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Population Attributable Fraction (population + attributable_fraction)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	100%

Selected Abstracts

Population attributable fraction of smoking to low birth weight in Japan

PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2004
Toshiyuki Ojima
AbstractBackground:,The purpose of this study is to quantify the population attributable fraction of active and passive smoking for low birth weight in Japan. Methods:,A population-based case-control study was conducted by mailing self-report questionnaires. The cases were all singleton low birth weight babies who were born between 1 January 1998 and 30 June 1999 in Tochigi prefecture, Japan. The controls were randomly selected from all singleton babies who were born during the same period as cases in the prefecture. Results:,The number of cases and controls were 286 and 404, respectively. Population attributable fractions of active smoking during and before pregnancy were 7.0% and 8.8%, respectively. Population attributable fraction of passive smoking at home was 15.6% and at the workplace was 1.1%. Combined population attributable fraction of both active and passive smoking was 17.3%. Conclusion:,Public education to eliminate passive smoking for pregnant women and smoking prevention in adolescence is very important in order to reduce the risk of low birth weight. [source]

The burden of overweight and obesity-related ill health in the UK

OBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 5 2007
S. Allender
Summary This paper reviews previous cost studies of overweight and obesity in the UK. It proposes a method for estimating the economic and health costs of overweight and obesity in the UK which could also be used in other countries. Costs of obesity studies were identified via a systematic search of electronic databases. Information from the WHO Burden of Disease Project was used to calculate the mortality and morbidity cost of overweight and obesity. Population attributable fractions for diseases attributable to overweight and obesity were applied to National Health Service (NHS) cost data to estimate direct financial costs. We estimate the direct cost of overweight and obesity to the NHS at £3.2 billion. Other estimates of the cost of obesity range between £480 million in 1998 and £1.1 billion in 2004 [Correction added after online publication 11 June 2007: ,of the cost of obesity' added after ,Other estimates']. There is wide variation in methods and estimates for the cost of overweight and obesity to the health systems of developed countries. The method presented here could be used to calculate the costs of overweight and obesity in other countries. Public health initiatives are required to address the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity and reduce associated healthcare costs. [source]

Population attributable fraction of smoking to low birth weight in Japan

Epidemiology of alcohol-related burden of disease among Indigenous Australians

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 2010
Bianca Calabria
Abstract Objective: To compare the burden of alcohol-related harm and underlying factors of this harm, by age and sex, for Indigenous and general population Australians. Methods: Population attributable fractions are used to estimate the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for alcohol-related disease and injury. The DALYs were converted to rates per 1,000 by age and sex for the Indigenous and general populations. Results: Homicide and violence rates were much higher for Indigenous males: greatest population difference was for 30,44 years, Indigenous rate 8.9 times higher. Rates of suicide were also greater: the largest population difference was for 15,29 years, Indigenous rate 3.9 times higher. Similarly, for Indigenous females, homicide and violence rates were much higher: greatest population difference was for 30,44 years, Indigenous rate 18.1 times higher. Rates of suicide were also greater: the largest population difference was for 15,29 years, Indigenous rate 5.0 times higher. Conclusions: Alcohol consumption and associated harms are of great concern for Indigenous Australians across all ages. Violent alcohol-related harms have been highlighted as a major concern. Implications: To reduce the disproportionate burden of alcohol-related harm experienced by Indigenous Australians, targeted interventions should include the impact on families and communities and not just the individual. [source]

Identifying target groups for the prevention of anxiety disorders in the general population

ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2010
N. M. Batelaan
Batelaan NM, Smit F, de Graaf R, van Balkom AJLM, Vollebergh WAM, Beekman ATF. Identifying target groups for the prevention of anxiety disorders in the general population. Objective:, To avert the public health consequences of anxiety disorders, prevention of their onset and recurrence is necessary. Recent studies have shown that prevention is effective. To maximize the health gain and minimize the effort, preventive strategies should focus on high-risk groups. Method:, Using data from a large prospective national survey, high-risk groups were selected for i) the prevention of first ever (n = 4437) and ii) either first-ever or recurrent incident anxiety disorders (n = 4886). Indices used were: exposure rate, odds ratio, population attributable fraction and number needed to be treated. Risk indicators included sociodemographic, psychological and illness-related factors. Results:, Recognition of a few patient characteristics enables efficient identification of high-risk groups: (subthreshold) panic attacks; an affective disorder; a history of depressed mood; a prior anxiety disorder; chronic somatic illnesses and low mastery. Conclusion:, Preventive efforts should be undertaken in the selected high-risk groups. [source]

International study of wheezing in infants: risk factors in affluent and non-affluent countries during the first year of life

PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2010
Luis Garcia-Marcos
Garcia-Marcos L, Mallol J, Solé D, Brand PLP and EISL group. International study of wheezing in infants: risk factors in affluent and non-affluent countries during the first year of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 878,888. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Risk factors for wheezing during the first year of life (a major cause of respiratory morbidity worldwide) are poorly known in non-affluent countries. We studied and compared risk factors in infants living in affluent and non-affluent areas of the world. A population-based study was carried out in random samples of infants from centres in Latin America (LA) and Europe (EU). Parents answered validated questionnaires referring to the first year of their infant's life during routine health visits. Wheezing was stratified into occasional (1,2 episodes, OW) and recurrent (3 + episodes, RW). Among the 28687 infants included, the most important independent risk factors for OW and RW (both in LA and in EU) were having a cold during the first 3 months of life [OR for RW 3.12 (2.60,3.78) and 3.15 (2.51,3.97); population attributable fraction (PAF) 25.0% and 23.7%]; and attending nursery school [OR for RW 2.50 (2.04,3.08) and 3.09 (2.04,4.67); PAF 7.4% and 20.3%]. Other risk factors were as follows: male gender, smoking during pregnancy, family history of asthma/rhinitis, and infant eczema. Breast feeding for >3 months protected from RW [OR 0.8 (0.71,0.89) in LA and 0.77 (0.63,0.93) in EU]. University studies of mother protected only in LA [OR for OW 0.85 (0.76,0.95) and for RW 0.80 (0.70,0.90)]. Although most risk factors for wheezing are common in LA and EU; their public health impact may be quite different. Avoiding nursery schools and smoking in pregnancy, breastfeeding babies >3 months, and improving mother's education would have a substantial impact in lowering its prevalence worldwide. [source]

Population attributable fraction of smoking to low birth weight in Japan

The burden of overweight and obesity in the Asia,Pacific region

OBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2007
Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration
Summary The rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (body mass index ,25 kg m,2) is, in part, a negative consequence of the increasing economic developments of many lower- and middle-income countries in the Asia,Pacific region. To date, there has been no systematic quantification of the scale of the problem in countries of this region. From the most recent nationally representative estimates for the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 14 countries of the region, it is apparent that overweight and obesity is endemic in much of the region, prevalence ranging from less than 5% in India to 60% in Australia. Moreover, although the prevalence in China is a third of that in Australia, the increase in prevalence in China over the last 20 years was 400% compared with 20% in Australia. In addition, across various countries in the region, the population attributable fractions because of overweight and obesity ranged from 0.8% to 9.2% for coronary heart disease mortality, 0.2% to 2.9% for haemorrhagic stroke mortality, and 0.9% to 10.2% for ischaemic stroke mortality. These results indicate that consequences of overweight and obesity for health and the economy of many of these countries are likely to increase in coming years. [source]

Productivity loss in the workforce: associations with health, work demands, and individual characteristics

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2009
Seyed Mohammad Alavinia MD
Abstract Background Decreased productivity at work is an important consequence of the presence of health problems at work. Methods The study population consisted of 2,252 workers in 24 different companies in The Netherlands in 2005,2006 (response 56%). Self-reported loss of productivity on the previous workday was measured on a 10-point numerical rating scale by the Quantity and Quality method. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the associations between work demands, health problems, individual characteristics, and lifestyle factors with the occurrence of productivity loss. Results About 45% of the workers reported some degree of productivity loss on the previous workday, with an average loss of 11%. Moderate and severe functional limitations due to health problems (OR,=,1.28 and 1.63, respectively) and lack of control at work (OR,=,1.36) were associated with productivity loss at work with population attributable fractions of 7%, 6%, and 16%, respectively. Conclusion Productivity losses at work frequently occur due to health problems and subsequent impairments, and lack of control over the pace and planning of work. This will substantially contribute to indirect costs of health problems among workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:49,56, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]