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Population Range (population + range)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Life Sciences	60%
Medical Sciences	40%

Selected Abstracts

Effect of weather factors on populations of Helicoverpa armigera moths at cotton-based agro-ecological sites

ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009
Ghulam Mustafa AHEER
Abstract Pheromone trapping was used to monitor populations of the moth Helicoverpa armigera at five cotton-based agro-ecological sites , river, vegetable, orchard, forest and clean cultivation (areas under only cotton cultivation) , in the Bahawalpur district, Pakistan. Three locations at each site were chosen and three pheromone traps at each location were installed in cotton fields. Moth catches were recorded at 15,20 day intervals from 24 October 2004 to 19 December 2006. In 2004, the river sites showed the maximum trapped population of H. armigera (0.22/trap) followed by 0.165 per trap at the vegetable sites. Orchard, clean cultivation and forest sites had zero moth catches. In 2005, the river sites again showed the highest trapped population (0.57/trap), followed by clean cultivation (0.45/trap), vegetable (0.44/trap), orchard (0.40/trap) and forest (0.29/trap). The moths appeared during July to December and March to May. In 2006, sites showed non-significant difference, with a population range of 0.47 to 0.97 moths per trap. On average, river sites peaked at 0.49 per trap, followed by vegetable (0.38), clean cultivation (0.47), orchard (0.35) and forest (0.25) sites. The peak was observed on 3 April 2006, and moths appeared during February to July and October to December. The minimum temperature in river, forest and clean cultivation sites; the maximum temperature in orchard sites; and the average temperature in river, orchard, forest and clean cultivation sites showed significant positive correlations with trapped moth populations. Relative humidity showed significant negative correlation with population at the orchard sites in 2005. All weather factors during 2004 and 2006 showed non-significant correlations with the moth populations. No model was found to be best fit by multiple linear regression analysis; however, relative humidity, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and maximum temperature contributed 8.40, 10.23, 2.43, 4.53 and 2.53% to the population fluctuation of the moth at river, vegetable, orchard, forest and clean cultivation sites, respectively. [source]

Human thiopurine methyltransferase activity varies with red blood cell age

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 5 2001
L. Lennard
Aims, Inherited differences in thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity are an important factor in the wide interindividual variations observed in the clinical response to thiopurine chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to establish a population range for red blood cell (RBC) TPMT activity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) at disease diagnosis. An additional aim was to investigate factors that can influence TPMT activity within the RBC. Methods,Blood samples were collected from children with ALL at disease diagnosis, prior to any blood transfusions, as part of the nationwide UK MRC ALL97 therapeutic trial. RBC TPMT activity was measured by h.p.l.c. RBCs were age-fractionated on Percoll density gradients. Results,Pretreatment blood samples were received from 570 children within 3 days of venepuncture. TPMT activities at disease diagnosis ranged from 1.6 to 23.6 units/ml RBCs (median 7.9) compared with 0.654,18.8 units (median 12.9), in 111 healthy control children (median difference 4.5 units, 95% CI 3.9, 5.1 units, P < 0.001). A TPMT quality control sample, aliquots of which were assayed in 60 analytical runs over a 12 month period, contained a median of 11.98 units with a CV of 11.6%. Seven children had their RBCs age-fractionated on density gradients. TPMT activities in the top gradient (young cells) ranged from 4.2 to 14.1 units (median 7.5) and in the bottom gradient (old cells) 1.5,12.6 units (median 4.7 units), median difference 2.3 units, 95% CI 0.7, 4.1, P = 0.035. Conclusions,Circulating RBCs do not constitute a homogeneous population. They have a life span of around 120 days and during that time undergo a progressive ageing process. The anaemia of ALL is due to deficient RBC production. The results of this study indicate that RBC TPMT activities are significantly lower in children with ALL at disease diagnosis. This may be due, at least in part, to a relative excess of older RBCs. [source]

Life history and population size variability in a relict plant.

DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 1 2008
Different routes towards long-term persistence
ABSTRACT A central tenet of conservation biology is that population size affects the persistence of populations. However, many narrow endemic species combine small population ranges and sizes with long persistence, thereby challenging this tenet. I examined the performance of three different-sized populations of Petrocoptis pseudoviscosa (Caryophyllaceae), a palaeoendemic rupicolous herb distributed along a small valley in the Spanish Pyrenees. Reproductive and demographic parameters were recorded over 6 years, and deterministic and stochastic matrix models were constructed to explore population dynamics and extinction risk. Populations differed greatly in structure, fecundity, recruitment, survival rate, and life span. Strong differentiation in life-history parameters and their temporal variability resulted in differential population vulnerability under current conditions and simulated global changes such as habitat fragmentation or higher climatic fluctuations. This study provides insights into the capacity of narrow endemics to survive both at extreme environmental conditions and at small population sizes. When dealing with species conservation, the population size,extinction risk relationship may be too simplistic for ancient, ecologically restricted organisms, and some knowledge of life history may be most important to assess their future. [source]

The Road to Danger: The Comparative Risks of Driving While Sleepy,,

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 5 2001
Nelson B. Powell MD
Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis A large sector of the population of the United States has sleep deprivation directly leading to excessive daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness in this population ranges from 0.3% to 13.3%. The consequences of even 1 to 2 hours of sleep loss nightly may result in decrements in daytime functions resulting in human error, accidents, and catastrophic events. The magnitude of risks in the workplace or on the highways resulting from sleepiness is not fully understood or appreciated by the general population. Hence, to more clearly emphasize the magnitude of these risks, we question whether mild sleep deprivation may have the same effect as alcohol on reaction times and driving performance. Study Design Nonrandomized prospective cohort investigation. Methods Sixteen healthy matched adult subjects (50% women) were stratified into two groups, sleep deprived and alcohol challenged. The sleep-deprived group was further subdivided into acute (one night without sleep) and chronic (2 h less sleep nightly for 7 d) sleep deprivation. Each group underwent baseline reaction time testing and then drove on a closed course set up to test performance. Seven days later, the group repeated this sequence after either sleep deprivation or alcohol intake. Results There were no significant between-group differences (sleep deprivation or alcohol challenged) in the changes before and after intervention for all 11 reaction time test metrics. Moreover, with few exceptions, the magnitude of change was nearly identical in the two groups, despite a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.089 g/dL in the alcohol-challenged group. On-track driving performances were similar (P = .724) when change scores (hits and errors) between groups were compared (baseline minus final driving trial). Conclusion This comparative model suggests that the potential risks of driving while sleepy are at least as dangerous as the risks of driving illegally under the influence of alcohol. [source]

The genus Adriohydrobia (Hydrobiidae: Gastropoda): polytypic species or polymorphic populations?

JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001
T. Wilke
In molluscs, the shell characters have historically played an important role in discrimination among species. However, because of the paucity, variability and degree of homoplasy of shell characters, their sole use for taxonomic and systematic studies is controversial in many groups. In the present paper the genus AdriohydrobiaRadoman, 1973 is used as a paradigm to test relationships of taxa that were considered to be species, mainly on the basis of the shell size variations. We tested whether the genus consists of several sympatric and polytypic species or a single species with polymorphic populations and whether the reported shell size differences, on which the description of three putative species is mainly based, are intrinsic or extrinsic. A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was used as an independent genetic marker. We found very little genetic variability in 40 specimens from four populations studied. The nucleotide-sequence diversity (,) within populations ranges from 0.0017 to 0.0056 and the nucleotide-sequence divergence (Dxy) between populations from 0.0018 to 0.0051. The phylogenetic network is very compact with two ,groups' of haplotypes that are separated by only two nucleotide positions. A plot of pairwise nucleotide differences against pairwise shell size differences did not reveal any distinct clusters and a Mantel test did not show any significant associations between the two matrices. Based on the very low genetic diversity, the lack of distinct clusters in the phylogenetic network and the lack of concordance between morphological and genetic differentiation it is concluded that only one species is involved, Adriohydrobia gagatinella. The previously reported morphogroups within Adriohydrobia are probably due to a discrete age structure in these population and/or due to the effect of trematode-induced gigantism. The observed genetic patterns in Adriohydrobia indicate a rapid population growth from an ancestral population of small evolutionary-effective size. The present study stresses the importance of testing species-level hypotheses based on shell characters using one or more independent markers. Die Gattung Adriohydrobia (Hydrobiidae: Gastropoda): polytypische Arten oder polymorphe Populationen? Schalenmerkmale spielen historisch eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bestimmung von Molluskenarten. Die alleinige Nutzung von Schalenmerkmalen für systematische und taxonomische Arbeiten ist jedoch in vielen Gruppen umstritten, da die relativ wenigen Schalenmerkmale oft sehr variabel und durch einen hohen Grad von Homoplasie gekennzeichnet sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Gattung AdriohydrobiaRadoman, 1973 als Fallbeispiel genutzt, um Beziehungen von Arten innerhalb einer Gattung zu untersuchen, die hauptsächlich anhand ihrer Schalengröße unterschieden werden. Es wurde getestet, ob die Gattung mehrere sympatrische und polytypische Arten oder nur eine Art mit polymorphen Populationen umfasst. Darüber hinaus wurde untersucht, ob die dokumentierten Unterschiede in der Schalenhöhe, auf welchen die Beschreibung der drei potentiellen Arten der Gattung hauptsächlich beruhte, intrinsisch oder extrinsisch sind. Als unabhängiger genetischer Marker wurde ein Fragment des mitochondrialen Gens für Cytochromoxidase I (COI) verwendet. Die untersuchten 40 Individuen von vier Populationen zeichneten sich durch eine nur sehr geringe genetische Variabilität aus. Die Nukleotidsequenz-Diversität (,) innerhalb der Populationen variiert zwischen 0.0017 und 0.0056; die Nukleotidsequenz-Divergenz (Dxy) zwischen den Populationen reicht von 0.0018 bi 0.0051. Das phylogenetische Netzwerk ist sehr kompakt und umfasst zwei ,Gruppen' von Haplotypen, welche durch nur zwei Nukleotidpositionen getrennt sind. Die graphische Darstellung von paarweisen Nukleotid-Differenzen gegen paarweise Gehäusegröße-Differenzen lässt keine diskreten Gruppen erkennen und ein Mantel-Test zeigt keine signifikanten Beziehungen zwischen den Matrices. Aufgrund der geringen genetischen Differenzierung, des Fehlens von diskreten Gruppen im phylogenetischen Netzwerk und des nicht-signifikanten Zusammenhanges von morphologischer and genetischer Differenzierung wird geschlussfolgert, dass nur eine Art involviert ist, Adriohydrobia gagatinella. Die in der Literatur dokumentierten Morpho-Gruppen beruhen vermutlich auf einer diskreten Altersstruktur in diesen Populationen und/oder auf den Auswirkungen von trematoden-induziertem Gigantismus. Die festgestellten genetischen Muster in Adriohydrobia lassen das schnelle Wachstum einer Stammpopulation von geringer evolutionär-effektiver Größe vermuten. Die vorliegende Studie ist ein Beispiel dafür, wie wichtig es sein kann, auf Schalenmerkmale beruhende Arthypothesen mit unabhängigen Markern zu verifizieren. [source]