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Primary Carcinomas (primary + carcinoma)
Selected AbstractsMiddle ear cancer: A population-based study,,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 10 2009Richard K. Gurgel MD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: Primary carcinoma of the middle ear is a rare clinical entity, best suited for evaluation using a population-based database. The objective of this study was to utilize the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to determine the incidence, treatment, and survival of middle ear carcinoma. Study Design: Analysis of national cancer database. Method: Using SEER*Stat software, records for patients diagnosed with middle ear carcinoma between 1973 and 2004 were extracted from the SEER database. Five-year, observed survival was analyzed, with significant differences determined by the Wilcoxon statistic. Results: The 5-year observed survival rate for the 215 patients in this study was 36.4%. Histologic subtypes included squamous cell carcinoma (62.8%), adenocarcinoma (18.2%), other carcinomas (13.0%), and noncarcinomas (6.0%), with 5-year survival rates of 23.9%, 65.0%, 60.0%, and 38.6%, respectively (P = .003). Of the 123 patients with known stage, 23.6% had local, 69.1% had regional, and 7.3% had distant disease, with their 5-year survival rates being 64.9%, 34.2%, and 0%, respectively (P < .001). Treatment included surgery (31.2%), radiation (16.3%), surgery and radiation (38.6%), or no treatment (8.4%) with 5-year survival of 69.2%, 14.6%, 26.4%, and 0%, respectively (P < .001). Conclusions: Patients with primary middle ear carcinoma have a relatively poor prognosis. However, subsets of patients, such as those with adenocarcinomas and with localized tumors, demonstrated significantly better survival. Surgery alone had significantly better survival than the other treatment groups, presumably due to less advanced disease in this treatment group. These data are useful in counseling patients and understanding the natural history of middle ear carcinoma. Laryngoscope, 2009 [source] Single-institution experience with primary tumours of the male urethraBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 8 2008Rolf Gillitzer OBJECTIVE To assess primary tumours of the urethra in males. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed our database from 1986 to 2006 for primary tumours of the male urethra; nine patients with primary tumours of the urethra were analysed and follow-up information was obtained. RESULTS Three patients had tumours of the prostatic urethra, two of which had proliferating focal inflammation and one a low-grade, superficial urothelial cancer. All patients were treated successfully with transurethral resection. Six patients had carcinoma of the bulbar or penile urethra, including two with previous local percutaneous radiotherapy for prostate cancer. All had primary surgical excision that was adapted to tumour location and extension. One patient had adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. All but one patient remain recurrence-free after a median follow-up of 20 months. CONCLUSION Primary carcinoma of the male urethra is a rare entity. Previous radiotherapy might be a predisposing factor. Local surgical tumour control is essential for long-term survival, but the extent of surgery depends on tumour location and stage. Multimodal therapy might be required to obtain an optimum oncological outcome. [source] Stage-specific alterations of the genome, transcriptome, and proteome during colorectal carcinogenesis,GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 1 2007Jens K. Habermann To identify sequential alterations of the genome, transcriptome, and proteome during colorectal cancer progression, we have analyzed tissue samples from 36 patients, including the complete mucosa-adenoma-carcinoma sequence from 8 patients. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) revealed patterns of stage specific, recurrent genomic imbalances. Gene expression analysis on 9K cDNA arrays identified 58 genes differentially expressed between normal mucosa and adenoma, 116 genes between adenoma and carcinoma, and 158 genes between primary carcinoma and liver metastasis (P < 0.001). Parallel analysis of our samples by CGH and expression profiling revealed a direct correlation of chromosomal copy number changes with chromosome-specific average gene expression levels. Protein expression was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry. Although there was no direct match of differentially expressed proteins and genes, the majority of them belonged to identical pathways or networks. In conclusion, increasing genomic instability and a recurrent pattern of chromosomal imbalances as well as specific gene and protein expression changes correlate with distinct stages of colorectal cancer progression. Chromosomal aneuploidies directly affect average resident gene expression levels, thereby contributing to a massive deregulation of the cellular transcriptome. The identification of novel genes and proteins might deliver molecular targets for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. © Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Carcinomas arising in multilocular thymic cysts of the neck: a clinicopathological study of three casesHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2004C A Moran Aims :,To report three cases of primary carcinoma of the neck arising in multilocular thymic cysts (MTC). Methods and results :,The patients were three men aged 47, 50 and 52 years who presented with a painless neck mass of several weeks' duration. The patients had no history of previous surgical procedures or of malignancy elsewhere. The tumours in all three patients were located on the right lateral side of the neck; all patients underwent complete surgical resection of the mass. Grossly, the tumours were cystic and measured between 20 and 30 mm in greatest diameter. Histologically, the tumours showed cyst walls lined by squamous epithelium. The cyst walls contained prominent germinal centres with lymphoid hyperplasia, cholesterol cleft granulomas, and scattered keratinized structures reminiscent of Hassall's corpuscles. In addition, a neoplastic cellular proliferation composed of round to oval cells arranged in sheets and originating from the lining of the cystic structures was present. The neoplastic cells showed moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, round nuclei, and, in some areas, prominent nucleoli. Mitotic figures were easily found, and cellular pleomorphism was present in several areas. In two cases the tumours showed features of basaloid carcinoma of the thymus, while in one case the pattern was that of squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies for keratin showed a strong positive reaction in the tumour cells, while leucocyte common antigen strongly stained the lymphoid background. Follow-up information obtained in two patients showed them to be alive 6 months after initial diagnosis. One patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion :,The cases described here represent an unusual variant of carcinoma arising in multilocular thymic cyst in the neck region. [source] Expression of microRNA-221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrenceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2010Martin Spahn Abstract Emerging evidence shows that microRNAs (miR) are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, including prostate carcinoma (PCa). Little information is available regarding miR expression levels in lymph node metastasis of prostate cancer or the potential of miRs as prognostic markers in this disease. Therefore, we analyzed the global expression of miRs in benign, hyperplastic prostate tissue (BPH), primary PCa of a high risk group of PCa patients, and corresponding metastatic tissues by microarray analysis. Consistent with the proposal that some miRs are oncomirs, we found aberrant expression of several miRs, including the downregulation of miR-221, in PCa metastasis. Downregulation of miR-221 was negatively correlated with the expression of the proto-oncogen c-kit in primary carcinoma. In a large study cohort, the prostate-specific oncomir miR-221 was progressively downregulated in aggressive forms of PCa. Downregulation of miR-221 was associated with clinicopathological parameters, including the Gleason score and the clinical recurrence during follow up. Kaplan,Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard models showed that miR-221 downregulation was linked to tumor progression and recurrence in a high risk prostate cancer cohort. Our results showed that progressive miR-221 downregulation hallmarks metastasis and presents a novel prognostic marker in high risk PCa. This suggests that miR-221 has potential as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in PCa. [source] Mucoepidermoid/Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Skin: Presentation of Two CasesDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 12 2001Darlene S. Johnson MD Background. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a relatively common neoplasm of the major and minor salivary glands comprising 10,30% of primary carcinomas. They may involve the skin through direct extension, metastases, and rarely, as a primary focus (adenosquamous carcinoma). Objective. To discuss through case reports, the nomenclature, histology, clinical course, and treatment of mucoepidermoid/adenosquamous carcinoma. Methods. We present a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma primary to an upper eyelid accessory lacrimal gland with direct cutaneous extension and a case of primary cutaneous adenosquamous carcinoma of the scalp. Results. An eyelid neoplasm of lacrimal origin was initially treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), requiring an orbital exenteration to achieve a tumorfree plane. In the second case, a primary scalp lesion was cleared with MMS. Neither patient has had local recurrence or metastases. Conclusion. Correct diagnosis is crucial to pursuing adequate treatment for this aggressive neoplasm. We support the use of MMS to achieve local control. [source] MUC4 is upregulated in ovarian carcinoma effusions and differentiates carcinoma cells from mesothelial cellsDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 12 2007Ben Davidson M.D., Ph.D. Abstract Using gene expression arrays, we recently showed that MUC4 expression is significantly higher in ovarian/primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (OC/PPC) compared to diffuse peritoneal malignant mesothelioma (DMPM). In the present study, we analyzed the anatomic site-related expression of MUC4 in OC/PPC and studied its prognostic role. We additionally studied the ability of MUC4 to differentiate between OC/PPC and reactive mesothelial cells (RMC). OC/PPC effusions (n = 142) and benign reactive effusions (n = 10) were immunostained for MUC4 expression. Immunoreactivity was scored in carcinoma cells and RMC and was compared with tumor cell expression in 60 previously studied primary carcinomas and solid metastases and analyzed for association with clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. MUC4 was detected in carcinoma cells in 141/142 (99%) effusions, with comparable expression in peritoneal and pleural effusions. RMC were present in 72 malignant effusions and were MUC4-negative in all specimens, as well as in the 10 reactive effusions. MUC4 expression in carcinoma cells in effusions was significantly higher than in primary carcinomas and solid metastases (P < 0.001). Higher MUC4 expression was seen in tumors from older (>60 year) patients (P = 0.049). No association was found between MUC4 expression and other clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. MUC4 is universally expressed in OC/PPC effusions and is upregulated at this anatomic site compared to primary carcinomas and solid metastases. The data in the present study, together with our earlier report, show that MUC4 is an excellent marker for differentiating OC/PPC from both benign and malignant mesothelial cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:756,760. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Distinct expression patterns of the immunogenic differentiation antigen NY-BR-1 in normal breast, testis and their malignant counterpartsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2008Jean-Philippe Theurillat Abstract NY-BR-1 is a differentiation antigen and a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Its mRNA expression is restricted to breast, testis, prostate and breast cancer by RT-PCR. In this study, we correlated NY-BR-1 protein and mRNA expression on tissue microarrays of mammary, prostatic and testicular malignancies using immunohistochemisty and in situ hybridization with probes for exon 4,7 and 30,33. NY-BR-1 mRNA was confined to primary spermatocytes, suggesting a role in spermatogenesis. Exon 4,7 and 30,33 were equally expressed this cell type. However, NY-BR-1 was absent in all germ cell tumours analyzed (n = 475) and present in one of 56 (2%) prostate carcinomas. In breast, NY-BR-1 mRNA expression was detected in 307 of 442 (70%) primary carcinomas, with strong correlation to its protein expression (p < 0.0001). mRNA expression was significantly stronger and more frequently detected by the exon 30,33 probe than by the exon 4,7 probe (70% vs. 35%, p < 0.0001), indicating the presence of alternative splice variants that lack 5-prime sequences. A similar restricted mRNA pattern was also observed in the normal breast epithelium. NY-BR-1 protein and mRNA correlated significantly with estrogen receptor , (ER,) protein expression (p < 0.0001), with stronger association to NY-BR-1 mRNA than protein (odds ratio 7.7 compared to 4.6). We identified 4 estrogen response elements (ERE)-like sequences nearby the promoter region, suggesting that NY-BR-1 transcription might be controlled by ER,. Accordingly, analysis of matching pairs of primary tumors with their recurrences showed a marked decrease of NY-BR-1 expression in recurrences after tamoxifen treatment (p < 0.0001). © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Lung adenocarcinoma associated with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia.PATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2003A clinicopathological study with special reference to smoking, cancer multiplicity Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) of the lung has been proposed as a possible precursor lesion of adenocarcinoma of the lung. In the present study, we sought to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma cases associated with AAH, with special reference to tobacco smoking and the presence of multiple primary carcinomas of pulmonary and extrapulmonary organs. We examined 123 surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas and conducted histopathological diagnoses for AAH and multiple primary pulmonary carcinomas. Clinicopathological characteristics such as age, sex, smoking index, survival, and the presence of extrapulmonary primary carcinomas were obtained from clinical records, and the associations among these factors were examined statistically. Sixteen lung adenocarcinoma patients had accompanying AAH (the AAH group) and 107 cases did not (the NAAH group). The incidence of primary carcinomas in extrapulmonary organs was higher in the AAH group (37.5%; 6/16) than in the NAAH group (12.5%; 13/107) (P = 0.01). Multiple primary lung cancers tended to be more frequent in the AAH group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.07). Although there was no difference in tobacco smoking between the two groups, all eight cases with multiple primary lung carcinomas were smokers. Furthermore, multiple primary lung carcinomas were found more frequently in smokers of the AAH group (37.5%; 3/8) than in the smokers of the NAAH group (7.2%; 5/69) (P = 0.04). The results suggested that constitutional or genetic factors might predispose patients to the development of AAH together with extrapulmonary primary carcinomas, and that smoking might contribute to the development of multiple primary lung adenocarcinomas, especially in patients with pre-existing AAH. [source] Expression of KiSS-1 Gene and its Role in Invasion and Metastasis of Human Hepatocellular CarcinomaTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Zang Shengbing Abstract KiSS-1 has been identified as a putative metastasis-suppressor gene in human melanomas and breast cancer cell lines. Although loss of KiSS-1 expression has been associated with progression and poor prognosis of various cancers, the exact role of KiSS-1 expression in HCC is not well-defined. Our study investigated KiSS-1 expression levels in HCC and its role in invasion and metastasis of human HCC. The expression levels of KiSS-1 and MMP-9 protein were determined by tissue microarray (TMA) serial sections, immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative image analysis. All clinical and histological data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The expression of KiSS-1 protein in HCC and intrahepatic metastasis lesions was significantly lower (P < 0.01) when compared with non-tumor liver tissue and normal liver tissue. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation between KiSS-1 expression and ,1 TNM stage, (F = 7.113, P < 0.01) and ,2intrahepatic metastasis (t = 2.898, P < 0.01). Loss of KiSS-1 in intrahepatic metastasis versus primary carcinomas was statistically significant (P<0.01). We also found a negative correlation between KiSS-1 and MMP-9 expression in HCC (r = -0.506, P < 0.01). We conclude that loss of KiSS-1 during HCC metastasis, along with a concomitant upregulation of MMP-9 suggests a possible mechanism for cell motility and invasion during HCC metastasis, with KiSS-1 emerging as a possible therapeutic target during HCC metastasis. Anat Rec, 292:1128,1134, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Secondary breast cancer: a 5-year population-based study with review of the literatureAPMIS, Issue 10 2009TOR AUDUN KLINGEN Secondary tumours in the breast are rare. Based on literature, an incidence of 0.4,2% is reported. In this population-based study, secondary breast tumours from a 5-year period (2001,2005), not including metastasis from contralateral breast carcinoma, were reviewed (Vestfold County, Norway). A total of 722 patients with breast malignancies were found in this population (89.3% from Vestfold County Hospital). Ten of these, approximately 1.4%, were metastatic tumours, representing four cutaneous melanomas, three pulmonary carcinomas and three malignant lymphomas. The tumours were often solitary, palpable and close to the skin. Radiologically, the lesions mostly resembled primary carcinomas by mammography and ultrasound, which differs from other studies. Comparison with a known primary tumour and use of immunohistochemical profiling is of crucial importance. Melanoma markers (Melan-A, HMB-45, S-100 protein), lung cancer markers (Cytokeratins, TTF1, Chromogranin, Synapthophysin) and lymphoid markers (CD3, CD20) usually help to confirm a secondary breast tumour diagnosis. This approach is especially indicated in diffusely growing tumours with lack of glandular structure and high-grade cytological features, and staining for ER and GCDFP15 may be helpful. Thus, the diagnosis of a breast metastasis may be suspected by careful mammography and ultrasound imaging, although some cases have atypical radiological features, and histological examination might be necessary to ensure a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. [source] Group IIA phospholipase A2 as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer: relevance to clinicopathological variables and disease-specific mortalityAPMIS, Issue 3 2009TUOMAS MIRTTI Group IIA Phospholipase A2 (PLA2-IIA), a key enzyme in arachidonic acid and eicosanoid metabolism, participates in a variety of inflammatory processes but possibly also plays a role in tumor progression in vivo. Our aim was to determine the mRNA and protein expression of PLA2-IIA during prostate cancer progression in localized and metastatic prostate tumors. We evaluated the prognostic significance of PLA2-IIA expression in biochemical recurrence, clinical recurrence and disease-specific survival after surgical treatment. The expression of PLA2-IIA was examined by immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization in tissue microarrays of radical prostatectomy specimens and advanced/metastatic carcinomas. The expression data were analyzed in conjunction with clinical follow-up information and clinicopathological variables. The mRNA and protein expression of PLA2-IIA was significantly increased in Gleason pattern grade 2,4 carcinomas compared with benign prostate (p-values 0.042,0.001). In metastases, the expression was significantly lower than in local cancers (p=0.001). The PLA2-IIA expression correlated positively with Ki-67 and ,-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) expression. The prognostic evaluation revealed decreased PLA2-IIA protein expression among patients who had died of prostate cancer. In conclusion, PLA2-IIA expression is increased in carcinoma when compared with benign prostate. However, metastatic carcinoma showed decreased expression of PLA2-IIA when compared with primary carcinomas. PLA2-IIA may serve as a marker for highly proliferating, possibly poorly differentiated prostate carcinomas. The protein expression of PLA2-IIA may be diminished in patients who consequently die of prostate cancer. [source] New classification of oesophageal and gastric carcinomasBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 3 2001K. Dolan Background: The current International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-O classification of carcinomas of the oesophagus and stomach causes epidemiological and clinical confusion, particularly the use of the term cardia and the overlapping subsites described in the stomach. This study compared the epidemiological and clinical features of each subtype and subsite of carcinoma of the oesophagus and stomach to assess requirements for a new classification of these carcinomas. Methods: Data were extracted with appropriate validity checks on all cases of oesophageal and gastric carcinoma identified throughout the period 1974,1993 by the Merseyside and Cheshire Cancer Registry, which covers a population of 2·5 million. Comparison of all identifiable epidemiological and clinical features of adenocarcinomas at four different subsites, namely the upper two-thirds of the oesophagus, the lower third of the oesophagus, cardia and subcardia of the stomach, was performed. Results: There were 5322 primary carcinomas of the oesophagus and 10 535 carcinomas of the stomach registered between 1974 and 1993. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus and cardia trebled in males and doubled in females, whereas adenocarcinoma of the subcardia region of the stomach declined in both sexes. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus and of the cardia was similar for median age at diagnosis, male: female ratio, percentage of patients who smoked, and survival; both were significantly different from values for carcinoma of the subcardia in these respects. Conclusion: These data suggest that there is considerable overlap between adenocarcinomas of the lower oesophagus and adenocarcinomas currently classified as of the cardia. The authors believe this is due to the group of carcinomas classified as cardia consisting mainly of carcinomas that traverse the gastro-oesophageal junction. These carcinomas were different in all studied parameters from carcinomas of the stomach and should be classified separately from gastric carcinomas. A new subsite classification of oesophageal and gastric carcinomas is proposed that includes the gastro-oesophageal junction as a subsite of the oesophagus and that simplifies the subsite classification of the stomach into proximal, distal and overlapping. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||