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Prevalence Increases (prevalence + increase)
Selected AbstractsAsthma in late adolescence , farm childhood is protective and the prevalence increase has levelled offPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Göran Wennergren Wennergren G, Ekerljung L, Alm B, Eriksson J, Lötvall J, Lundbäck B. Asthma in late adolescence , farm childhood is protective and the prevalence increase has levelled off. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 806,813. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S While the prevalence of and risk factors for asthma in childhood have been studied extensively, the data for late adolescence are more sparse. The aim of this study was to provide up-to-date information on the prevalence of and risk factors for asthma in the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. A secondary aim was to analyze whether the increase in asthma prevalence has levelled off. A large-scale, detailed postal questionnaire focusing on asthma and respiratory symptoms, as well as possible risk factors, was mailed to 30 000 randomly selected subjects aged 16,75 in Gothenburg and the surrounding western Sweden region. The present analyses are based on the responses from 1261 subjects aged 16,20 (560 men and 701 women). The prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was 9.5%, while 9.6% reported the use of asthma medicine. In the multivariate analysis, the strongest risk factors for physician-diagnosed asthma and other asthma variables were heredity for asthma and heredity for allergy, particularly if they occurred together. Growing up on a farm significantly reduced the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma and the likelihood of using asthma medication, OR 0.1 (95% CI 0.02,0.95). Smoking increased the risk of recurrent wheeze, long-standing cough, and sputum production. In conclusion, the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma and the use of asthma medication in the 16- to 20-yr age group support the notion that the increase in asthma prevalence seen between the 1950s and the 1990s has now levelled off. In line with the hygiene hypothesis, a farm childhood significantly reduced the likelihood of asthma. The adverse effects of smoking could already be seen at this young age. [source] Increasing prevalence of atopic eczema in Taiwanese adolescents from 1995 to 2001CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 4 2007Y.-L. Lee Summary Background The prevalence of atopic eczema in adolescents has recently been reported as increasing in many countries, a phenomenon yet to be fully explained. This study compared the prevalence of atopic eczema among Taiwanese adolescents with individual-level risk factors and community-level data of temperature, relative humidity, and air pollutants to determine whether changes in these factors could explain the observed change in prevalence. Methods We conducted two nationwide, cross-sectional surveys of atopic illness and symptoms among Taiwanese 12,15-year-old schoolchildren in 1995,1996 and 2001. The effects of personal and environmental factors were assessed and temporal changes of outdoor monitoring data were also compared with the prevalence difference of atopic eczema. Results A total of 42 919 adolescents from the 1995 to 1996 survey and 10 215 adolescents from the 2001 survey attended schools located within 1 km of 22 monitoring stations. The 12-month prevalence of atopic eczema increased significantly during this period [adjusted prevalence ratio (PR)=1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21,1.70 in boys; PR=1.77, 95% CI 1.49,2.10 in girls]. After adjustment for potential risk factors, the prevalence differences were statistically unchanged. Although parental education level contributed the most, changes in personal and environmental factors might not explain the observed prevalence increases of atopic eczema. Temporal change in the relative humidity was significantly associated with prevalence increase among boys but its contribution was also small. Conclusion Correlates of the investigated risk factors that have changed over time still underlie the prevalence increases of atopic eczema in Taiwanese adolescents. The exact reasons for the rising trends remain to be elucidated. [source] The impact of atherosclerotic renovascular disease on diabetic renal failureDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 11 2002A. J. Nicholls Abstract Atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD) is common in thegeneral population, and its prevalence increases with age. Parallelstudies show it is also common in patients with diabetes. The widespreaduse of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptorantagonists for heart and kidney disease might therefore expose arteriopathicdiabetic patients to potential harm if they had critical renal arterystenosis. This review looks at the natural history of ARVD in thediabetic and non-diabetic populations: while it is common, it only rarelyleads to renal failure. Hence intervention to revascularize ischaemic kidneyson the basis of radiological appearances alone may subject somepatients to unnecessary therapy. Although untested by randomizedtrial, a policy of watchful waiting may be the simplest strategyfor most diabetic patients with suspected ARVD, reserving angiography andangioplasty (usually backed up by a stent) for those with an abruptdecline in renal function and no other cause for renal deterioration. Futureclinical trials may better define subgroups of patients who will trulybenefit from renal revascularization. [source] Modeling the effect of high dead-space syringes on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among injecting drug usersADDICTION, Issue 8 2010Georgiy V. Bobashev ABSTRACT Aims To illustrate the impact of different proportions of injecting drug users (IDUs) sharing high dead-space syringes (HDSS) or low dead-space syringes (LDSS) on the probability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission; and thus the impact on injection-related HIV prevalence and incidence. Design A stochastic mathematical model was used to evaluate the impact of HDSS use in high- and low-risk IDU populations. Model parameters were obtained from peer-reviewed publications. Analytical solutions of a simplified deterministic model were obtained to explain the effect of HDSS on HIV endemic states. Findings Simulation analysis shows that the HIV epidemic could be sustained even when a small percentage of sharing (10%) involved HDSS. The effect is much stronger in high-risk compared with low-risk populations. Steady state HIV prevalence increases with the proportion of HDSS, and for high- and low-risk populations reaches around 80% and 20%, respectively. For low-risk populations, the use of LDSS could result in the virtual elimination of HIV. These results are dependent upon an evidence-supported assumption of a significant difference in HIV transmission risk associated with HDSS versus LDSS. Conclusions Our models suggest that injection-related HIV epidemics may not occur when most (e.g. 95% or more) IDUs use LDSS. While these results are based on indirect risk measures and a number of simplifying assumptions, the effect of blood retained in high dead-space syringes on HIV prevalence seems to be very strong, even using relatively conservative assumptions. The findings have potential implications for needle exchange programs and the types of syringes produced and distributed world-wide. [source] Older people and falls: health status, quality of life, lifestyle, care networks, prevention and views on service use following a recent fallJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 16 2009Brenda Roe Aim and objective., This study has investigated older people's experiences of a recent fall, its impact on their health, lifestyle, quality of life, care networks, prevention and their views on service use. Background., Falls are common in older people and prevalence increases with age. Falls prevention is a major policy and service initiative. Design., An exploratory, qualitative design involving two time points. Method., A convenience sample of 27 older people from two primary care trusts who had a recent fall. Taped semi structured qualitative interviews were conducted and repeated at follow up to detect change over time and repeat falls. Data were collected on their experience of falls, health, activities of living, lifestyle, quality of life, use of services, prevention of falls, informal care and social networks. Content analysis of transcribed interviews identified key themes. Results., The majority of people fell indoors (n = 23), were repeat fallers (n = 22) with more than half alone when they fell (n = 15). For five people it was their first ever fall. Participants in primary care trust 1 had a higher mean age than those in primary care trust 2 and had more injurious falls (n = 12, mean age 87 years vs. n = 15, mean age 81 years). The majority of non-injurious falls went unreported to formal services. Falls can result in a decline in health status, ability to undertake activities of living, lifestyle and quality of life. Conclusions., Local informal care and support networks are as important as formal care for older people at risk of falls or who have fallen. Access to falls prevention programmes and services is limited for people living in more rural communities. Relevance to practice., Falls prevention initiatives and services should work with local communities, agencies and informal carers to ensure equitable access and provision of information, resources and care to meet the needs of older people at risk or who have fallen. [source] Dementia in Older Adults With Intellectual Disabilities,Epidemiology, Presentation, and DiagnosisJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2010Andre Strydom Abstract As life expectancy of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) extends into older age, dementia is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. To update and summarize current knowledge on dementia in older adults with ID, the authors conducted a comprehensive review of the published literature from 1997,2008 with a specific focus on: (1) epidemiology of dementia in ID in general as well as in specific genetic syndromes; (2) presentation; and (3) diagnostic criteria for dementia. The review drew upon a combination of searches in electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for original research papers in English, Dutch, or German. The authors report that varied methodologies and inherent challenges in diagnosis yield a wide range of reported prevalence rates of dementia. Rates of dementia in the population with intellectual disability not because of Down syndrome (DS) are comparable with or higher than the general population. Alzheimer's disease onset in DS appears earlier and the prevalence increases from under 10% in the 40s to more than 30% in the 50s, with varying prevalence reported for those 60 and older. Incidence rates increase with age. Few studies of dementia in other genetic syndromes were identified. Presentation differs in the ID population compared with the general population; those with DS present with prominent behavioral changes believed to be because of frontal lobe deficits. Authors recommend large-scale collaborative studies of high quality to further knowledge on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of dementia in this population. [source] Increasing prevalence of atopic eczema in Taiwanese adolescents from 1995 to 2001CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 4 2007Y.-L. Lee Summary Background The prevalence of atopic eczema in adolescents has recently been reported as increasing in many countries, a phenomenon yet to be fully explained. This study compared the prevalence of atopic eczema among Taiwanese adolescents with individual-level risk factors and community-level data of temperature, relative humidity, and air pollutants to determine whether changes in these factors could explain the observed change in prevalence. Methods We conducted two nationwide, cross-sectional surveys of atopic illness and symptoms among Taiwanese 12,15-year-old schoolchildren in 1995,1996 and 2001. The effects of personal and environmental factors were assessed and temporal changes of outdoor monitoring data were also compared with the prevalence difference of atopic eczema. Results A total of 42 919 adolescents from the 1995 to 1996 survey and 10 215 adolescents from the 2001 survey attended schools located within 1 km of 22 monitoring stations. The 12-month prevalence of atopic eczema increased significantly during this period [adjusted prevalence ratio (PR)=1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21,1.70 in boys; PR=1.77, 95% CI 1.49,2.10 in girls]. After adjustment for potential risk factors, the prevalence differences were statistically unchanged. Although parental education level contributed the most, changes in personal and environmental factors might not explain the observed prevalence increases of atopic eczema. Temporal change in the relative humidity was significantly associated with prevalence increase among boys but its contribution was also small. Conclusion Correlates of the investigated risk factors that have changed over time still underlie the prevalence increases of atopic eczema in Taiwanese adolescents. The exact reasons for the rising trends remain to be elucidated. [source] Incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation before and after lung transplantation,CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 6 2005Denis Hadjiliadis Abstract:, Cystic fibrosis (CF) related diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs in 15% of adult pancreatic insufficient CF patients. Lung transplantation is a treatment option for end-stage CF. We hypothesized that the prevalence of DM increases after lung transplantation. The study population included adult patients undergoing lung transplantation from March 1988 to March 2002 for end-stage CF at the University of Toronto. Demographic data, exocrine pancreatic function, presence of DM before and after transplant, as well as timing of its development after transplant were collected. Eighty-six patients met the study criteria; 77 of 86 (89.5%) of patients were pancreatic insufficient and were further analyzed. Median follow-up post-transplant was 3.3 yr (interquartile range: 1.2,7.2). Their mean age was 29.7 ± 8.1 yr and 46 of 77 (59.7%) were male. The prevalence of DM increased from 22 of 77 (28.6%) before transplant to 38 of 77 (49.4%) after transplant (p = 0.008). The median time of DM development after transplant was 80 d (range: 13,4352). Sixteen of 55 (29.1%) of pancreatic insufficient patients who were non-diabetic prior to transplant, developed DM after transplant. DM is common in CF patients undergoing lung transplantation and the prevalence increases after transplant. [source] | ||||||||||