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Prevalence Odds Ratio (prevalence + odds_ratio)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	81%
Life Sciences	12%

Selected Abstracts

The relation of tobacco smoking to tooth loss among young adults

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2004
Pekka Ylöstalo
Earlier studies have associated smoking with a higher rate of dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether smoking is associated with tooth loss among young adults. The data consist of the 1966 birth cohort of Northern Finland, which is an unselected general population birth cohort (n = 12 058). The data were collected using a postal questionnaire in 1997,98 (n = 8690). Prevalence odds ratios and confidence intervals were estimated by applying a logistic regression model. It was found that smoking was associated with tooth loss in an exposure-dependent manner. The odds for those who smoked 16 or more pack-years were 5.30 (CI = 2.35,11.2) after adjustment for socio-economic and behavioral factors. Differences in socio-economic or health behavior are not likely to explain the findings since an exposure-response pattern was seen even when data was stratified according to sex, education and health-oriented lifestyle. A possible explanation for this association is a combination of treatment decisions and dental diseases, which are most likely associated with smoking in an exposure-dependent manner. [source]

Salmonella or Campylobacter gastroenteritis prior to a cancer diagnosis does not aggravate the prognosis: a population-based follow-up study

APMIS, Issue 2 2010
KIM O. GRADEL
Gradel KO, Nørgaard M, Schønheyder HC, Dethlefsen C, Ejlertsen T, Kristensen B, Nielsen H. Salmonella or Campylobacter gastroenteritis prior to a cancer diagnosis does not aggravate the prognosis: a population-based follow-up study. APMIS 2010; 118: 136,42. We hypothesized that preceding zoonotic Salmonella or Campylobacter gastroenteritis aggravated the prognosis in cancer patients. Exposed patients comprised all of those diagnosed with first-time Salmonella/Campylobacter gastroenteritis from 1991 and with first-time cancer diagnosis thereafter (through 2003) in two Danish counties. These patients were matched for main cancer type, gender, age and calendar period to unexposed cancer patients, i.e. those without Salmonella/Campylobacter gastroenteritis. We compared cancer stage by age- and comorbidity-adjusted logistic regression analysis, survival by comorbidity-adjusted Cox's regression analysis and mortality dependent on the time period between Salmonella/Campylobacter gastroenteritis and cancer by spline regression curves. The study cohort comprised 272 Salmonella/Campylobacter -exposed cancer patients and 2681 unexposed cancer patients. Prevalence odds ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] in exposed as compared with unexposed patients were 0.96 (0.74,1.25) for localized tumours, 1.15 (0.87,1.54) for regional spread and 1.14 (0.84,1.55) for metastases. Adjusted mortality rate ratios (95% CI) were 0.93 (0.75,1.16) for 0,1 year, 1.08 (0.84,1.39) for 2,5 years and 1.02 (0.60,1.73) for the remaining period. Mortality estimates did not change in relation to the time period between gastroenteritis and cancer. Salmonella/Campylobacter gastroenteritis prior to cancer was associated with neither the cancer stage nor a poorer prognosis. [source]

Epidemiology of cancer-related fatigue in the Swedish twin registry

CANCER, Issue 9 2005
M.P.H., Michael J. Forlenza Ph.D.
Abstract BACKGROUND Estimates of the prevalence of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) are wide, and data suggest that fatigue is more prevalent among cancer patients than among the general population. However, most studies examining the prevalence of CRF have been hospital-based or clinic-based studies, which often are subject to bias. METHODS Point prevalence and prevalence odds ratios of fatigue were estimated using data from a large, population-based cohort that was screened for fatigue and linked with national registry-based data about cancer. Prevalence odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression with general estimating equations. RESULTS Approximately 23% of cancer registrants reported abnormal fatigue in the previous 6 months, 19% reported abnormal fatigue that lasted for at least 1 month, 14% reported abnormal fatigue that lasted at least 6 months, and 11% reported abnormal fatigue that lasted at least 6 months and caused significant functional impairment. Individuals who were listed in the cancer registry within the last 5 years were more likely to report experiencing fatigue than individuals who were not listed. There was an elevated prevalence of fatigue among those who were registered with carcinomas of the lung, uterine cervix, colon-rectum, ovaries, and prostate. Both women and men who were listed recently in the cancer registry were more likely to experience any level of fatigue than the comparison group. However, a greater proportion of women experienced fatigue relative to men. CONCLUSIONS A greater proportion of individuals who were listed in a national cancer registry reported experiencing fatigue compared with individuals in the general population. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society. [source]

Population-based case,control study of oral ketoconazole treatment for birth outcomes

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 1 2005
Zoltán Kazy
ABSTRACT The objective of the study presented here was to check the effect of oral ketoconazole treatment on fetal development. Ketoconazole has been given a teratogenic classification of C by the US Food and Drug Administration, but human controlled epidemiological studies of the treatment's effects have not been reported. The occurrence of ketoconazole use in the second to third months of gestation was compared between cases with congenital abnormalities and their matched controls in the large population-based data set of the Hungarian Case,Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980,1996. Birth weight and gestational age were evaluated in control newborn infants born to mothers with or without ketoconazole treatment. The case group comprised 22 843 cases with congenital abnormalities, while the control group contained 38 151 newborn infants without any defects. Six infants (0.03%) and 12 controls (0.03%) had mothers who had received oral ketoconazole treatment (prevalence odds ratio: with 95% confidence interval: 0.8, 0.3,2.2). No group of infants with congenital abnormalities had mothers with a higher incidence of use of the drug. The mean gestational age was somewhat longer while birth weight was somewhat larger in controls with ketoconazole treated mothers. Our study failed to demonstrate a higher rate of congenital abnormalities in infants with mothers who had received oral ketoconazole treatment during pregnancy. [source]

The rising prevalence of comorbid obesity and eating disorder behaviors from 1995 to 2005

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 2 2009
Anita Darby BSc (Nutrition & Dietetics)
Abstract Objective: To measure the cooccurrence of obesity and eating disorder (ED) behaviors in the South Australian population and assess the change in level from 1995 to 2005. Method: Two independent cross-sectional single stage interview based population surveys were conducted a decade apart. Self-reported height, weight, ED behaviors, and sociodemographics were assessed. Changes between the two time points were analyzed. Results: From 1995 to 2005 the population prevalence of comorbid obesity and ED behaviors increased from 1 to 3.5%. Comorbid obesity and ED behaviors increased more (prevalence odds ratio (POR) = 4.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 95% CI = [2.8, 7.4]; p < .001) than either obesity (POR = 1.6; 95% CI = [1.3, 2.0]; p < .001) or ED behaviors (POR = 3.1; 95% CI = [2.3, 4.1]; p < .001) alone. Discussion: Comorbid obesity and ED behaviors are an increasing problem in our society. Prevention and treatments efforts for obesity and EDs must consider and address this increasing comorbidity. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009 [source]

Self-reported antenatal adherence to medical treatment among pregnant women with Crohn's disease

ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2010
M. J. Nielsen
Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 49,58 Summary Background, Adherence to medical treatment among women with Crohn's disease (CD) prior to and during pregnancy has never been reported. Aim, To examine both the predictors and prevalence rates of non-adherence to maintenance medical treatment among women with CD prior to and during pregnancy Methods, Among a population of 1.6 million inhabitants, we identified a total of 132 women with CD who had given birth during 2000,2005. Questionnaires were used to investigate predictors and extent of adherence. The validity of self-reported use of medication was assessed using data from the Danish Prescription Database. We used logistic regression to estimate prevalence odds ratios for non-adherence according to smoking status and other predictors. Results, Eighty percent of the patients returned the questionnaire. A total of 58 (54%) women reported to have been on medical treatment, 50 of whom had fulfilled a prescription on relevant medication. Adherence to medical treatment was 72%. Fear of a negative effect on fertility/foetus was a reason for non-adherence by 18.8% prior to, and by 45.5% during, pregnancy. Among smokers, 30.8% were non-adherent compared with 11.5% among nonsmokers (prevalence odds ratio 3.41, 95% CI 0.8,14.7). Conclusions, Despite fear of a negative effect on fertility/foetus, adherence to medical treatment is high in women with CD. There is no substantial variation in adherence prior to and during pregnancy. Smoking prior to pregnancy is a predictor of non-adherence. [source]

Overactive Bladder Is Associated with Erectile Dysfunction and Reduced Sexual Quality of Life in Men

THE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 12 2008
Debra E. Irwin MSPH
ABSTRACT Introduction., The prevalence of sexual dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction (ED), is greater in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including overactive bladder (OAB), than in men without LUTS. Aim., To evaluate the prevalence of ED, the impact of urinary symptoms on sexual activity and sexual enjoyment, and sexual satisfaction in men with OAB. Methods., A nested case-control analysis was performed on data from a subset of men with (cases) and without (controls) OAB frequency-matched for age (5-year age strata) and country from the EPIC study. Respondents were asked about OAB symptoms (using the 2002 International Continence Society [ICS] definitions) and sexual activity. Sexually active respondents were asked about ED, sexual enjoyment, and overall satisfaction with their sex lives. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with ED. Main Outcome Measures., The percentage of cases and controls reporting ED, a reduction in the frequency of sexual activity or enjoyment of sexual activity because of urinary symptoms, and overall satisfaction with their sex lives was determined for cases and controls. Results., A total of 502 cases and 502 controls were matched for age strata and country. Significantly more cases (14%) reported reduced sexual activity because of urinary symptoms compared with controls (4%; P , 0.05). Among sexually active respondents, cases were significantly more likely to have ED than were controls (prevalence odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1,2.2); the prevalence of ED was similar to that for men with hypertension or diabetes. Significantly more cases (15%) reported decreased enjoyment of sexual activity because of urinary symptoms relative to controls (2%; P , 0.05), and significantly fewer cases were satisfied with their sex lives (81% vs. 90%; P , 0.05). Conclusions., OAB, as defined by the ICS, was significantly associated with increased prevalence of ED, reduced sexual activity and sexual enjoyment because of urinary symptoms, and reduced sexual satisfaction. Irwin DE, Milson I, Reilly K, Hunskaar S, Kopp Z, Herschorn S, Coyne KS, Kelleher CJ, Artibani W, and Abrams P. Overactive bladder is associated with erectile dysfunction and reduced sexual quality of life in men. J Sex Med **;**:**,**. [source]

Maternal severe migraine and risk of congenital limb deficiencies

BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 8 2006
Ferenc Bánhidy
Abstract BACKGROUND: Migraines occurs frequently during pregnancy; however, there are no published data on their possible teratogenic potential in a controlled epidemiological study. Therefore, we examined the risk of congenital abnormalities in infants born to women who had migraines and other headaches during pregnancy. METHODS: Between 1980 and 1996, the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities evaluated 22,843 cases (newborns or fetuses) with congenital abnormalities, 38,151 control newborn infants without any abnormalities, and 834 malformed controls with Down syndrome. RESULTS: Migraines anytime during pregnancy occurred in 565 (2.5%) mothers of the case group compared with 713 (1.9%) mothers in the control group (crude prevalence odds ratio [POR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2,1.5) and 24 (2.9%) pregnant women in the malformed control group (crude POR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.6,1.3) The mothers of 247 cases, 533 controls, and 21 malformed controls had severe migraines during the second and/or third months of pregnancy. There was only 1 congenital abnormality group: limb deficiencies, which had a higher rate of maternal migraines during the second and third months of pregnancy both at the comparison of cases and matched controls (adjusted POR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1,5.8) and of cases and malformed controls (adjusted POR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3,3.0). There was no association between other headaches and different congenital abnormalities at the comparison of cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that maternal severe migraines during the second and/or third months of pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of congenital limb deficiencies. A similar association was not detected between congenital anomalies and other headaches during pregnancy. Our study was not based on a prior hypothesis; therefore, these data can be considered only as a signal that needs confirmation by independent data sets. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Evaluation of Risk Score Algorithms for Detection of Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections in an Emergency Department Setting

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2 2008
Alia A. Al-Tayyib PhD
Abstract Objectives:, To develop and evaluate screening algorithms to predict current chlamydial and gonococcal infections in emergency department (ED) settings and assess their performance. Methods:, Between 2002 and 2005, adult patients aged 18 to 35 years attending an urban ED were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and completed a brief demographic and behavioral questionnaire. Using multiple unconditional logistic regressions, the authors developed four separate predictive models and applicable clinical risk scores to screen for infection. They developed models for females and males separately, for Ct and GC infections combined, and for Ct infection alone. The sensitivities and specificities of the clinical risk scores at different cutoffs were used to examine performance of the algorithms. Results:, Among 5,537 patients successfully screened for Ct and GC, the overall prevalence of infection was 9.6%. Age was the strongest predictor of infection. Adjusting for other predictors, the prevalence odds ratio (POR) was 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7 to 2.8) for Ct and GC combined and 2.9 (95% CI = 2.1 to 4.1) for Ct alone comparing females 25 years and younger to females older than 25 years. Among males, the association was stronger with an adjusted POR of 3.3 (95% CI = 2.3 to 4.7) for Ct and GC combined and 3.2 (95% CI = 2.1 to 4.7) for Ct infection alone. Conclusions:, If the decision to incorporate Ct and GC screening into routine ED care is made, age alone appears to be a sufficient screening criterion. [source]

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and blood pressure: a community-based study

CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 4 2006
John P. Walsh
Objective, Overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with hypertension, but it is uncertain whether the same is true of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Design, subjects and measurements, Cross-sectional study of 2033 participants (aged 17,89 years) in the Busselton Thyroid Study who did not have a history of thyroid disease. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the prevalence of hypertension (defined as SBP 140 mmHg, DBP 90 mmHg or on treatment for hypertension) in subjects with thyroid dysfunction and euthyroid subjects were compared using linear regression models. Subjects with treated hypertension (N = 299) were excluded from analyses of SBP and DBP but included in analyses of hypertension prevalence. Results, Mean SBP, DBP and the prevalence of hypertension did not differ significantly between subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (N = 105) and euthyroid subjects (N = 1859), nor did they differ between subjects with serum TSH concentrations in the upper reference range (2·0,4·0 mU/l; N = 418) and those with TSH concentrations in the lower reference range (0·4,2·0 mU/l; N = 1441). The prevalence of hypertension was higher in subjects with subclinical hyperthyroidism than euthyroid subjects (prevalence odds ratio 2·8, 95% confidence interval 1·3,6·0 adjusted for age, age2 and sex), but this was based on a small number of subjects with subclinical hyperthyroidism (N = 35). Conclusions, Subclinical hypothyroidism is not associated with hypertension. The observed association between subclinical hyperthyroidism and hypertension requires confirmation in a larger sample. [source]

Headache prevalence related to smoking and alcohol use.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 11 2006
The Head-HUNT Study
The aim of this study was to examine a possible association between smoking, alcohol and headache in a large population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 51 383 subjects completed a headache questionnaire and constituted the ,Head-HUNT' Study. Questionnaire-based information on smoking was available in 95% and on alcohol in 89% of the individuals. Associations were assessed in multivariate analyses, estimating prevalence odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Prevalence rates for headache were higher amongst smokers compared with never smokers, most evident for those under 40 years smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3,1.6). Passive smoking was also associated with higher headache prevalence. For alcohol use, there was a tendency of decreasing prevalence of migraine with increasing amounts of alcohol consumption compared with alcohol abstinence. Only with regard to symptoms indicating alcohol overuse, a positive association with frequent headache was found. The association between headache and smoking found in the present study raises questions about a causal relationship, e.g. that smoking causes headache or that it allays stress induced by headache. The observed negative association between migraine and alcohol consumption is probably explained by the headache precipitating properties of alcohol. [source]

Is Headache Related to Asthma, Hay Fever, and Chronic Bronchitis?

HEADACHE, Issue 2 2007
The Head-HUNT Study
Objectives.,To examine the relationship between migraine and nonmigrainous headache and asthma, hay fever, and chronic bronchitis in a large cross-sectional population-based study. Background.,Associations between prevalence of migraine and asthma or allergy have been demonstrated in clinic-based and epidemiologic studies whereas studies on chronic bronchitis are scarce. Methods.,A total of 51,383 subjects completed a headache questionnaire and constituted the "Head-HUNT" Study. Of these 50,401 (98.1%) answered the questions about asthma and chronic bronchitis, and 47,029 (91.5%) answered the question about hay fever. Associations were assessed in multivariate analyses, estimating prevalence odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results.,Both migraine and nonmigrainous headache were approximately 1.5 times more likely among those with current asthma, asthma related symptoms, hay fever, and chronic bronchitis than those without. The association increased with increasing headache frequency. Conclusions.,This large questionnaire-based study confirms that migraine and other headaches are associated with respiratory and allergic disorders. The magnitude of the association between headache and asthma, hay fever, and chronic bronchitis tended to be in the same order. Headache frequency seems to have a greater impact on the association with respiratory or allergic conditions than headache diagnoses. Whether it is a causal relationship is uncertain, but the results underline the importance of considering comorbid disorders among patients with frequent headache. [source]

Self-reported antenatal adherence to medical treatment among pregnant women with Crohn's disease

Body composition and respiratory function in healthy non-obese children

PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2007
FRANCISCO J. GONZALEZ-BARCALA
Abstract Background: The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the role that body composition plays in lung function, among healthy children and adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study was undertaken using sex- and age-stratified sampling among healthy children and adolescents aged 6,18 years. Spirometry was performed on every child who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were calculated from triceps skinfold thickness and arm circumference. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted prevalence odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) between low pulmonary function (PF) of schoolchildren and body composition expressed in FM and FFM. Calculations of OR imply that the outcome is dichotomous (low PF/normal PF), therefore those children who had parameters of pulmonary function below the 25th percentile were classed as cases and the rest of the subjects were considered as controls. Results: A total of 2408 children were included; 1270 (53%) of them were male and 1138 (47%), female. Among boys the increase of FFM was associated with an increase of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Among girls the increase of FFM was associated with an increase of FEV1, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow. The increase in FM was associated with a decrease of spirometric parameters in both genders, with a stronger effect among boys. Conclusions: The present study confirms the negative effect of body fat on the PF of children and adolescents, even though obese subjects were excluded. The effect is different between boys and girls. [source]

Evaluating provider prescribing practices for the treatment of tuberculosis in Virginia, 1995 to 1998: An assessment of educational need

THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, Issue 3 2000
Nicole L. Richardson BA
Abstract Background: Although the use of epidemiologic studies to demonstrate learning needs appears to be infrequent, this study addressed the discrepancies in the prescribing practices for the initial treatment of tuberculosis in Virginia between public and private clinicians, comparing them with the treatment regimens recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Thoracic Society (CDC-ATS). Methods: Data examined were the 1995 to 1998 reported cases of tuberculosis within the Commonwealth of Virginia. The study population consisted of 770 laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis cases, living in Virginia, whose isolates were tested for isoniazid susceptibility and were prescribed an initial drug regimen. Prevalence rates, prevalence odds ratios, and logistic regression were used to determine the estimated risk for receipt of the CDC-ATS treatment regimen. Results: Of the 770 cases, 28.7% did not receive the CDC-ATS recommended drug regimen. Prevalence rates and odds for not receiving the recommended regimen were highest among persons of United States origin, Caucasians, females, persons under age 15, and persons from the southwest region of Virginia. Logistic regression indicated a slight increase in the estimated risk of not receiving the CDC-ATS regimen from a private physician (OR: 1.40; CI: 0.97, 2.04) when compared to a public physician. Findings: Private tuberculosis care providers were less compliant with CDC-ATS guidelines than public tuberculosis care providers. Because providers did not follow the recommended treatment guidelines universally, it is advised that all tuberculosis care providers in Virginia would benefit from increased education regarding adequate treatment regimens for tuberculosis and the prevention of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. [source]