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Selected AbstractsExperience with model predictive control in the undergraduate laboratoryCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION, Issue 1 2005Kenneth R. Muske Abstract A model predictive control experiment for an undergraduate senior laboratory course is outlined in this article. The process under study is a continuous stirred-tank heater and the control objective is to control the water temperature in the tank. A discrete, dynamic, physical model of this process is used in the controller. The model predictive control algorithm is a single-move, analytical controller that matches the model predicted temperature to a reference temperature trajectory at a single time in the future. A series of different control experiments using this algorithm are described and examples of each are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 13: 40,47, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20028 [source] The embedded ion method: A new approach to the electrostatic description of crystal lattice effects in chemical shielding calculationsCONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 5 2006Dirk Stueber Abstract The nuclear magnetic shielding anisotropy of NMR active nuclei is highly sensitive to the nuclear electronic environment. Hence, measurements of the nuclear magnetic shielding anisotropy represent a powerful tool in the elucidation of molecular structure for a wide variety of materials. Quantum mechanical ab initio nuclear magnetic shielding calculations effectively complement the experimental NMR data by revealing additional structural information. The accuracy and capacity of these calculations has been improved considerably in recent years. However, the inherent problem of the limitation in the size of the systems that may be studied due to the relatively demanding computational requirements largely remains. Accordingly, ab initio shielding calculations have been performed predominantly on isolated molecules, neglecting the molecular environment. This approach is sufficient for neutral nonpolar systems, but leads to serious errors in the shielding calculations on polar and ionic systems. Conducting ab initio shielding calculations on clusters of molecules (i.e., including the nearest neighbor interactions) has improved the accuracy of the calculations in many cases. Other methods of simulating crystal lattice effects in shielding calculations that have been developed include the electrostatic representation of the crystal lattice using point charge arrays, full ab initio methods, ab initio methods under periodic boundary conditions, and hybrid ab initio/molecular dynamics methods. The embedded ion method (EIM) discussed here follows the electrostatic approach. The method mimics the intermolecular and interionic interactions experienced by a subject molecule or cluster in a given crystal in quantum mechanical shielding calculations with a large finite, periodic, and self-consistent array of point charges. The point charge arrays in the EIM are generated using the Ewald summation method and embed the molecule or ion of interest for which the ab initio shielding calculations are performed. The accuracy with which the EIM reproduces experimental nuclear magnetic shift tensor principal values, the sensitivity of the EIM to the parameters defining the point charge arrays, as well as the strengths and limitations of the EIM in comparison with other methods that include crystal lattice effects in chemical shielding calculations, are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 28A: 347,368, 2006 [source] Introduction to diffusion tensor imaging mathematics: Part III.CONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 2 2006Tensor calculation, noise, optimization, simulations Abstract The mathematical aspects of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI, or DTI), the measurement of the diffusion tensor by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are discussed in this three-part series. Part III begins with a comparison of different ways to calculate the tensor from diffusion-weighted imaging data. Next, the effects of noise on signal intensities and diffusion tensor measurements are discussed. In MRI signal intensities as well as DTI parameters, noise can introduce a bias (systematic deviation) as well as scatter (random deviation) in the data. Propagation-of-error formulas are explained with examples. Step-by-step procedures for simulating diffusion tensor measurements are presented. Finally, methods for selecting the optimal b factor and number of b = 0 images for measuring several properties of the diffusion tensor, including the trace (or mean diffusivity) and anisotropy, are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 28A: 155,179, 2006 [source] Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain and spinal cord by means of signal enhancement by extravascular protonsCONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 1 2003P.W. Stroman Abstract A review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal changes in spin,echo image data is presented. Spin,echo fMRI data from the human brain and spinal cord show a consistent departure from that expected with blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Studies to investigate this finding demonstrate fMRI signal changes of 2.5% in the spinal cord and 0.7% in the brain at 1.5 T, which is extrapolated to an echo time of zero. Consistent evidence of a non-BOLD contrast mechanism arising from a proton-density change at sites of neuronal activation is demonstrated. A mathematical model and physiological explanation for signal enhancement by extravascular protons is also presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 16A: 28,34, 2003 [source] Ion-Conducting Probes for Low Temperature PlasmasCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 5-7 2008S. A. Meiss Abstract Probes interacting with a low temperature plasma are typically built of electron conducting materials, mostly metals. We apply yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which is oxygen ion conducting at elevated temperatures and which is a typical solid electrolyte with high ionic and negligible electronic conductivity. The processes at the plasma|YSZ interface are discussed and first results of measurements with ion-conducting single- and double-probes in oxygen containing radio frequency plasmas are presented. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Fast Reciprocating Probe Assembly for the KSTARCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 5-6 2006J. G. Bak Abstract A fast reciprocating probe assembly (FRPA) that can scan a distance of up to 32.5 cm with a maximum speed of 1.7 m/s was fabricated to obtain the spatial profile of basic plasma parameters in the edge region of the KSTAR plasma during a plasma discharge of 20 s. The probe driving mechanism consists of two parts; first a slow movement driven by a servo motor system and then a fast reciprocating movement actuated by a pneumatic system. A performance test of the drive system, which is remotely controlled by a PC, was carried out. The prototype of the probe head for the KSTAR FRPA was fabricated as a modular type for easy replacement. It was installed in the fast injection probe assembly (FIPA) in the Hanbit magnetic mirror device, and a radial plasma parameter profile measurement was carried out. The performance test results of the drive system and the profile measurements using the probe head are presented. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Comparative Study of Flat and Round Collectors Using a Validated 1D Fluid Probe ModelCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 5-6 2006P. Peleman Abstract In the literature two different types of Gundestrup-like probe designs are proposed: design with flat and with round collectors. In this paper we study the influence of different collector shapes of Gundestrup-like probes on the accuracy of the measurement of the parallel and perpendicular flows. A one dimensional fluid probe model is used for deducing both Mach numbers of the unperturbed flow from the probe data. An analytical expression relates the plasma flow to the measured ion saturation currents collected at the upstream and downstream collecting surfaces of the probe. For flat collectors, the analytical model is validated by comparing it to a two dimensional quasi-neutral Particle In Cell (PIC) simulation code. An extension of the theoretical model then allows us to study round collectors. We performed an accuracy study which showed that systematic errors are introduced when round collectors are employed for determination of the perpendicular flow which is systematically overestimated. The error can reach more than 70% when the perpendicular flow increases and when the angle of the collecting surface with respect to the magnetic field (, , 0)is small. The correct analytical expression is applied to experimental data from Gundestrup probe measurements with round collectors on the CASTOR tokamak. The analysis shows that for these measurements the error introduced by using the expression for flat collectors remains negligible, supporting our former use of the model for flat collectors. A new advanced Gundestrup-like probe design and the motivation for the choice of flat collectors are presented. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Hydrodynamic and Kinetic Modelling of Dust Free and Dusty Radio-Frequency DischargesCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 5-6 2004W. J. Goedheer Abstract In this paper hydrodynamic and kinetic approaches to model low pressure capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges are discussed. In particular approaches and results for power modulated discharges in a mixture of silane and hydrogen and for discharges containing a considerable amount of dust particles will be presented. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] IFE research at GIFI, Polytechnic University of MadridCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 5-6 2003J.J. Honrubia Abstract The research activities of the GIFI group in last years are summarised. Contributions to theory of ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI), inertial fusion energy (IFE) target design and fast ignition physics are presented. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Optical properties of ZnO nanotubesCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2010Hongju Zhai Abstract Tubular ZnO nanostructures have been obtained via a hydrothermal method at low temperature (90 °C) without any catalysts or templates. The XRD measurement reveals that the tubes are single crystals with hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM shows that the diameters of ZnO nanotubes ranged from 400 to 550 nm. The Raman and PL spectra indicate that oxygen vacancies or Zn interstitials are responsible for the green emission in the ZnO nanotubes. A possible growth mechanism on the formation of crystalline ZnO nanotubes has been presented. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Crystal growth, crystal structure and physical properties of polar orthorhombic tris(glycine) zinc chlorideCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2008M. Fleck Abstract Large single crystals of the polar (point group mm 2) compound tris(glycine) zinc chloride, (NH3CH2COO)3 · ZnCl2, were grown from aqueous solutions. The refractive indices were measured in the wavelength region from 365 nm to 1083 nm and an unpolarised absorption spectrum was recorded (transparency range from 260 to 1550nm). The phase matching conditions for second harmonic generation were analysed: both, type I (ss-f) and type II (sf-f) are possible in the red and near IR region. All five components of the piezoelectric tensor [dijk ] were determined; the maximum values of longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric effects are less than one half of d111 of ,-quartz. In addition, a redetermination of the crystal structure (including location of H atoms) is presented. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Mathematical development in spina bifidaDEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Lianne H. English Abstract Spina bifida (SB) is a neural tube defect diagnosed before or at birth that is associated with a high incidence of math disability often without co-occurring difficulties in reading. SB provides an interesting population within which to examine the development of mathematical abilities and disability across the lifespan and in relation to the deficits in visual-spatial processing that are also associated with the disorder. An overview of math and its cognitive correlates in preschoolers, school-age children and adults with SB is presented including the findings from a longitudinal study linking early executive functions in infancy to the development of later preschool and school age math skills. These findings are discussed in relation to socio-historical perspectives on math education and implications for intervention and directions for further research are presented. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:28,34. [source] Label recognition using collinear acoustooptic devices in WDM photonic routerELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 3 2007Nobuo Goto Abstract Collinear acoustooptic (AO) switches are investigated for use in label recognition system in photonic routing systems. The optical label discussed in this paper uses optical codes which are encoded in the time domain. Short optical pulse trains representing the codes are processed with integrated AO devices. Proposed device configurations for label recognition are described with the basic operation mechanism. A numerical example for the code recognition is also presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(3): 48,55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20453 [source] Capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: A case studyELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 7-8 2005Carolin Huhn Abstract The simultaneous hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a novel combined detection system for CE is presented. ,-Carbolines were chosen as model analytes with a forensic background. Nonaqueous CE as well as conventional CE with an aqueous buffer system are compared concerning efficiency and obtainable detection limits. The distance between the optical detection window and the sprayer tip was minimized by placing the optical cell directly in front of the electrospray interface. Similar separation efficiencies for both detection modes could thus be obtained. No significant peak-broadening induced by the MS interface was observed. The high fluorescence quantum yield and the high proton affinity of the model analytes investigated resulted in limits of detection in the fg (nmol/L) range for both detection methods. The analysis of confiscated ayahuasca samples and ethanolic plant extracts revealed complementary selectivities for LIF and MS detection. Thus, it is possible to improve peak identification of the solutes investigated by the use of these two detection principles. [source] Remediation of sites contaminated by oil refinery operationsENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 1 2006S. Khaitan The oil industry contributes to contamination of groundwater and aquifers beneath refineries and oil terminals. The successful remediation of a contaminated site requires understanding both the hydrogeology and the nature and extent of contamination. The physical,chemical and biological mechanisms that govern contaminant release, transport and fate in soils, sediments, and associated fluid phases must be understood and quantified. In addition, understanding the flow and entrapment of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) including lighter-than-water nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) in contaminated aquifers is important for the effective design of the recovery and remediation schemes. Current remedial technologies and risk assessment techniques to remediate former oil refinery sites contaminated by NAPLs are described in this paper. Emphasis is given to the most promising remediation techniques such as pump-and-treat, on-site bioremediation, phytoremediation, in situ soil washing, and thermal-based technologies, such as steam-enhanced extraction. Some enhancements to pump-and-treat techniques such as solvent flushing, polymer enhanced flushing, and air stripping are also discussed. Finally, important risk-based cleanup criteria associated with contaminated soil at refineries are presented. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005 [source] Waste minimization techniques and options for the wet and pretreatment sections of coil coating plantsENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2004Nicola J. Brown Abstract Waste minimization has proven successful in recent years for many companies in reducing their raw material and utility consumption and costs as well as their waste-treatment and disposal costs. Although waste minimization opportunities can be identified through observation of plant operation practices and through application of generalized heuristic principles, many opportunities are determined only through analysis of plant data. In this study, two preassessment techniques (scoping audit and true cost of waste assessment) and two techniques for a more detailed assessment (mass balances and monitoring and targeting) were evaluated to determine whether they identified similar waste minimization opportunities on two coil coating lines. All techniques identified similar waste minimization opportunities, although the true cost of waste assessment and the monitoring and targeting analysis were found to be the most accurate in prioritizing the waste minimization opportunities. The raw material "scope to save" percentage in the scoping audit requires modification for application to South African industry. General waste minimization options for the wet and pretreatment sections of the coil coating industry are also presented. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 23: 185,193, 2004 [source] Synthesis and Structure Determination of Selenium(IV) CyanidesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 30 2008Stefanie Fritz Abstract The reaction of SeF4 with Me3SiCN did not result in thepreparation of the designated Se(CN)4 but Se(CN)F3 and Se(CN)2F2 were obtained as first known selenium(IV)cyanide compounds and characterized by their NMR spectra. Se(CN)2F2 was crystallized as 1,2-dimethoxyethane solvate as well as the corresponding tellurium compound Te(CN)2F2 with very similar structures. NMR spectroscopic data of some more miscellaneous tellurium cyanides and the crystal structures of solvates of Se(CN)2 and oxygen-bridged TeO(CN)2 are presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Complexation of 2,6-Bis(3-pyrazolyl)pyridine,Bis(thiocyanato)iron(II) with a Bridging 4,4,-Bipyridine: A New Example of a Dinuclear Spin Crossover ComplexEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2008Dalila Fedaoui Abstract Investigation of the coordination behavior of 2,6-bis(3-pyrazolyl)pyridine,bis(thiocyanato)iron(II) towards bridging ligands led to the discovery of a novel dinuclear complex showing spin-crossover. Chemical and structural characterization and a first report of physical properties are presented.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Generation and Reactions of Overcrowded Diaryldilithiostannane and DiaryldipotassiostannaneEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 21 2005Tomoyuki Tajima Abstract Exhaustive reduction of an overcrowded dibromostannane bearing two bulky aromatic substituents, Tbt(Dip)SnBr2 {Tbt = 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl; Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl}, with an excess amount of lithium naphthalenide in THF at ,78 °C gave the corresponding dilithiostannane, Tbt(Dip)SnLi2, the generation of which was confirmed by trapping experiments with some electrophiles together with 119Sn and 7Li NMR spectroscopy. The diaryldilithiostannane was found to be stable in solution under an inert gas below ,25 °C. The potassium analogue, Tbt(Dip)SnK2, was also generated by the reduction of the dibromostannane in THF at ,78 °C by the use of KC8 as a reductant. The reactions of dilithiostannane and dipotassiostannane obtained with o -dibromobenzene did not give a stannacyclopropabenzene derivative but an unexpected cyclization product, a stannacyclobutabenzene derivative, in contrast to thereactions of the corresponding dilithiosilane and dilithiogermane, Tbt(Dip)ELi2 (E = Si, Ge), with o -dibromobenzene leading to the formation of the corresponding metallacyclopropabenzenes as stable crystalline compounds. A preliminary result of the synthesis of a tin,tellurium double-bond compound from the dilithiostannane is also presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] A Complex-Based Soft Template Route to PbSe NanowiresEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2003Yuanfang Liu Abstract PbSe nanowires with an average size of 8 × 350 nm were synthesized by the reaction of Pb(NO3)2 and Se powder at 60 °C under ambient pressure. A mixture of arachidic acid (AA, n -C19H39COOH) and octadecylamine (ODA), which could form a complex with Pb2+, was employed as a soft template to control the morphology of the resultant PbSe nanowires. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the PbSe nanowires is presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] Synthesis of Enantiopure 1- r -Aryl-2- c,5- t -diphenylphospholane Oxides and Boranes by Pd-Catalyzed C,P Bond FormationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2006Martial Toffano Abstract New chiral enantiopure phospholane oxides 1 and boranes 5 were obtained from efficient carbon,phosphorus bond formation by organocuprate or palladium-catalyzed reactions. C,P cross-coupling reactions between chiral phosphane oxide 3 or borane 4 and various aryl derivatives are presented.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] 3-Tocopherylisoxazolines by [2+3] CycloadditionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2004Thomas Rosenau Abstract New isoxazoline derivatives of ,-tocopherol (1), the main component of vitamin E, were synthesized in a facile, two-step sequence consisting of nitration followed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. 5-Nitromethyl-,-tocopheryl acetate (3), obtained from the cheap ,-tocopheryl acetate (2) by direct nitration in one step, acted as the nitrile oxide precursor in the reaction with various alkenes. The facile conversion proceeded in the presence of equimolar amounts of PhNCO and catalytic amounts of triethylamine. The NMR spectra of the product isoxazolines 5,13, showing strongly temperature-dependent resonances of the 4,,-CH, 4-CH2 and the acetyl group, are discussed, and the crystal structures of model compounds containing a methyl group instead of the isoprenoid side chain are presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] Studies on the Origin of 1,5- anti Induction in Boron-Mediated Aldol ReactionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2004Bridget L. Stocker Abstract A model for the origin of selectivity in boron-mediated 1,5- anti -aldols is presented. This model involves ,-stacking between the boron enolate and a remote aromatic ring. A short, facile method for the synthesis of the C-12 to C-22 segment of peloruside A and its 1,5- anti -aldol coupling using the proposed model is also presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] Synthesis of Dihalo-Substituted Analogues of Tröger's Base from ortho - and meta -Substituted AnilinesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 16 2003Anna Hansson Abstract For the first time, ortho - and meta -halo-substituted anilines were successfully condensed with formaldehyde to dihalo-substituted analogues of Tröger's base. By using paraformaldehyde and TFA, yields of 2,85% of these potential supramolecular building blocks were obtained. Even the inconceivable achievement of condensing anilines unsubstituted in para -position to analogues of Tröger's base was successful. Adding our present results to our previous, makes it now possible to synthesize analogues of Tröger's base halo-substituted in almost any desired position in each of its two aromatic rings. In addition the first X-ray structure of a dihalo-substituted analogue of Tröger's base, 3,9-dibromo-4,10-dimethyl-6H,12H -5,11-methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine (17), is presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] A Straightforward Synthesis of N -Functionalized ,-DiiminesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2003Alexandrine Maraval Abstract Reaction of Schwartz's reagent [Cp2ZrHCl]n (1) (one or two equivalents) with gem -dinitrile compounds of the type X(CN)2 [X = CMe2, CBenz2, P(NiPr2)2] gives the corresponding mono- and di- N -zirconated imino complexes selectively. Substitution reactions of the zirconocene metal fragment with electrophiles such as, for example, chlorophosphanes of the type R2PCl, acid chlorides RC(O)Cl or the iminium salt [CH2NMe2]Cl allowed the preparation of a large variety of stable N -functionalized mono- and ,-diimine derivatives. The nature of the X group is of particular importance for the success of the substitution reaction step. The X-ray crystal structures obtained for the N -functionalized gem -aldimino-nitrile compounds 9, 10b, the N -phosphorylated ,-diimine 32, and the gem -formyl nitrile derivative 12b are presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] Enhancement of natural convection heat transfer from a vertical heated plate using inclined finsHEAT TRANSFER - ASIAN RESEARCH (FORMERLY HEAT TRANSFER-JAPANESE RESEARCH), Issue 6 2007Masao Fujii Abstract An enhancement technique is developed for natural convection heat transfer from a vertical heated plate with inclined fins, attached on the vertical heated plate to isolate a hot air flow from a cold air flow. Experiments are performed in air for inclination angles of the inclined fins in the range of 30° to 90° as measured from a horizontal plane, with a height of 25 to 50 mm, and a fin pitch of 20 to 60 mm. The convective heat transfer rate for the vertical heated plate with inclined fins at an inclination angle of 60° is found to be 19% higher than that for a vertical heated plate with vertical fins. A dimensionless equation on the natural convection heat transfer of a vertical heated plate with inclined fins is presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 334,344, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20168 [source] Identification of hepatocytic and bile ductular cell lineages and candidate stem cells in bipolar ductular reactions in cirrhotic human liver,HEPATOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Hongchao Zhou Hepatocyte function and regeneration are severely compromised in severe liver disease, and a common sequela is cirrhosis. Structural changes caused by cirrhosis create a cellular environment conducive to the formation of ductular reactions (DRs). Ductular reactions are primarily composed of oval cells also known as "intermediate hepatobiliary cells". We have conducted single, double, and triple staining to study lineages of oval cells present in DRs. Staining with NCAM, CK19, and HepPar1 has revealed a distinctly bipolar structure to DRs that are embedded in cirrhotic tissue. Spatial analysis of cells that are singly HepPar1-positive, or CK19-positive, has revealed hepatocytic and biliary poles, respectively, in the DRs. Also, the location of singly NCAM-positive cells in DRs suggests that they may be bipotent liver stem/progenitor cells. The locations of other intermediate hepatobiliary cells, which have combinations of markers, suggest that CK19+/NCAM+ cells are transitional cells in the biliary lineage and that rare cells that are negative for all three markers are transitional cells in the hepatocytic lineage. A working cell lineage model for DRs is presented. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:716,724.) [source] Synthesis of new organophosphorus-substituted mono- and bis(trimethylsilyl)amines with PCH2N fragments and their derivativesHETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2010Andrey A. Prishchenko Convenient procedures for the synthesis of new organophosphorus-substituted mono- and bis(trimethylsilyl)amines with PCH2N moiety are proposed, starting from trimethylsilyl esters of organophosphorus acids, as well as 1,3,5-trialkylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazines and N -alkoxymethyl bis(trimethylsilyl)amines as aminomethylating reagents. Certain properties of the resulting compounds are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:71,77, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20580 [source] Synthesis of the new adducts of imines and enamines with PH acids and their derivatives,HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009Andrey A. Prishchenko Nucleophilic or radical addition of esters of trivalent organophosphorus acids with PH fragments to various imines and enamines is proposed as convenient methods for the synthesis of new substituted aminomethyl organophosphorus compounds with three-, four-, and five-coordinated phosphorus. Also the new functionalized derivatives of these compounds with acyl and methanesulfonyl moieties are synthesized, and some properties of the obtained compounds are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:70,80, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20513 [source] Synthesis of new functionalized mono- and bisphosphinates with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol fragmentsHETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2008Andrey A. Prishchenko Convenient procedures for the synthesis of functionalized mono- and bisphosphinates with 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (ionol) fragments, starting from the available 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-benzaldehyde and its derivatives, are proposed, and some properties of the new phosphorus-substituted sterically hindered phenols are presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:562,568, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20475 [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||