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Political Reasons (political + reason)
Selected AbstractsThe Impact of a Conditional Cash Transfer Programme on Consumption in Colombia,FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 4 2006Orazio Attanasio Abstract This paper studies the impact of a conditional cash transfer programme in Colombia on the total consumption of very poor households and on its components. Our evaluation methodology involves comparing household expenditures in areas in which the programme was not implemented (control) and those in which it was (treated). We use a quasi-experimental approach, as the Familias en Acción programme was not randomly assigned across localities, for political reasons. We condition on a large range of household- and municipality-level characteristics, and also control for pre-programme differences in the outcomes of interest using a differences-indifferences methodology. We find that the programme has been effective at greatly increasing total consumption and its main component, food consumption, in both rural and urban areas. The programme has also contributed to improvements in the quality of food consumed, in particular of items rich in proteins (milk, meat and eggs) and of cereals. Furthermore, the programme has created redistributive effects in favour of children through expenditure on education and children's clothing, while it has not significantly affected consumption of adult goods such as alcohol and tobacco or adults'clothing. [source] Fishing rights auctions in the fisheries of Lake Peipsi-Pihkva, EstoniaFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2005M. VETEMAA Abstract, To deal with excessive fishing capacity, a part of the fishing rights, both volume quotas and gear use rights, in all Estonian fisheries was allocated each year during 2001,2003 through auctions while the remainder was allocated on the basis of the recent fishing rights use history. All fishing rights depreciated in a geometric manner by 10% annually. This was carried out for the first time in 2001, but the system was abandoned for political reasons in 2003. In this paper, the development of the small-scale Estonian inland fisheries, as well as the results of the auctions of fishing rights in those fisheries, are discussed. The auctions led to some increase in the number of owners of fishing rights. In most cases, however, new enterprises were formed on the basis of fishers active up to 2001 as employees of other enterprises. The auctions did not lead to a concentration of ownership of fishing rights in large enterprises. On the contrary, the share of smaller owners increased. According to the Fishing Act, in Estonia there is a fishing fee for all professional fishing gears. The official fishing fee was always used as the starting price in bidding, and this increased greatly during the bidding. Finally, the auction system served as a real incentive for fishers to cooperate more than they did during the previous management system based only on earlier rights. [source] Learning to be Palestinian in Athens: constructing national identities in diasporaGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 4 2007ELIZABETH MAVROUDI Abstract In this article I focus on constructions of diasporic national identities and the nation as active and strategic processes using the case study of Palestinians in Athens. I seek, thereby, to contribute to debates on national identity, the nation and long-distance nationalism, particularly in relation to those in diaspora with a collective cause to advocate. I explore how first- and second-generation Palestinians in Athens construct and narrate Palestinian national identities, the homeland and political unity. I argue that the need to ,choose' to be Palestinian, often for political reasons, highlights that the nation is not a ,given' entity. This can be a difficult process for those in diaspora to deal with, as there may be tensions between constructions of political unity and attachment to the homeland and feelings of ambivalence and in-between-ness that may be seen as politically counterproductive. However, I stress that ,messy' and contradictory narratives and spatialities of diasporic national identities that come about as a result of cross-border or transnational (dis)connections do not necessarily lead to apathy and, therefore, can be important. [source] ,I Saw a Nightmare . . .': Violence and the Construction of Memory (Soweto, June 16, 1976)HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2000Helena Pohlandt-McCormick The protests on June 16, 1976 of black schoolchildren in Soweto against the imposition of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in their schools precipitated one of the most pro-found challenges to the South African apartheid state. These events were experienced in a context of violent social and political conflict. They were almost immediately drawn into a discourse that discredited and silenced them, manipulating meaning for ideological and political reasons with little regard for how language and its absence,silences,further violated those who had experienced the events. Violence, in its physical and discursive shape, forged individual memories that remain torn with pain, anger, distrust, and open questions; collective memories that left few spaces for ambiguity; and official or public histories tarnished by their political agendas or the very structures,and sources,that produced them. Based on oral histories and historical documents, this article discusses the collusion of violence and silence and its consequences. It argues that,while the collusion between violence and silence might appear to disrupt or, worse, destroy the ability of individuals to think historically,the individual historical actor can and does have the will to contest and engage with collective memory and official history. [source] Motivations and forms of corporate giving behaviour: insights from AustraliaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 4 2008Gary Noble Although corporate support for many nonprofit organisations (NPOs) represents only a relatively small component of their overall income its importance is growing. As a consequence, the need to understand corporate giving behaviour in a way that supports the development of strategically targeted and successful marketing campaigns is of growing importance to marketing managers in many NPOs around the globe. This paper presents the findings of a study into the ,why' and ,how' of corporate giving behaviour in Australia. In the seven case studies examined, there was no strong evidence that Australian corporations give for other than strategic profit maximisation or political reasons. In contrast to the literature, altruistic and managerial utility did not emerge as strong motivational factors. This study also found that corporations are likely to have a number of corporate giving programmes each with its own underlying motivation and strategic purpose which network together to form a hierarchy of corporate giving programmes. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of this research for NPO managers attempting to increase their level of corporate support. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Dialogía y ruptura: la tradición etnogr´fica en la antropología aplicada en Puerto Rico, a partir de The People of Puerto RicoJOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Manuel Valdés Pizzini The People of Puerto Rico (1956) had an unquestionable academic and intellectual impact on the island. A review of the literature shows that anthropologists and their texts have established a special dialogic with The People, in which we es tablish a distance, for political reasons, but it is also a work that we keep citing and using as an essential source. The relationship between this text and the Puerto Rican anthropologists is a contra dictory one, characterized by the dialectics between ruptures and linkages. There are strong thematic linkages with Steward's text, but the Puerto Rican anthropology also manifests a aipture with those topics, and an engagement of a different set of topics represented in the recent anthropological works (for example, political ecology, urban society, national culture, gender, and racism and ethnicity). This article also presents potential new directions for Puerto Rican anthropology. [source] Stan Tu,ek , a truly European neurochemistJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2003H. Bachelard Stan Tu,ek was a neurochemist of international stature whose research encompassed the whole cholinergic field. His collaborations with eminent scientists in Canada, France, the UK and the USA gave him a truly global vision. During the time when contacts between scientists in Eastern Europe and the rest of the world were severely restricted for political reasons, Stan managed to facilitate such contacts, exemplified by the international symposium he organised in 1978 on ,The Cholinergic Synapse' in Western Bohemia, where many established cholinergists from the East and West were able to meet for the first time. He was an enthusiastic member of ESN Council, becoming our President in 1984. In 1986 he hosted a most successful meeting of the ESN in Prague at a time of the utmost political difficulty. It was typical of Stan's dedication and ability to work quietly behind the scenes that international political problems were overcome without fuss. As an acknowledged leader in neuroscience he is sorely missed by his many friends throughout the world. [source] The Master Ordnance Repair ProgramNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 1 2006William A. Stimson Ph.D. As in most complex endeavors, naval warfighting becomes a series of incremental developments interspersed with breakthrough differences in kind. The shift from sail to steam is a case in point. The shift from battleship to aircraft carrier is another. Today, we are into a third transition-from local command and control to network-centric warfare (Cebrowski 1998). The United States Navy requires-has always required-industrial support. This support falls into two categories: the manufacturers that design and develop new technologies and those who maintain and repair these technologies. Because of proprietorship, the latter have great difficulty keeping current and hence, capable. Yet, the Navy retains them for a host of economic and political reasons. The problem is how best to help these ship repairers renew their skills. As this problem will not go away, perhaps it is time to review how the Navy handled the private sector in the last major transition: from analog to digital data transmission. The answer can be found in the Master Ordnance Repair Program. [source] The Limits of Discipline: Ownership and Hard Budget Constraints in the Transition EconomiesTHE ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION, Issue 3 2000Roman Frydman The existing literature on soft budget constraints suggests that firms may be subsidized for political reasons or because of the creditors' desire to recover a part of the sunk cost invested in an earlier period. In all these models hard budget constraints are viewed as being, in principle, capable of inducing the necessary restructuring behaviour on the level of the firm. This paper argues that the imposition of financial discipline is not sufficient to remedy ownership and governance-related deficiencies of corporate performance. Using evidence from the post-communist transition economies, the paper shows that a policy of hard budget constraints cannot induce successful revenue restructuring, which requires entrepreneurial incentives inherent in certain ownership types (most notably, outside investors). The paper also shows that the policy of hard budget constraints falters when state firms, because of inferior revenue performance and less willingness to meet payment obligations, continue to pose a higher credit risk than privatized firms. The brunt of state firms' lower creditworthiness falls on state creditors. But the ,softness' of these creditors, while harmful in many ways, is not necessarily irrational, if it prevents the demise of firms that are in principle capable of successful restructuring through ownership changes. [source] POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING FOR TRADE LIBERALIZATION: POLITICS OF AGRICULTURE RELATED GOVERNMENT SPENDING FOR THE URUGUAY ROUND IN JAPANTHE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2010KOZO HARIMAYA This paper investigates the effect of political factors on the interregional allocation of the budget to assist farmers in coping with agricultural trade liberalization in Japan. We present a simple model to show the relationship between political factors and interregional budget allocation and empirically examine whether political factors played a key role in the interregional allocation of Japanese government spending for the Uruguay Round agricultural trade liberalization. Our findings show that this allocation was distorted due to political reasons, which was problematic from the standpoints of fairness and social efficiency. [source] THE RISE OF THE COURT ARTIST: CAVALLINI AND GIOTTO IN FOURTEENTH-CENTURY NAPLESART HISTORY, Issue 4 2008CATHLEEN A. FLECK This article explores the ways in which the Roman artist Pietro Cavallini and the Florentine artist Giotto were received in Naples and subsequently influenced Neapolitan art. Using documents and monuments, it analyses their contribution to the artistic and political image of the Neapolitan court. A number of scholars have based their assessment of the oeuvres of Cavallini and Giotto on the writings of Lorenzo Ghiberti and Giorgio Vasari, circa one hundred and two hundred and fifty years, respectively, after the artists lived. This article considers the stylistic, aesthetic, technological and political reasons for the appointment of Cavallini and Giotto to the Angevin court, and the subsequent spread of their style in Naples. As Martin Warnke has discussed in The Court Artist (first published in German in 1985), the late medieval court gave dignities to an artist that affected his reputation. The evidence of this article indicates that the court of Naples in the fourteenth century recognized each artist's individual identity and influence, thus affirming his image and thereby promoting its own. [source] Survey-gap analysis in expeditionary research: where do we go from here?BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 4 2005V. A. FUNK Research expeditions into remote areas to collect biological specimens provide vital information for understanding biodiversity. However, major expeditions to little-known areas are expensive and time consuming, time is short, and well-trained people are difficult to find. In addition, processing the collections and obtaining accurate identifications takes time and money. In order to get the maximum return for the investment, we need to determine the location of the collecting expeditions carefully. In this study we used environmental variables and information on existing collecting localities to help determine the sites of future expeditions. Results from other studies were used to aid in the selection of the environmental variables, including variables relating to temperature, rainfall, lithology and distance between sites. A survey gap analysis tool based on ,ED complementarity' was employed to select the sites that would most likely contribute the most new taxa. The tool does not evaluate how well collected a previously visited site survey site might be; however, collecting effort was estimated based on species accumulation curves. We used the number of collections and/or number of species at each collecting site to eliminate those we deemed poorly collected. Plants, birds, and insects from Guyana were examined using the survey gap analysis tool, and sites for future collecting expeditions were determined. The south-east section of Guyana had virtually no collecting information available. It has been inaccessible for many years for political reasons and as a result, eight of the first ten sites selected were in that area. In order to evaluate the remainder of the country, and because there are no immediate plans by the Government of Guyana to open that area to exploration, that section of the country was not included in the remainder of the study. The range of the ED complementarity values dropped sharply after the first ten sites were selected. For plants, the group for which we had the most records, areas selected included several localities in the Pakaraima Mountains, the border with the south-east, and one site in the north-west. For birds, a moderately collected group, the strongest need was in the north-west followed by the east. Insects had the smallest data set and the largest range of ED complementarity values; the results gave strong emphasis to the southern parts of the country, but most of the locations appeared to be equidistant from one another, most likely because of insufficient data. Results demonstrate that the use of a survey gap analysis tool designed to solve a locational problem using continuous environmental data can help maximize our resources for gathering new information on biodiversity. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 85, 549,567. [source] | ||||||||||||||||