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Preventable Risk Factors (preventable + risk_factor)
Selected AbstractsMaternal caffeine consumption and fetal death: a case,control study in UruguayPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Alicia Matijasevich Summary Matijasevich A, Barros FC, Santos IS, Yemini A. Maternal caffeine consumption and fetal death: a case,control study in Uruguay. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2006; 20: 100,109. The objective of this study was to examine the association between caffeine intake during pregnancy and fetal mortality in Montevideo, the capital city of Uruguay, taking into account several potential confounding factors. A population-based case,control study was conducted between 1 August 2002 and 31 December 2003. A total of 382 cases and 792 controls were recruited. Cases consisted of women hospitalised with a medically confirmed diagnosis of spontaneous antepartum fetal death, in all maternity hospitals during the study period. Antepartum fetal death was defined as a fetal death in which the attending doctor certified that the death occurred prior to the onset of labour. Fetal deaths were included if they were of at least 20 weeks' gestational age or weighed >350 g. Controls were women who had a live, vigorous and term adequate-for-gestational-age newborn. Multiple gestations and fetuses/newborns with evident congenital malformations were excluded. Only a small proportion of the mothers (8.1% of the cases and 9.5% of the controls) did not consume caffeine during pregnancy. Among consumers, mate drinking was the most frequent source of caffeine in both cases and controls. After controlling for mother's and her partner's education, history of abortions and/or fetal deaths, vomiting/nausea during the first trimester of gestation and attendance for prenatal care, the category of mean caffeine intake of ,300 mg/day showed a significantly increased risk of fetal death (OR 2.33 [1.23; 4.41]) compared with no caffeine consumption during pregnancy. The study also found that less-educated women, mothers who did not attend for prenatal care and women with a history of abortions and fetal death were at an increased risk of fetal death. As mate drinking is highly consumed among pregnant women in Uruguay, the association found with fetal death makes it a preventable risk factor. [source] Environmental tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for infections in infancyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 7 2009F Ladomenou Abstract Aim:, This prospective observational study investigated the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on frequency and severity of common infantile infections. Methods:, In a representative sample of 926 infants, parental smoking was recorded at months 1 and 9 postpartum, and all infantile infectious episodes were recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postpartum. Results:, Both parents were regular smokers all through the first year in 107 (11.6%), at least one smoked regularly or occasionally in 492 (53.1%), and parents did not smoke at all in 327 (35.3%) families. Among mothers, 168 (18.1%) smoked perinatally. Infantile ETS exposure was associated with increased frequency of total infectious episodes (p = 0.025) and hospitalizations for infection (p = 0.007). In ETS exposed infants, birth in autumn and presence of siblings contributed to increased frequency of most infections and of hospital admissions for infection. By contrast, exclusive breastfeeding protected against the effect of ETS on total infantile infections (OR 0.982, 95% CI 0.965,0.999; p = 0.036), hospital admissions for infection (OR 0.980, 95% CI 0.961,0.999; p = 0.036) and thrush (OR 0.973, 95% CI 0.951,0.996; p = 0.022). Conclusion:, Our findings point to harmful effect of ETS on infantile health and further suggest that this effect may be enhanced or diminished by other factors. ETS should be regarded as a preventable risk factor for infections in infancy. [source] Childhood growth and age at diagnosis with Type 1 diabetes in Colorado young peopleDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 10 2009K. Vehik Abstract Objective, Studies have suggested that the age at diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is decreasing over time. The overload hypothesis postulates that risk factors, such as accelerated growth, may be responsible for this decrease. We assessed changes in age, body mass index (BMI), weight and height at diagnosis with T1D in non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic (HISP) young people from Colorado, using data from the IDDM Registry and SEARCH Study. Methods, In three time periods, 656 (1978,1983), 562 (1984,1988) and 712 (2002,2004) young people aged 2,17 years were newly diagnosed with T1D. Age, weight, height and presence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis with T1D were obtained from medical records. Trends over the three time periods were assessed with regression analyses. Results, Age at diagnosis decreased by 9.6 months over time (P = 0.0002). Mean BMI standard deviation score (SDS), weight SDS and height SDS increased over time (P < 0.0001), while prevalence of DKA decreased (P < 0.0001). Increasing height over time accounted for 15% (P = 0.04) of the decreasing age at diagnosis with T1D. Conclusions, Our study provides evidence that increased linear growth, but not increased BMI or weight over time, may account, at least in part, for the younger age at diagnosis of T1D in Colorado children. This finding supports the hypothesis that increasing environmental pressure resulting from changes in potentially preventable risk factors may accelerate the onset of T1D in children. [source] An integrative literature review of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type II diabetes mellitusJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 17 2008Suzanne G Madden Aims and objectives., An integrative literature review was undertaken to determine what type II diabetes prevention programmes have been evaluated, what type of programme is the most effective and how adherent to lifestyle changes adults are after participating in a prevention programme. Background., Type II diabetes is important because the disease is affecting millions of people worldwide. Obesity and sedentary lifestyles are preventable risk factors for type II diabetes, leading many researchers from around the world to examine different programmes that are focussed on prevention of the disease. Design., Integrative literature review. Method., Search of electronic databases. Results., Diet, exercise, counselling and diet plus exercise were the types of prevention programmes, with the diet plus exercise being the most efficacious. Although many studies demonstrated excellent results initially, maintaining the effects of the lifestyle behaviour change proved to be difficult for participants, with only one study demonstrating the persistence of results after six years. Conclusion., Future research should focus on long-term maintenance programmes, rather than just short-term prevention programmes to determine the need for booster interventions or other means to ultimately decrease the incidence of type II diabetes. Relevance to clinical practice., As front-line healthcare providers working across a broad array of settings, nurses are particularly well-suited to play an integral part in future applications of diabetes prevention programmes. Lifestyle interventions are being delivered in a variety of settings and venues such as the workplace, the Internet and places of worship. In addition, at-risk populations also can be targeted, particularly overweight and obese persons, with at least one parent having type II diabetes or persons with gestational diabetes. [source] Racial and ethnic disparities in work-related injuries and socio-economic resources among nursing assistants employed in US nursing homes,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 10 2010SangWoo Tak ScD Abstract Background We aimed to estimate the proportion of nursing assistants (NAs) in the US with work-related injuries and insufficient socio-economic resources by race/ethnicity. Methods Data from the 2004 National Nursing Assistant Survey (NNAS), a nationally representative sample survey of NAs employed in United States nursing homes, were analyzed accounting for the complex survey design. Results Among 2,880 participants, 44% reported "scratch, open wounds, or cuts" followed by "back injuries" (17%), "black eyes or other types of bruising" (16%), and "human bites" (12%). When compared to non-Hispanic white NAs, the adjusted rate ratio (RR) for wound/cut was 0.74 for non-Hispanic black NAs (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65,0.85). RRs for black eyes/bruises were 0.18 for non-Hispanic black NAs (95% CI: 0.12,0.26), and 0.55 for Hispanic NAs (95% CI: 0.37,0.82). Conclusions Minority racial and ethnic groups were less likely to report having experienced injuries compared with non-Hispanic white NAs. Future research should focus on identifying preventable risk factors, such as differences by race and ethnicity in the nature of NA jobs and the extent of their engagement in assisting patients with activities of daily living. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:951,959, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Multiple risk behaviors among smokers in the childhood cancer survivors study cohortPSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 9 2004Rita M. Butterfield The literature on health behaviors of young adult cancer survivors is very limited, and thus little is known about preventable risk factors in this population. This paper describes the prevalence of five behavioral risk factors among 541 young adult survivors of childhood cancers from the CCSS cohort who were identified as smokers and enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention. The relationship between presence of multiple risk factors and a number of smoking-related factors was examined. About 31% of the sample engaged in zero or one health-risk behavior in addition to smoking; 63% engaged in 2 or 3, and 6% engaged in 4 or 5. There were positive linear relationships between number of risk factors and smoking rate and nicotine dependence. Number of risk factors was not associated with self-efficacy for quitting, but was related to readiness to quit. This study demonstrated that childhood cancer survivors who smoke have a number of other risk factors for the development of preventable disease and the presence of these risks was associated with factors that decrease the likelihood of quitting smoking. Attention to other health behaviors may be an important strategy for helping smokers quit. In particular, helping childhood cancer survivors who smoke to reduce other risk behaviors might also encourage them to quit smoking. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||