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Possible Steps (possible + step)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%

Selected Abstracts

Possible Steps Involved in the Transition to Stationary Adhesion of Rolling Neutrophils: A Brief Review

MICROCIRCULATION, Issue 6 2000
C. WAYNE SMITHArticle first published online: 26 JAN 2010
ABSTRACT The transition from rolling to firm adhesion is a phenomenon frequently observed when neutrophils are interacting with activated endothelium in vitro or in vivo under physiologically relevant shear stress. The mechanisms leading to this activation are poorly understood, though selectin-dependent tethering and CD18-integrin-dependent adhesion are known to be involved. This transition may involve a sequence of interactions that trigger sufficient integrin activation to allow cell arrest under flow. Recent evidence is reviewed in support of the concept that integrin (Mac-1 and LFA-1) activation results from signaling that occurs through selectin binding, chemotactic factor stimulation, and, possibly, LFA-1 binding. [source]

Mechanisms of change in motivational interviewing: a review and preliminary evaluation of the evidence

ADDICTION, Issue 5 2009
Timothy R. Apodaca
ABSTRACT Aims Motivational interviewing (MI) is an efficacious treatment for substance use disorders. However, little is known about how MI exerts its therapeutic effects. This review is a first attempt to summarize and evaluate the evidence for purported within-session mechanisms of change. The primary question of interest was: which MI constructs and variables appear to be the most promising candidates for mechanisms of change? Methods Literature searches were conducted to identify studies delivering MI in an individual format for the treatment of substance use disorders. Our search identified a total of 152 studies for review; 19 studies met inclusion criteria by providing data on at least one link in the causal chain model under examination. Effect size estimates were calculated for every possible step in the causal model where sufficient data were provided by study authors. Results Four constructs of therapist behavior were evaluated: MI-Spirit, MI-Consistent behaviors, MI-Inconsistent behaviors and therapist use of specific techniques. Five constructs of client behavior were evaluated: change talk/intention, readiness to change, involvement/engagement, resistance and the client's experience of discrepancy. The absence of experimental and full mediation studies of mechanisms of change was notable. Effect sizes were generally mixed. Conclusions The most consistent evidence was found for three constructs: client change talk/intention (related to better outcomes); client experience of discrepancy (related to better outcomes); and therapist MI-Inconsistent behavior (related to worse outcomes). Regarding therapist use of specific techniques, use of a decisional balance exercise showed the strongest association to better outcomes. [source]

Developing evaluation capacity through process use

NEW DIRECTIONS FOR EVALUATION, Issue 116 2007
Jean A. King
Over time, intentional process use can have the practical effect of building the evaluation capacity of an organization. This chapter outlines possible steps that take purposeful advantage of the evaluation process. [source]

Layer Inversion and Bed Contraction in Down-Flow Binary-Solid Liquid-Fluidized Beds

THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2007
R. Escudié
Abstract Experiments were carried out on downward-flow water-fluidized binary mixture of spheres selected for possible layer inversion. With the two binaries tested (relatively high-density large particles mixed with lower-density smaller particles), only one of the five possible steps of the layer inversion progression was clearly identified for the higher liquid velocities, a mixed layer being observed at the top of the column close to the distributor. This layer manifested a bed contraction so large that its bulk density was lower than those of its constituent mono-components at the same liquid velocity, which determined its location within the column. The voidage of the mixed layer could be predicted with good accuracy (<0.7%) by regression of the Westman packed bed equation with one adjustable parameter. Des expériences ont été menées sur un mélange binaire fluidisé par de l'eau et à écoulement descendant, comprenant des sphères sélectionnées pour une inversion possible des couches. Avec les deux binaires testées (de grosses particules de masse volumique relativement élevée mélangées à de petites particules de faible masse volumique), seulement une des cinq étapes possibles menant à l'inversion des couches est clairement identifiée pour les vitesses de liquide les plus élevées, une couche mixte étant observée dans la partie supérieure de la colonne près du distributeur. Cette couche montre une contraction du lit si grande que sa masse volumique globale est plus faible que celle de ses composants individuels constitutifs à la même vitesse de liquide, ce qui détermine sa position dans la colonne. Le degré de vide de la couche mixte a pu être prédit avec une bonne précision (<0,7%) en effectuant une régression sur l'équation de lit garni de Westman avec un paramètre ajustable. [source]