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Present Unique Challenges (present + unique_challenge)
Selected AbstractsPediatric psoriasis and psoriatic arthritisDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 5 2004Debra Lewkowicz ABSTRACT:, Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are not uncommon among the pediatric population. Recognizing and treating these chronic disorders in children present unique challenges for the dermatologist. Paucity of clinical trials and a dearth of available treatment modalities, many of which carry significant risk or adverse effects, can make treating pediatric psoriasis and PsA a daunting task. This review attempts to define and consolidate the current state of knowledge with regards to this disease spectrum. The need for further clinical trials to investigate treatment options in the pediatric population is also discussed. [source] Anatomy of an Ambush: Security Risks Facing International Humanitarian AssistanceDISASTERS, Issue 1 2005Frederick M. Burkle Jr. MD The 2003 war with Iraq has generated security concerns that present unique challenges to the practice of providing international humanitarian assistance during war and conflict. Objective research studies on security management are lacking. However, case studies have proven to be an important education and training tool to advance situational awareness of security risks. These challenges are illustrated by an analysis of the events surrounding the first ambush of, and assassination attempt on, a senior US aid official in Baghdad. Before deployment to conflict areas, especially those characterised by insurgent activity, humanitarian providers must realistically assess the threats to life and to the mission. They must obtain pre-deployment situational awareness education, security training and optimal protective equipment and vehicles. [source] Development of fully functional proteins with novel glycosylation via enzymatic glycan trimmingJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 8 2009Melinda L. Toumi Abstract Recombinant glycoproteins present unique challenges to biopharmaceutical development, especially when efficacy is affected by glycosylation. In these cases, optimizing the protein's glycosylation is necessary, but difficult, since the glycan structures cannot be genetically encoded, and glycosylation in nonhuman cell lines can be very different from human glycosylation profiles. We are exploring a potential solution to this problem by designing enzymatic glycan optimization methods to produce proteins with useful glycan compositions. To demonstrate viability of this new approach to generating glycoprotein-based pharmaceuticals, the N -linked glycans of a model glycoprotein, ribonuclease B (RNase B), were modified using an ,-mannosidase to produce a new glycoprotein with different glycan structures. The secondary structure of the native and modified glycoproteins was retained, as monitored using circular dichroism. An assay was also developed using an RNA substrate to verify that RNase B had indeed retained its function after being subjected to the necessary glycan modification conditions. This is the first study that verifies both activity and secondary structure of a glycoprotein after enzymatic glycan trimming for use in biopharmaceutical development methods. The evidence of preserved structure and function for a modified glycoprotein indicates that extracellular enzymatic modification methods could be implemented in producing designer glycoproteins. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:2581,2591, 2009 [source] The complex inter-relationships between protein flexibility and stabilityJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 9 2008Tim J. Kamerzell Abstract The ability to successfully formulate and manufacture therapeutic protein dosage forms requires a thorough understanding of their physico-chemical properties. Proteins are inherently dynamic molecules of marginal stability. These properties present unique challenges to the pharmaceutical scientist attempting to develop protein based therapeutics. The physicochemical stability and biological functions of proteins are thought to be intimately related to their global flexibility, intramolecular fluctuations and various other dynamic processes. Our understanding of these relationships, however, is incomplete but undeniably necessary for the development of efficacious therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of the complex inter-relationships between protein flexibility and stability should enable the rational design and optimization of protein formulation conditions based on protein dynamics. This review attempts to define protein dynamics and flexibility while summarizing a select number of studies of potential pharmaceutical interest that evaluate these relationships. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:3494,3517, 2008 [source] Immunity to vacuolar pathogens: What can we learn from Legionella?CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 11 2004Annie L. Neild Summary Intracellular pathogens can manipulate host cellular pathways to create specialized organelles. These pathogen-modified vacuoles permit the survival and replication of bacterial and protozoan microorganisms inside of the host cell. By establishing an atypical organelle, intracellular pathogens present unique challenges to the host immune system. To understand pathogenesis, it is important to not only investigate how these organisms create unique subcellular compartments, but to also determine how mammalian immune systems have evolved to detect and respond to pathogens sequestered in specialized vacuoles. Recent studies have identified genes in the respiratory pathogen Legionella pneumophila that are essential for establishing a unique endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelle inside of mammalian macrophages, making this pathogen an attractive model system for investigations on host immune responses that are specific for bacteria that establish vacuoles disconnected from the endocytic pathway. This review will focus on the host immune response to Legionella and highlight areas of Legionella research that should help elucidate host strategies to combat infections by intracellular pathogens. [source] Bioterrorism: Processing Contaminated Evidence, the Effects of Formaldehyde Gas on the Recovery of Latent Fingermarks,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 5 2007Rebecca Hoile B.Sc. Abstract:, In the present age of heightened emphasis on counter terrorism, law enforcement and forensic science are constantly evolving and adapting to the motivations and capabilities of terrorist groups and individuals. The use of biological agents on a population, such as anthrax spores, presents unique challenges to the forensic investigator, and the processing of contaminated evidence. In this research, a number of porous and nonporous items were contaminated with viable anthrax spores and marked with latent fingermarks. The test samples were then subjected to a standard formulation of formaldehyde gas. Latent fingermarks were then recovered postdecontamination using a range of methods. Standard fumigation, while effective at destroying viable spores, contributed to the degradation of amino acids leading to loss of ridge detail. A new protocol for formaldehyde gas decontamination was developed which allows for the destruction of viable spores and the successful recovery of latent marks, all within a rapid response time of less than 1 h. [source] The REFLECT Statement: Methods and Processes of Creating Reporting Guidelines for Randomized Controlled Trials for Livestock and Food SafetyJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010A.M. O'Connor The conduct of randomized controlled trials in livestock with production, health, and food-safety outcomes presents unique challenges that might not be adequately reported in trial reports. The objective of this project was to modify the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to reflect the unique aspects of reporting these livestock trials. A 2-day consensus meeting was held on November 18,19, 2008 in Chicago, IL, to achieve the objective. Before the meeting, a Web-based survey was conducted to identify issues for discussion. The 24 attendees were biostatisticians, epidemiologists, food-safety researchers, livestock production specialists, journal editors, assistant editors, and associate editors. Before the meeting, the attendees completed a Web-based survey indicating which CONSORT statement items would need to be modified to address unique issues for livestock trials. The consensus meeting resulted in the production of the REFLECT (Reporting Guidelines for Randomized Control Trials) statement for livestock and food safety and 22-item checklist. Fourteen items were modified from the CONSORT checklist, and an additional subitem was proposed to address challenge trials. The REFLECT statement proposes new terminology, more consistent with common usage in livestock production, to describe study subjects. Evidence was not always available to support modification to or inclusion of an item. The use of the REFLECT statement, which addresses issues unique to livestock trials, should improve the quality of reporting and design for trials reporting production, health, and food-safety outcomes. [source] Time-domain integral-equation based analysis of scattering from conducting surfaces including the singular edge behaviorMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 5 2002Yongxue Yu Abstract A method for modeling singular electric currents near conducting edges within marching-on-in-time (MOT) simulators is presented. The use of singular basis functions in MOT simulators presents unique challenges not encountered in frequency-domain implementations. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed expansion results in accelerated convergence for scatterers with sharp features. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 327,332, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10452 [source] The Traditional Medicines Predicament: A Case Study of ThailandTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5-6 2008Daniel Robinson The ongoing use and protection of traditional medicines presents unique challenges for authorities, practitioners and stakeholders. With changes in the international intellectual property environment and biodiversity regulation, the Thai government has responded to ensure that traditional medicines, texts, traditional medical formulas, medicinal plants and herbs are protected through the development of a sui generis law. Drafted in 1999, the Act on Protection and Promotion of Thai Traditional Medicinal Intelligence is now being implemented in stages. Recent incidents, including controversies surrounding local and foreign patents over a Thai medicinal herb named kwao krua (Pueraria mirifica), have given impetus to traditional medicines protection, but have also tested the utility and implementation of the act by the Thai Department of Public Health. This article discusses the issues and implications in Thailand, while also reflecting on the approaches for traditional medicines protection internationally and in other countries. [source] | |||||||||||||