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Prevalence Abstinence (prevalence + abstinence)
Kinds of Prevalence Abstinence Selected AbstractsFailure to improve cigarette smoking abstinence with transdermal selegiline + cognitive behavior therapyADDICTION, Issue 9 2010Joel D. Killen ABSTRACT Aims To examine the effectiveness of transdermal selegiline for producing cigarette smoking abstinence. Design Adult smokers were randomly assigned to receive selegiline transdermal system (STS) or placebo given for 8 weeks. All participants received cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Follow-ups were conducted at 25 and 52 weeks. Setting Community smoking cessation clinic. Participants 243 adult smokers (,18 years of age; ,10 cigarettes/day). Measures Expired-air carbon monoxide confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinence. Findings STS was not superior to placebo. More women than men were abstinent at 52 week follow-up (28% vs 16%, P < 0.05). Behavioral activation (BAS) moderated treatment response (P = 0.01). The survival rate through week 52 for those with high ,drive' scores on the BAS was 47% if assigned to selegiline and 34% if assigned to placebo. The survival rate for those with low ,drive scores' on the BAS was 35% if assigned to selegiline compared to 53% if assigned to placebo. Conclusion Transdermal selegiline does not appear generally effective in aiding smoking cessation though there may be a selective effect in those smokers with low ,behavioral activation'. [source] A systematic review of the effectiveness of smoking relapse prevention interventions for abstinent smokersADDICTION, Issue 8 2010Shade Agboola ABSTRACT Aims To carry out a systematic review of the effectiveness of relapse prevention interventions (RPIs) among abstinent smokers who had completed an initial course of treatment or who had abstained unassisted, pooling only outcome data from similar follow-up time points. Methods We used the same search strategy as was used in Cochrane reviews of RPIs to identify randomized trials of behavioural and pharmacological studies of smoking RPIs published up to July 2008. Abstinence from smoking was defined as either continuous abstinence or point prevalence abstinence, measured at three follow-up time points: short term (1,3 months post randomization), medium term (6,9 months) and long term (12,18 months). Abstinence among pregnant/postpartum women was also measured at delivery or the last follow-up prior to delivery. Random effect meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Thirty-six studies randomizing abstainers were included. Self-help materials appeared to be effective in preventing relapse at long-term follow up in initially unaided quitters (pooled OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.01, I2 = 0%, NNT = 11, 3 studies). Other behavioural interventions for relapse prevention appeared effective in the short term only. There were positive results for the use of pharmacotherapies for relapse prevention. Bupropion was effective at long-term follow-up (pooled OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.01; I2 = 0%; NNT = 11; 4 studies). Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was effective at medium-term (pooled OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.11; I2 = 37%; NNT = 14; 4 trials) and long-term follow-ups (pooled OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.63; I2 = 0%; NNT = 20; 4 trials). Single trials of extended treatment of Varenicline and rimonabant were also found to be effective at short-term and medium-term follow-ups. Conclusions Self-help materials appear to prevent relapse in initially unaided quitters. Use of NRT, bupropion and varenicline appears to be effective in preventing relapse following an initial period of abstinence or an acute treatment episode. There is currently no good evidence that behavioural support prevents relapse after initial unaided abstinence or following an acute treatment period. [source] Pre-cessation nicotine replacement therapy: pragmatic randomized trialADDICTION, Issue 8 2010Chris Bullen ABSTRACT Aims To determine the effectiveness of 2 weeks' pre-cessation nicotine patches and/or gum on smoking abstinence at 6 months. Design Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Setting New Zealand. Participants Eleven hundred adult, dependent smokers who called the New Zealand Quitline between March 2006 and May 2007 for support to stop smoking were randomized to 2 weeks of nicotine patches and/or gum prior to their target quit day followed by usual care (8 weeks of patches and/or gum plus support calls from a Quitline adviser), or to usual care alone. Measurements The primary outcome was self-reported 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence 6 months after quit day. Secondary outcomes included continuous abstinence, cotinine-verified abstinence, daily cigarette consumption, withdrawal symptoms and adverse events. Findings Six months after quit day 125 (22.7%) participants in the pre-cessation group and 116 (21.0%) in the control group reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence (relative risk 1.08 95% CI: 0.86, 1.35, P = 0.4, risk difference 1.7%, 95% CI: ,3.2%, 6.6%). However, when pooled in a meta-analysis with other pre-cessation trials a moderate benefit of about a one-quarter increase in cessation rates was evident. There was no difference in adverse events between groups. Conclusions In this, the largest pre-cessation NRT trial to date, using NRT 2 weeks before the target quit day was safe and well tolerated but offered no benefit over usual care. However, in conjunction with previous pre-cessation trials there appears to be a moderate benefit, but not as large as that seen in most smaller trials. [source] A randomized controlled trial of adding the nicotine patch to rimonabant for smoking cessation: efficacy, safety and weight gainADDICTION, Issue 2 2009Nancy A. Rigotti ABSTRACT Aims Because smoking cessation rates might be improved by combining drugs and by reducing post-cessation weight gain, we tested the smoking cessation efficacy, safety and effect on body weight of adding the nicotine patch to rimonabant, a cannabanoid type-1 receptor antagonist that reduces body weight. Design Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Setting Fifteen US research centers. Participants A total of 755 smokers (,15 cigarettes/day). Intervention Rimonabant (20 mg daily) was given open-label for 9 weeks. The 735 participants completing week 1 were randomized at day 8 (target quit day) to add a nicotine patch (n = 369) or placebo patch (n = 366) for 10 weeks (21 mg daily for 8 weeks plus a 2-week taper). Participants received weekly smoking counseling and were followed for 24 weeks. Measurements Biochemically validated 4-week continuous abstinence at end-of-treatment (weeks 6,9; primary end-point); 7-day point prevalence abstinence at weeks 9 and 24; sustained abstinence (weeks 6,24); change in body weight; and adverse events. Findings Rimonabant plus nicotine patch was superior to rimonabant plus placebo in validated continuous abstinence at weeks 6,9 (39.0% versus 21.3%; odds ratio 2.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.71,2.37; P < 0.01) and in all other efficacy measures. Mean end-of-treatment weight gain among quitters did not differ between groups (0.04 kg for combination versus 0.49 kg for rimonabant only, P = 0.15) and was similar in weight-concerned smokers. Serious adverse event rates did not differ between groups. Depression- and anxiety-related adverse events occurred in 32 (4.2%) and 44 (5.8%) subjects, respectively; eight (1.1%) and nine (1.2%) subjects stopped the drug due to depression and anxiety, respectively. Conclusions Adding a nicotine patch to rimonabant was well tolerated and increased smoking cessation rates over rimonabant alone. There was little post-cessation weight gain in either group, even among weight-concerned smokers, during drug treatment. [source] Extended cognitive behavior therapy for cigarette smoking cessationADDICTION, Issue 8 2008Joel D. Killen ABSTRACT Primary aim Examine the effectiveness of extended cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in promoting longer-term smoking abstinence. Design Open-label treatment phase followed by extended treatment phase. Randomization conducted prior to entry into open-label treatment phase; analysis based on intention-to-treat to avoid threat of selection bias. Setting Community smoking cessation clinic. Participants A total of 304 adult smokers (,18 years of age; ,10 cigarettes/day). Intervention Open-label (8 weeks): all participants received bupropion SR, nicotine patch, CBT. Extended treatment (12 weeks): participants received either CBT + voicemail monitoring and telephone counseling or telephone-based general support. Measurements Seven-day point prevalence abstinence, expired-air carbon monoxide. Results At week 20 follow-up, CBT produced a higher 7-day point prevalence abstinence rate: 45% versus 29%, P = 0.006; at 52 weeks the difference in abstinence rates (31% versus 27%) was not significant. History of depression was a moderator of treatment. Those with a positive history had a better treatment response at 20 weeks when assigned to the less intensive telephone support therapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion The superiority of CBT to 20 weeks suggests that continued emphasis on the development of cognitive and behavioral strategies for maintaining non-smoking during an extended treatment phase may help smokers to maintain abstinence in the longer term. At present, the minimum duration of therapy is unknown. [source] Helping smokers to decide on the use of efficacious smoking cessation methods: a randomized controlled trial of a decision aidADDICTION, Issue 3 2006Marc C. Willemsen ABSTRACT Aims Most smokers attempt to stop smoking without using help. We evaluated the efficacy of a decision aid to motivate quitters to use efficacious treatment. Setting and participants A total of 1014 were recruited from a convenience sample of 3391 smokers who intended to quit smoking within 6 months. Design and intervention Smokers were assigned randomly to either receive the decision aid or no intervention. The decision aid was expected to motivate quitters to use efficacious cessation methods and contained neutral information on treatment methods, distinguishing between efficacious and non-efficacious treatments. Measurements Baseline questionnaire and follow-ups were used 2 weeks and 6 months after the start of the intervention., Findings The decision aid increased knowledge of cessation methods and induced a more positive attitude towards these methods. Furthermore, 45% reported increased confidence about being able to quit and 43% said it helped them to choose between treatments. However, no clear effect on usage of treatment aids was found, but the intervention group had more quit attempts (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.14,2.02) and higher point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up (20.2% versus 13.6%; OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.07,2.11). Conclusions An aid to help smokers decide to use efficacious treatment when attempting to quit smoking had a positive effect on smoking cessation, while failing to increase the usage of efficacious treatment. This finding lends support to the notion that the mere promotion of efficacious treatments for tobacco addiction might increase the number of quit attempts, irrespective of the actual usage of treatment. [source] Does stage-based smoking cessation advice in pregnancy result in long-term quitters?ADDICTION, Issue 1 200518-month postpartum follow-up of a randomized controlled trial ABSTRACT Aims To evaluate the effect on quitting smoking at 18 months postpartum of smoking cessation interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) delivered in pregnancy compared to current standard care. It has been claimed that TTM-based interventions will continue to create quitters after the end of the intervention period. Design Cluster randomized trial. Setting Antenatal clinics in general practices in the West Midlands, UK. Participants A total of 918 pregnant smokers originally enrolled in the trial, of which 393 women were followed-up at 18 months postpartum. Interventions One hundred general practices were randomized into the three trial arms. Midwives in these practices delivered three interventions: A (standard care), B (TTM-based self-help manuals) and C (TTM-based self-help manuals plus sessions with an interactive computer program giving individualized smoking cessation advice). Measurements Self-reported continuous and point prevalence abstinence since pregnancy. Findings When combined together, there was a slight and not significant benefit for both TTM arms compared to the control, with an odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.20 (0.29,4.88) for continuous abstinence. For point prevalence abstinence, the OR (95%CI) was 1.15 (0.66,2.03). Seven of the 54 (13%) women who had quit at the end of pregnancy were still quit 18 months later, and there was no evidence that the TTM-based interventions were superior in preventing relapse. Conclusions The TTM-based interventions may have shown some evidence of a short-term benefit for quitting in pregnancy but no benefit relative to standard care when followed-up in the longer-term. [source] Effective management of smoking in an oral dysplasia clinic in LondonORAL DISEASES, Issue 1 2006TWJ Poate Background:, Precancerous lesions precede the development of oral cancer; of several clinical types the most common is leukoplakia. The risk factors include tobacco and excess alcohol use and diets low in antioxidants. Studies concerning the management of risk factors related to oral precancer are meager. Objectives:, We investigated the effectiveness of smoking cessation at a dysplasia clinic among patients followed up for at least for 12 months. Methods:, Data from case notes relating to180 patients with white and red patches of oral mucosa (excluding other benign disorders confirmed by biopsy findings) attending a dysplasia clinic at a teaching hospital in London and seen by one consultant between 1993 and 2003 were transcribed. Effect of referring to a smoker's clinic to receive specialist help was evaluated against brief advice given at the dysplasia clinic ± medications. Results:, The mean age at the first visit was 48.5 years (±12.5), 65% were male, and 88% were white European. One hundred and sixty-two patients (90%) had used tobacco and 83% were current smokers. Of the smokers 95% had smoked over 10 years, the majority smoking over 10 cigarettes per day. Nine were alcohol misusers including two binge drinkers. One hundred and forty-six were diagnosed with oral leukoplakia, 16 with non-homogeneous types (speckled or nodular). Three patients were diagnosed with an erythroplakia. Nineteen per cent exhibited the presence of dysplasia and one subject had in situ carcinoma. Five patients in the sample quit smoking prior to arrival in the dysplasia clinic. Twenty-seven cases (20%) with oral leukoplakia quit smoking while registered as a patient at the dysplasia clinic: 17 of 100 subjects quit with brief advice ± medications and 10 of 30 following referral to the smoker's clinic. The difference between the two groups was significant for point prevalence abstinence at the last visit to the clinic (minimum 12 months follow up). Out of a total of 180 precancer cases managed in the dysplasia clinic (mean follow up 4.2 years) three patients subsequently developed invasive carcinoma during follow up. Conclusions:, Smoking cessation needs to be an integral component of management of cases attending a dysplasia clinic and referring to smoker's clinics could help to improve the effectiveness of managing patients with oral precancer to quit smoking. [source] Integrating Tobacco Cessation Treatment into Mental Health Care for Patients with Posttraumatic Stress DisorderTHE AMERICAN JOURNAL ON ADDICTIONS, Issue 5 2006Miles McFall PhD The integration of tobacco cessation treatment into mental health care for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), known as Integrated Care (IC), was evaluated in an uncontrolled feasibility and effectiveness study. Veterans (N = 107) in PTSD treatment at two outpatient clinics received IC delivered by mental health practitioners. Outcomes were seven-day point prevalence abstinence measured at two, four, six, and nine months post-enrollment and repeated seven-day point prevalence abstinence (RPPA) obtained across three consecutive assessment intervals (four, six, and nine months). Abstinence rates at the four assessment intervals were 28%, 23%, 25%, and 18%, respectively, and RPPA was 15%. The number of IC sessions and a previous quit history greater than six months predicted RPPA. Stopping smoking was not associated with worsening PTSD or depression. [source] | ||||||||||