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Possible Expression (possible + expression)
Selected AbstractsAtaxic mutant mice with defects in Ca2+ channel ,1A subunit gene: morphological and functional abnormalities in cerebellar cortical neuronsCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 2 2000Kazuhiko Sawada ABSTRACT This review summarizes recent studies in the morphological and functional abnormalities of cerebella in three ataxic mutant mice, i.e. tottering mouse, leaner mouse, and rolling mouse Nagoya (RMN). These mutants carry mutations in the Ca2+ channel ,1A subunit gene, and become useful models for human neurological diseases such as episodic ataxia type-2, familial hemiplegic migraine, and spinocerebellar ataxia type-6. All three mutants exhibited altered morphology of the Purkinje cells, ectopic synaptic contacts between granule cell axons (parallel fibers) and Purkinje cell dendritic spines and abnormal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in Purkinje cells. In leaner mice, Purkinje cell loss was observed in alternating sagittal compartments of the cerebellar cortex corresponding to the Zebrin II-negative zones. The mutated Ca2+ channel ,1A subunit was highly expressed in granule and Purkinje cells, and the P-type Ca2+ currents in Purkinje cells were selectively reduced in the mutant mice. Therefore, we concluded that altered Ca2+ currents through the mutated Ca2+ channel ,1A subunit might be involved in the functional and morphological abnormalities in granule and Purkinje cells, and might result in expressions of behavioral phenotypes including ataxia. Increased levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and cholecystokinin in some climbing and mossy fibers were observed in RMN. These neuropeptides modulated the excitability of granule and Purkinje cells, indicating the possible expression of ataxic symptoms. [source] Differential galanin receptor-1 and galanin expression by 5-HT neurons in dorsal raphé nucleus of rat and mouse: evidence for species-dependent modulation of serotonin transmissionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 3 2003Jari A. Larm Abstract Galanin and galanin receptors are widely expressed by neurons in rat brain that either synthesize/release and/or are responsive to, classical transmitters such as ,-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, histamine, dopamine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN) contains , 50% of the 5-HT neurons in the rat brain and a high percentage of these cells coexpress galanin and are responsive to exogenous galanin in vitro. However, the precise identity of the galanin receptor(s) present on these 5-HT neurons has not been previously established. Thus, the current study used a polyclonal antibody for the galanin receptor-1 (GalR1) to examine the possible expression of this receptor within the DRN of the rat and for comparative purposes also in the mouse. In the rat, intense GalR1-immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in a substantial population of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons in the DRN, with prominent receptor immunostaining associated with soma and proximal dendrites. GalR1-IR was also observed in many cells within the adjacent median raphé nucleus. In mouse DRN, neurons exhibited similar levels and distribution of 5-HT-IR to that in the rat, but GalR1-IR was undetectable. Consistent with this, galanin and GalR1 mRNA were also undetectable in mouse DRN by in situ hybridization histochemistry, despite the detection of GalR1 mRNA (and GalR1-IR) in adjacent cells in the periaqueductal grey and other midbrain areas. 5-HT neuron activity in the DRN is primarily regulated via 5-HT1A autoreceptors, via inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of inward-rectifying K+ channels. Notably, the GalR1 receptor subtype signals via identical mechanisms and our findings establish that galanin modulates 5-HT neuron activity in the DRN of the rat via GalR1 (auto)receptors. However, these studies also identify important species differences in the relationship between midbrain galanin and 5-HT systems, which should prompt further investigations in relation to comparative human neurochemistry and which have implications for studies of animal models of relevant neurological conditions such as stress, anxiety and depression. [source] Expression of CD73/ecto-5,-nucleotidase on human gingival fibroblasts and contribution to the inhibition of interleukin-1,-induced granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor productionJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004Eiji Nemoto Background and objectives:, CD73/5,-nucleotidase (5,-NT) is an ectoenzyme that participates in immune/inflammatory reactions. We examined the possible expression of CD73/5,-NT on human gingival fibroblasts (hGF), which are important to the immune/inflammatory system in periodontal tissue. Methods and results:, We demonstrated that CD73/5,-NT was expressed on hGF by flow cytometry. We found that pre-treatment of hGF with 5,-AMP induced marked inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production from hGF upon stimulation with interleukin-1, (IL-1,) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A specific inhibitor of 5,-NT, adenosine 5,-[,,,-methylene] diphosphate blocked the inhibition of GM-CSF production, suggesting that adenosine converted from 5,-AMP acts on the inhibitory effects. The GM-CSF inhibition suggested that A3 receptor might be involved. The rank order of agonists was found to be (N6 -benzyl-5,- N -ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) A3 receptor agonist , (2-chloroadenosine) non-selective agonist > (CGS-21680) A2A receptor agonist > adenosine , (N6 -cyclohexyladenosine) A1 agonist. Further support for the main role of A3 receptor was the binding A3 antagonist [9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-([phenylacetyl]amino)[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5- c]quinazdine] reversed the effect of adenosine, but no significant reverse was observed by A1 (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine), A2 [3,7-dimethyl-1-(2-propargyl)xanthine], A2A[8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine], and A2B (alloxazine) antagonists. The CD73/5,-NT expression was increased upon stimulation with gamma-interferon, but not other stimulants such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-4, lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli, and fimbriae from P. gingivalis, and this increase was correlated with the enhanced GM-CSF inhibition by 5,-AMP but not adenosine. Conclusions:, These findings suggested that CD73/5,-NT on hGF exerts an anti-inflammatory effects in periodontal disease by conversion from 5,-AMP to adenosine. [source] Erythropoietin Receptor Is Expressed on Human Peripheral Blood T and B Lymphocytes and Monocytes and Is Modulated by Recombinant Human Erythropoietin TreatmentARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 8 2010Katarzyna A. Lisowska Abstract Erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) appears on the cell surface in the early stages of erythropoiesis. It has also been found on endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting erythropoietin (EPO) role beyond erythropoiesis itself. Earlier reports have shown that treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients improves interleukin-2 production and restores the T lymphocyte function. We decided to investigate possible expression of EPO-R on circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes of CRF patients in order to assess the possibility of rhEPO direct action on these cells. Flow cytometry was used for detection and quantification of EPO-R, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of the EPO receptor mRNA. Our results show for the first time the existence of EPO-R on cell surface of human T and B lymphocytes and monocytes as well as at the transcriptional activity of the EPO-R gene in these cells, both in healthy and CRF individuals. We have also found significant differences between the numbers of EPO-R molecules on T and B lymphocytes of CRF patients not treated and treated with rhEPO and healthy control. Discovery of EPO-R expression on human lymphocytes suggests that EPO is probably able to directly modulate some signaling pathways important for these cells. [source] Tracing Differentiation in Gendered Leadership: An Analysis of Differences in Gender Composition in Top Management in Business, Politics and the Civil ServiceGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 1 2002Lis Højgaard The aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between the gendering of leadership positions and sector-specific structures within politics, business and the civil service in Denmark in the context of differences between the Nordic countries and other western countries. The analysis is based on data from a survey of top male and female leaders within the three sectors. The theoretical point of departure of this article is constructivist. It looks at gender as constituted by actions in social space, orchestrated by structural processes and a symbolic order of gender. This constitutes a cultural discourse on gender reflected in gender conventions in society and in a range of possibilities of gender positioning. Expressions of this are discussed in the analysis of the patterns of difference in structural conditions for women and men in leadership positions to be found within the three sectors. The structural conditions encompass access conditions and conditions for gendered positioning and are analysed on the basis of data on social background, education, career course, family, children and distribution of housework. The analysis shows that there is a correlation between gender composition of leadership and possibilities of gendered positioning within a sector. The results are finally discussed as possible expressions of an egalitarian culture. [source] | |||||||||||||