacology, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and partnering with the client. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.,Treatment of depression can be enhanced with the incorporation of the biopsychosocial strategies along with standard treatment modalities. [source] Temperature-induced reversible conformational change in the first 100 residues of ,-synucleinPROTEIN SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006Brian C. McNulty Abstract Natively disordered proteins are a growing class of anomalies to the structure,function paradigm. The natively disordered protein ,-synuclein is the primary component of Lewy bodies, the cellular hallmark of Parkinson's disease. We noticed a dramatic difference in dilute solution 1H- 15N Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) spectra of wild-type ,-synuclein and two disease-related mutants (A30P and A53T), with spectra collected at 35°C showing fewer cross-peaks than spectra acquired at 10°C. Here, we show the change to be the result of a reversible conformational exchange linked to an increase in hydrodynamic radius and secondary structure as the temperature is raised. Combined with analytical ultracentrifugation data showing ,-synuclein to be monomeric at both temperatures, we conclude that the poor quality of the 1H- 15N HSQC spectra obtained at 35°C is due to conformational fluctuations that occur on the proton chemical shift time scale. Using a truncated variant of ,-synuclein, we show the conformational exchange occurs in the first 100 amino acids of the protein. Our data illustrate a key difference between globular and natively disordered proteins. The properties of globular proteins change little with solution conditions until they denature cooperatively, but the properties of natively disordered proteins can vary dramatically with solution conditions. [source] Radial velocity and light curves analysis of the eclipsing binary NN VirASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 9 2004R. Pazhouhesh Abstract The eclipsing binary NN Vir is a short period system showing an EW-type light curve. Photometric observations of NN Vir were done by Gomez-Ferrellad & Garcia-Melendo (1997) at Esteve Duran Observatory. We used photometric data of NN Vir for light curve analysis. The available spectroscopic data of NN Vir is new and we also used the first radial velocity data of this system obtained by Rusinski & Lu (1999) for analysis. The radial velocity and light curves analysis was made with the latest version ofWilson program(1998) and the geometric and physical elements of the system are derived. By searching the simultaneous solutions of the system, we have determined the masses and radii of the components : 1.89(M,) and 1.65(R,) for the primary component; 0.93(M,) and 1.23(R,) for the secondary component. We estimated effective temperatures of 7030(K) for the primary and 6977(K) for the secondary component. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Drought Preparedness and Response in the Context of Sub-Saharan AfricaJOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2000Donald A. Wilhite Although drought is a normal, recurring feature of climate, little progress has been made in drought management in most parts of the world. A United Nations study of selected Sub-Saharan African countries revealed that most states have little experience in proactive planning for drought. Only Botswana and South Africa have made serious efforts to develop drought preparedness and response. The lack of contingency planning for drought events in the region results from limited financial resources, inadequate understanding of drought impacts, and poor co-ordination among government agencies. A ten-step planning process, originally developed in 1991 for U.S. states, is suggested as an organizational tool for Sub-Saharan countries to use in the development of drought plans. The process, which emphasizes risk management rather than crisis management, is based on three primary components: (1) monitoring and early warning, (2) vulnerability and impact assessment, (3) mitigation and response. The steps in the process are generic; they can be adapted and applied to the various settings of Sub-Saharan Africa. [source] Medicinal plant species with potential antidiabetic propertiesJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 5 2007Srinivasa Rao Mentreddy Abstract Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's major diseases. It currently affects an estimated 143 million people worldwide and the number is growing rapidly. In the USA alone, about 20.8 million or 7% of the population suffer from diabetes or related complications. The estimated direct and indirect costs of diabetes exceed US$ 132 billion annually. Plant-based medicinal products have been known since ancient times, and several medicinal plants and their products (active natural principles and crude extracts) have been used to control diabetes in the traditional medicinal systems of many cultures worldwide, including those of the Asian Indians, Chinese and South Americans. A limited number of these plant species have been studied and validated for their hypoglycaemic properties using diabetic animal models and in clinical studies using human subjects. Several oral hypoglycaemic agents are the primary forms of treatment for diabetes. However, prominent side-effects of such drugs are the main reason for an increasing number of people seeking alternative therapies that may have less severe or no side-effects. Thus plant-based herbal drugs or botanicals are emerging as the primary components of holistic approaches to diabetes management. In this review, selected species that have been validated for their hypoglycaemic or antihyperglycaemic properties using laboratory diabetic animal models and in clinical trials using human subjects, and reported in refereed journals are presented. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Short-period near-contact binary systems at the beginning of the overcontact phaseMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 4 2002Shengbang Qian Abstract A detailed analysis of orbital period changes of seven near-contact binary stars (NCBs) (BL And, V473 Cas, XZ CMi, BV Eri, RU Eri, UU Lyn and GR Tau) with period less than 1 d has been performed and their respective O,C diagrams are formed and discussed. It is found that all systems analysed show secular period decreasing. For V473 Cas, the analysis of the period change was performed based on data collected by Moschner, Frank & Bastian. For XZ CMi, its period shows some complex changes, a possible cyclic oscillation is discovered to superpose on the secular decrease that can be explained either by the presence of a third body or by magnetic activity cycles of the components. Since the third-body assumption is consistent with the photometric solution of Rafert, XZ CMi may be a truly triple system. For BV Eri, the period decrease is only supported by weak evidence. All the seven systems are short-period NCBs with AF-type primary components where both components are filling or nearly filling the critical Roche lobe. As the period decreases, the separation between both components will be reducing and thus these systems will evolve into A-type overcontact binaries. The period decrease may be caused by mass transfer or/and by angular momentum loss via magnetic braking. Combined with the published data on the other systems of the same type, a possible statistical connection between orbital period P and its rate of decrease dP/dt is obtained: dP/dt=,5.3 × 10,7×P+ 1.3 × 10,7 d yr,1. This correlation indicates that the smaller the orbital period P is, the smaller its rate of change dP/dt will be. The correlation found in this paper indicates that there may be a smooth transition from A- and F-type NCBs with period decreases to the A- and F-type overcontact binaries that have period increases, and in that sense one may postulate that the NCBs may be the progenitors of the A-type W UMa systems and will be oscillating around a marginal-contact state as predicted by thermal relaxation oscillation (TRO) theory. [source] Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A comparative evaluation of five, commonly used, published rating scalesPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 4 2003Michelle K. Demaray ADHD is one of the most common referrals to school psychologists and child mental health providers. Although a best practice assessment of ADHD requires more than the use of rating scales, rating scales are one of the primary components in the assessment of ADHD. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide the reader with a critical and comparative evaluation of the five most commonly used, narrow-band, published rating scales for the assessment of ADHD. Reviews were conducted in four main areas: content and use, standardization sample and norms, scores and interpretation, and psychometric properties. It was concluded the rating scales with the strongest standardization samples and evidence for reliability and validity are the ADDES, the ADHD-IV, and the CRS-R. In determining which of these to use, the prospective users may want to reflect on their goals for the assessment. The ACTeRS and the ADHDT are not recommended for use because they are lacking crucial information in their manuals and have less well-documented evidence of reliability and validity. Conclusions and recommendations for scale usage are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 341,361, 2003. [source] Characterization of isoquinoline alkaloids, diterpenoids and steroids in the Chinese herb Jin-Guo-Lan (Tinospora sagittata and Tinospora capillipes) by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization with multistage mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 15 2006Yufeng Zhang This study sought to determine the primary components (isoquinoline alkaloids, diterpenoids and steroids) in crude extracts of the Chinese herb Jin-Guo-Lan, prepared from the roots of Tinospora sagittata and T. capillipes, by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry coupled with diode-array detection (LC-DAD/ESI-MSn). After separation on a reversed-phase C18 column using gradient elution, positive and negative ESI-MS experiments were performed. In positive ion mode, the three types of compounds showed very different characteristic ions: strong [M]+ or [M+H]+ ions were observed for isoquinoline alkaloids; [M+NH4]+ and/or [M+HCO2]+ for diterpenoids; [M+HnH2O]+ (n=1,3) for steroids. These adduct ions and/or fragments were used to deduce the mass and categories of known and unknown components in crude extracts, and their structures were further confirmed by ESI-MSn in positive ion mode. Moreover, UV absorption peaks obtained from DAD provided useful functional group information to aid the MSn -based identification. As a result, 11 compounds were unambiguously identified by comparing with standard compounds and 13 compounds were tentatively identified or deduced according to their MSn data. Two of these compounds (13-hydroxycolumbamine and 13-hydroxyjatrorrhizine) were found to be new compounds and another one (13-hydroxypalmatine) was detected for the first time as a natural product. In addition, a [M·CH3H2O].+ ion in MS2 of [M]+ after in-source collision-induced dissociation was used to differentiate positional isomers of protoberberine alkaloids, columbamine and jatrorrhizine. Although the roots of T. sagittata and T. capillipes contain almost identical compounds, the content of the compounds in them is dramatically different, suggesting the necessity for further comparison of the bioactivities of the two species. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Developing an effective community conservation program for cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in ColombiaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010A. Savage Abstract Developing effective conservation programs that positively impact the survival of a species while considering the needs of local communities is challenging. Here we present an overview of the conservation program developed by Proyecto Tití to integrate local communities in the conservation of Colombia's critically endangered primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Our comprehensive assessment of the threats effecting the long-term survival of the cotton-top tamarin allowed us to establish the primary components of our program. Proyecto Tití has three areas of emphasis: (1) scientific studies detailing the biology and long-term survival of the cotton-top tamarin, (2) conservation education programs to increase public awareness and conservation knowledge, and (3) community empowerment programs that demonstrate a valuable economic incentive to protecting wildlife and forested areas in Colombia. This integrated approach to conservation that involves local communities in activities that benefit individuals, as well as wildlife, has proven to be remarkably effective in protecting cotton-top tamarins and their forested habitat. Our bindes program, which uses small cook stoves made from clay, has demonstrated a marked reduction in the number of trees that have been harvested for firewood. Developing environmental entrepreneurs, who create products made from recycled plastic for sale in national and international markets, has had a significant impact in reducing the amount of plastic that has been littering the environment and threatening the health of wildlife, while creating a stable economic income for rural communities. Proyecto Tití has provided economic alternatives to local communities that have dramatically reduced the illegal capture of cotton-top tamarins and forest destruction in the region that has positively impacted the long-term survival of this critically endangered primate. Am. J. Primatol. 72:379,390, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The cognitive interview: the efficacy of a modified mental reinstatement of context procedure for frontline police investigatorsAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Coral Dando The current investigative interview framework for police officers in England and Wales (and many other countries) recommends the use of the cognitive interview (CI). One of the primary components of the CI is the mental reinstatement of context (MRC) instruction. However, research has consistently indicated that police officers do not regularly use this component and when they do it is often poorly applied. Thus the question arises as to whether some adjustment of the MRC component might enhance its forensic practicability. An initial investigation was conducted as to the efficacy of a more succinct and less complex MRC technique, namely a sketch plan mental reinstatement of context (Sketch MRC). Twenty-four hours after having viewed a crime film, adult mock witnesses were interviewed employing the traditional MRC instruction, a Sketch MRC instruction or no mental reinstatement of context (No MRC). Analysis of overall memorial performance revealed the Sketch MRC to be as effective as the MRC and more effective than No MRC. Thus, for less serious crime the Sketch MRC technique may be a viable, less complex and less time consuming alternative. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||