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Political Factors (political + factor)
Selected AbstractsPrinciples and Agents: CalPERS and corporate governance in JapanCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 1 2007Sanford M. Jacoby A growing literature discusses the convergence of national systems of corporate governance. Fostering convergence are activist institutional investors, especially from the United States. The following is a case study of one institutional investor , the giant pension fund, CalPERS , and its efforts to change governance in Japan over the past 15 years. CalPERS' involvement in Japan went through three stages: solo activism; cultivation of local partners; and, most recently, a shift from marketwide activism to company-level relational investing. Although CalPERS has had some success in changing Japanese corporate governance, economic and political factors have limited its influence and permitted the persistence of Japan's distinctive governance system. [source] Mad tales from Bollywood: the impact of social, political, and economic climate on the portrayal of mental illness in Hindi filmsACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2005D. Bhugra Objective:, To study the portrayal of mental illness (especially psychosis) in Hindi films since 1950 and to study the influence of prevalent social, political and economic factors on each portrayal. Method:, Using two encyclopaedias and one source book, films that had mental illness affecting one of the protagonists were identified. The social, economic and political factors were identified using history texts. Results:, In the 1960s after India became a Republic, the political climate was one of idealism and as a result the portrayal of mental illness was gentle, more international in its outlook, and used psychoanalytic techniques. In the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of increased political and bureaucratic corruption and an unstable political climate, the portrayals became harder and psychopaths were portrayed more often. In the 1980s, the trend continued with female psychopaths, and avenging women emerged as a major force because the political and judicial systems were seen as impotent in delivering justice. In the 1990s, following economic liberalization, the women were seen and used as possessions in society and the cinema, and portrayals of stalking and morbid jealousy increased. Conclusion:, Hindi films since the 1950s appear to have been influenced by changing cultural norms which in turn affected the way mental illness is portrayed. [source] WHICH VARIABLES EXPLAIN DECISIONS ON IMF CREDIT?ECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 2 2005AN EXTREME BOUNDS ANALYSIS This paper analyses which economic and political factors affect the chance that a country receives IMF credit or signs an agreement with the Fund. We use a panel model for 118 countries over the period 1971,2000. Our results, based on extreme bounds analysis, suggest that it is mostly economic variables that are robustly related to IMF lending activity, while most political variables that have been put forward in previous studies on IMF involvement are non-significant. To the extent that political factors matter, they seem more closely related to the conclusion of IMF agreements than to the disbursement of IMF credits. [source] The ratification of ILO conventions: A hazard rate analysisECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 3 2001Bernhard Boockmann There are over 180 ILO conventions in many areas of labour law, industrial relations and social security, but they are not ratified universally: for the conventions adopted between 1975 and 1995, the cumulative probability of ratification is about 13 percent 10 years after their adoption. In this paper, the ratification decision is understood as a transition between two states. Using duration analysis, we identify circumstances which are favourable to this transition. For industrialized countries, the ratification of ILO conventions is shown to depend on internal political factors such as government preferences or the power of left-wing parties in parliament. For developing countries, economic costs of ratification have a significant impact. There is no evidence for external pressure in favour of ratification. Among industrialized member states, there is a clear downward trend in estimated ratification probabilities over the last two decades. [source] Growth in women's political representation: A longitudinal exploration of democracy, electoral system and gender quotasEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010PAMELA PAXTON The expansion of women's formal political representation ranks among the most significant trends in international politics of the last 100 years. Though women made steady political progress, substantial country-level variation exists in patterns of growth and change. In this article, longitudinal theories are developed to examine how political factors affect women's political representation over time. Latent growth curve models are used to assess the growth of women in politics in 110 countries from 1975 to 2000. The article investigates how electoral systems, national-level gender quotas and growth of democracy , both political rights and civil liberties , impact country-level trajectories of women's legislative representation. It is found: first, national quotas do affect women's political presence, but at a lower level than legislated by law; second, the impact of a proportional representation system on women's political representation is steady over time; and third, democracy, especially civil liberties, does not affect the level of women's political representation in the earliest period, but does influence the growth of women's political representation over time. These findings both reinforce and challenge prior cross-sectional models of women's political representation. [source] Fiscal Forecasting: Lessons from the Literature and Challenges,FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2008Teresa Leal H6; E62; C53 Abstract. While fiscal forecasting and monitoring has its roots in the accountability of governments for the use of public funds in democracies, the Stability and Growth Pact has significantly increased interest in budgetary forecasts in Europe, where they play a key role in EU multilateral budgetary surveillance. In view of the increased prominence and sensitivity of budgetary forecasts, which may lead to them being influenced by strategic and political factors, this paper discusses the main issues and challenges in the field of fiscal forecasting from a practitioner's perspective and places them in the context of the related literature. [source] A Political Theory of Economic StatecraftFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 4 2008Jean-Marc F. Blanchard When can economic sanctions and incentives achieve important political objectives? Why do they often fail? We propose a political theory of economic statecraft, arguing that the success of economic statecraft does not depend on the magnitude of its economic effect. Instead, it succeeds when the economic pain or gain it engenders translates into political costs or opportunities. We argue that the political effects of economic signals will depend on a variety of international and domestic political factors, the most important of which is the target state's level of stateness, comprised of three components: autonomy, capacity, and legitimacy. When economic statecraft motivates key domestic coalitions to push for policy change, high stateness enables target state leaders to resist their calls and defy the sender. Conversely, when economic statecraft convinces target leaders that they ought to comply with the sender's demands, high stateness enable them to overcome domestic opposition to compromise. To evaluate the usefulness of our theory, we employ a plausibility probe, testing our approach against three leading alternatives (the realist, economic liberal, and domestic conditionalist approaches) with case studies of Western economic incentives to Hungary and Romania after the Cold War and Indian sanctions against Nepal in the late 1980s. [source] American Humanitarian Intervention: Toward a Theory of CoevolutionFOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2007ALYNNA J. LYON The goal of this study is twofold. First, it seeks to move beyond the exploration of motivations for understanding why the United States launches some humanitarian interventions and avoids others. Second, it initiates a theory building process to map the complex international and domestic environment that frames American humanitarianism. To explain the selectivity of U.S. engagement, the article establishes a typology of actors, restraints, and concerns involved in the humanitarian policy-making process. It then presents a theory of coevolution that serves as a framework for understanding the interactive and diffusive dynamics between policy makers and their broader operating environment. With illustrative case studies on Operation Provide Comfort in Iraq (1991), Operation Allied Force in Kosovo (1999), and Operation Unified Assistance in response to the Asian Tsunami (2004), this study suggests that U.S.-led humanitarian interventions are part of larger episodes of engagement that hold consequences for subsequent involvements. It finds that altruistic interventions are often blurred with self-interested power pursuits, as American humanitarianism is the product of a confluence of domestic political factors, historical milieu, and international normative advancement. [source] Drivers of Unsustainable Land Use in the Semi-Arid Khabur River Basin, SyriaGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009FRANK HOLE Abstract The semi-arid zone of Southwest Asia, known as the Fertile Crescent, is under unprecedented stress because of agricultural development. Where rain-fed agriculture and transhumant herding had prevailed over ten millennia, today intensive cultivation with irrigation threatens future sustainability. A number of interconnected, but uncoordinated drivers of change combine to shape the landscape and its future, and their changes make it hard to anticipate future requirements and opportunities, as well as to implement policies, whether by local stakeholders or at the national level. Among the factors that comprise the socio-natural systems are (1) climate, (2) water and soil resources, (3) history of land use, (4) social, economic and political factors, (5) infrastructural developments (6) interstate impacts, and (7) legacies of the past. The example of the Khabur River drainage in northeastern Syria shows the dynamic interplay among these factors over the past 70 years, with implications for the way future policies and practices are developed. [source] Violence in the Atacama Desert during the Tiwanaku period: social tension?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 5 2004A. Lessa Abstract Tiwanaku influence significantly affected the lifestyle of the prehistoric peoples of the Atacama Desert as it represented an important period of social and economic change. Such intense changes as social stratification and new religious and ideological influences have always been characterized as peaceful ones. Palaeopathological studies based on the violence-induced traumatic lesions of 64 well-preserved human skeletons from an excavated funerary site named Solcor-3 have facilitated a comparison between Pre-Tiwanaku and Tiwanaku periods. Results show an increase in violence between males represented by low-intensity skull traumas, arrow wounds and a high mortality rate between 20 and 30 years of age during the Tiwanaku period. The interpretation of this data is contrary to the model of peaceful acceptance of the changes that followed the Tiwanaku influence into the Atacama. At least for Solcor-3, economic and political factors should be re-considered in order to explain the emergence of social tension during the Tiwanaku period. In the future, more detailed studies will probably help to clarify if conflicts had also extended to other sites in San Pedro de Atacama under Tiwanaku influence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Different routes, common directions?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE, Issue 3 2004Activation policies for young people in Denmark, the UK This article analyses and compares the development of activation policies for young people in Denmark and the UK from the mid-1990s. Despite their diverse welfare traditions and important differences in the organisation and delivery of benefits and services for the unemployed, both countries have recently introduced large-scale compulsory activation programmes for young people. These programmes share a number of common features, especially a combination of strong compulsion and an apparently contradictory emphasis on client-centred training and support for participants. The suggested transition from the ,Keynesian welfare state' to the ,Schumpeterian workfare regime' is used as a framework to discuss the two countries' recent moves towards activation. It is argued that while this framework is useful in explaining the general shift towards active labour-market policies in Europe, it alone cannot account for the particular convergence of the Danish and British policies in the specific area of youth activation. Rather, a number of specific political factors explaining the development of policies in the mid-1990s are suggested. The article concludes that concerns about mass youth unemployment, the influence of the ,dependency culture' debate in various forms, cross-national policy diffusion and, crucially, the progressive re-engineering of compulsory activation by strong centre-left governments have all contributed to the emergence of policies that mix compulsion and a commitment to the centrality of work with a ,client-centred approach' that seeks to balance more effective job seeking with human resource development. However, attempts to combine the apparently contradictory concepts of ,client-centredness' and compulsion are likely to prove politically fragile, and both countries risk lurching towards an increasingly workfarist approach. [source] The multidimensional nature of biodiversity and social dynamics and implications for contemporary rural livelihoods in remote Kalahari settlements, BotswanaAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2009S. M. Sallu Abstract Despite rapid socio-economic development in Kalahari drylands, contemporary research suggests that biodiversity remains important as a component of the complex portfolio of livelihood strategies, as a real and perceived safety net in times of stress, and a key factor of cultural identity. The degree to which the spatially and temporally dynamic nature of biodiversity in drylands influences livelihoods is, however, little studied, particularly in socially complex contemporary rural settlements. Greater understanding in this area is required to allow better-informed design and implementation of rural development, poverty alleviation and conservation initiatives. This is particularly true in the light of predicted increases in environmental dynamism with climate change. An interdisciplinary approach was used in two environmentally and socially distinct dryland settlements in Botswana, to investigate the extent to which the dynamic biodiverse setting influences contemporary rural livelihoods. Results illustrate that biodiversity, particularly its dynamics, is of critical contemporary importance to rural settlement livelihoods, particularly in times of inner settlement scarcity. Entitlements to biodiversity dynamics were, however, bound up by complex settlement-specific social, economic and political factors. Unless such contextual within-settlement dynamics are understood, the relative importance of biodiversity in rural development and poverty alleviation strategies in contemporary Kalahari drylands may be undermined. [source] The Future of the Defence FirmKYKLOS INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2003Keith Hartley Summary This paper focuses on the future of the defence firm. It forecasts that the defence firm of 2050 will be radically different, reflecting a combination of technology, economic and political factors. To provide insights into the future, the paper starts by outlining recent changes in the size, structure and organization of defence firms and industries. It concludes by suggesting that the defence firm has a future and that it will focus on systems integration with new and different forms of industrial organization and will include new entrants. [source] Explaining Domestic Violence Policy Outcomes in Chile and ArgentinaLATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 3 2010Susan Franceschet ABSTRACT This article explains why Chile has outperformed Argentina in policy responses to the problem of domestic violence. It argues that policy variation is due to both macro-level institutional features (state capacity and centralization) and to more contingent political factors that shape the structure, role, and resources of the women's policy agencies that coordinate and implement domestic violence policies. The initial design of Chile's National Women's Service has allowed it to act as a crucial "insider" ally to advocacy groups. In contrast, Argentina's National Women's Council has suffered repeated downgrading and loss of resources due to ideological conflicts and changes in government, rendering it unable to coordinate policy responses to domestic violence effectively or to act as an ally to advocates inside and outside the state seeking increased resources and more effective policy responses to violence against women. [source] Frente Amplio and the Crafting of a Social Democratic Alternative in UruguayLATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 4 2007Juan Pablo Luna ABSTRACT This study of Uruguay's Frente Amplio explores four central questions for the analysis of the "new Latin American left." How did a leftist alternative emerge and grow inside an institutionalized party system? How do the socioeconomic and political factors that enabled the rise of the left in Uruguay differ from those observed in other Latin American cases? How did Frente Amplio adapt itself to profit from the opportunities that arose during the 1990s? What are the implications of the previous factors for governmental action by the FA? In answering these questions, this study integrates an analysis of the sociological and political-institutional opportunity structures consolidated during the 1990s with one of strategic partisan adaptation processes. This perspective is useful for explaining how, by 2004, Frente Amplio had built a dual support base from its historical constituency and a socially heterogeneous group alienated from traditional parties due to economic and political discontent. [source] Definitions of the Family as an Impetus for Legal Change in Custody Decision Making: Suggestions from an Empirical Case StudyLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 1 2006Mellisa Holtzman Legal scholars and social scientists are increasingly calling on legislators, lawyers, and judges to recognize and embrace expanding definitions of the family. Implicit in such calls is the expectation that legal recognition of expanding definitions of the family will protect children's attachment relationships with adults, irrespective of their biological ties to those adults. Through a detailed, historical examination of custody decisions in disputes between biological and nonbiological parents in the state of Iowa, this research suggests that judicial recognition of more expansive definitions may not result in decisions that protect children's attachment relationships. This is true because the legal impact of family definitions appears to be contingent upon cultural and political factors that may undermine the expected effects of changing definitions. This research also suggests that judicial recognition of children's rights may be the most apt way to promote legal changes that will protect children's attachment relationships. [source] Anthropological race psychology 1820,1945: a common European system of ethnic identity narrativesNATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 4 2009RICHARD McMAHON ABSTRACT. This article examines ethnic stereotypes in biological race classification of Europeans between the 1830s and 1940s as part of political discourse on national identity. Anthropologists linked physical-psychological types to nations and national character stereotypes through ,national races', achieving an often quite enduring international consensus on each race's mentality. The article argues that race mentality narratives were therefore partly dictated by their place within a dynamic interlocking European system. I focus on two key interacting elements that structured this system: the central role of the Germanic-Nordic blond and the geographically uneven process of modernisation. I consider the spatiality of socio-cultural and political factors ,external' to the stereotype system, such as geopolitics and modernisation, but also emphasise that discursive relationships between national stereotypes helped structure the international stereotype system. My conclusion argues for greater consideration of the influence of both scientific and international systemic factors in research on national identity. [source] Safe motherhood in Jamaica: from slavery to self-determinationPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Affette McCaw-Binns Summary The development of maternal health care in Jamaica is reviewed by examining government documents and publications to identify social and political factors associated with maternal mortality decline. Modern maternity services began with the 1887 establishment of the Victoria Jubilee Hospital and Midwifery School. Community midwives were deployed widely by the 1930s and community antenatal care expanded in the 1950s. Social policies in the 1970s increased women's access to primary health care, education and social support; improved transportation in the 1990s facilitated hospital delivery. Maternal mortality declined rapidly from ,600/100 000 in the 1930s to 200/100 000 in 1960, led by a 69% decline in sepsis by 1950, and a 72% decline from all causes thereafter, settling at ,100/100 000 in the 1980s. Skilled birth attendant deliveries moved from 39% in 1950 to 95% in 2001 and hospital births from 31% in 1960 to 91% in 2001. Maternal mortality plateaued at 70,80% prevalence of skilled delivery care. Deployment of midwives into rural communities and social development focused on women and children were associated with the observed improvements. Further reductions will require greater attention to the quality of emergency obstetric care. [source] Human Rights Violations, Corruption, and the Policy of RepressionPOLICY STUDIES JOURNAL, Issue 1 2008Alok K. Bohara Quantitative cross-national research on human rights violations and repression has made considerable progress in identifying and eliminating economic and political factors that influence the use of torture and killing by governments. Warfare tends to increase violations, democracy,notably full democracy,and trade tends to inhibit violations. Where motives have been considered, this research has generally assumed a strategic motivation for government use of repression. Repression is employed to counter threats from the opposition as represented by the presence of warfare. Less attention has been given to the effect of implementation on levels of repression. Theory suggests that agents are likely to make a substantial independent contribution to the level of repression, if given the opportunity. In this article we develop this argument and present cross-country comparative evidence that suggests that agents' opportunities for hidden action measured by perceived levels of financial corruption substantially influences the incidence of torture in a political system, after controlling for the strategic motive of governments and the other factors found influential in earlier research. We show that the results are robust and not sensitive to alternative modeling, measurement, and research-design decisions. [source] The Logic of Transnational Action: The Good Corporation and the Global CompactPOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 4 2007Lynn Bennie This article examines corporate participation in the UN Global Compact programme. Using data on the world's 2,000 largest companies, we address the question of why companies voluntarily assume the programme's responsibilities and promote the rights of ,global citizenship'. Our analytic approach is to view transnational corporate political behaviour as a result of firm-level decisions shaped by country-level variation in political audience effects. Drawing on earlier research on more conventional forms of corporate political activity, we expect factors influential in the standard model of firm political activity to determine participation in the Global Compact. In addition, we argue that this highly visible, less instrumental dimension of a firm's political behaviour is driven by efforts to build a good environmental and human rights reputation with its audience of external actors. The importance of environmental and human rights concerns depends on the substance of the firm's business activities, the availability of investment and ,exit' options, and the home audience's bias towards the UN and human and environmental rights. We find support for political factors as well as firm and industry-level characteristics influencing the decision to participate in the Global Compact. [source] The role of school psychology in preventing depressionPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 7 2004Keith C. Herman To advance the role of school psychologists in mental health prevention and wellness activities, in this article we describe (a) a social ecological theory for guiding school-based prevention research, (b) the role of schools in the development and prevention of depression, (c) a continuum of school-based support for meeting the needs of children who are currently depressed for preventing future internalizing distress for all children, and (d) social and political factors that must be considered if lasting change is to occur. We conclude with specific considerations for school psychologists. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 763,775, 2004. [source] Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980,2002AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009Kai Arzheimer Research on the voters of the extreme right in Western Europe has become a minor industry, but relatively little attention has been paid to the twin question of why support for these parties is often unstable, and why the extreme right is so weak in many countries. Moreover, the findings from different studies often contradict each other. This article aims at providing a more comprehensive and satisfactory answer to this research problem by employing a broader database and a more adequate modeling strategy. The main finding is that while immigration and unemployment rates are important, their interaction with other political factors is much more complex than suggested by previous research. Moreover, persistent country effects prevail even if a whole host of individual and contextual variables is controlled for. [source] Women on the Sidelines: Women's Representation on Committees in Latin American LegislaturesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005Roseanna Michelle Heath This article explores how new groups can be marginalized after they gain representation in the legislature. We use data from six Latin American legislatures to examine the effect of institutional and political factors on how traditionally dominant male political leaders distribute scarce political resources,committee assignments,to female newcomers. In general, we find that women tend to be isolated on women's issues and social issues committees and kept off of power and economics/foreign affairs committees as the percentage of legislators who are women increases, when party leaders or chamber presidents control committee assignments, and when the structure of the committee system provides a specific committee to deal with women's issues. Thus, to achieve full incorporation into the legislative arena, newcomers must do more than just win seats. They must change the institutions that allow the traditionally dominant group to hoard scarce political resources. [source] POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING FOR TRADE LIBERALIZATION: POLITICS OF AGRICULTURE RELATED GOVERNMENT SPENDING FOR THE URUGUAY ROUND IN JAPANTHE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2010KOZO HARIMAYA This paper investigates the effect of political factors on the interregional allocation of the budget to assist farmers in coping with agricultural trade liberalization in Japan. We present a simple model to show the relationship between political factors and interregional budget allocation and empirically examine whether political factors played a key role in the interregional allocation of Japanese government spending for the Uruguay Round agricultural trade liberalization. Our findings show that this allocation was distorted due to political reasons, which was problematic from the standpoints of fairness and social efficiency. [source] Rebuilding from Below the Bottom: HaitiARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 5 2010Jayne Merkel Abstract The devastation of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on 12 January 2010 makes this issue of AD especially pertinent, and the subsequent earthquake in Chile shows that strategies to rebuild after each crisis must be very different. Jayne Merkel and Craig Whitaker argue that, although there is much to be learned from previous disasters, no single response pertains. In Haiti, international architectural talent and expertise are irrelevant - even undesirable - until the social, cultural and political factors that helped devastate this once verdant and prosperous land are better understood. It is important to move slowly at first in order to go faster later. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Economics and Asia-Pacific Region Territorial and Maritime Disputes: Understanding the Political Limits to Economic SolutionsASIAN POLITICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2009Jean-Marc F. Blanchard Territorial and maritime disputes are a visible part of the tapestry of Asia-Pacific Region (APR) international relations. They have provoked frictions between states, militarized conflict, and even war. Some believe interstate economic ties or economic inducements have the potential to mitigate and resolve the APR's territorial and maritime controversies. In this article, I analyze, in two primary ways, the potential for economics to calm or resolve the APR's territorial and maritime disputes. One is a theoretical evaluation, while the other is an empirical examination. As for the latter, this article analyzes two specific quarrels: the China-Japan controversy over the East China Sea and Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands and the Japanese-Soviet/Russian conflict over the Northern Territories. In both cases, the economic optimist case is proved wanting. This article shows that researchers must pay attention to political factors, domestic and international, to identify the factors that facilitate/hinder a settlement of territorial and maritime disputes. [source] Encouraging Women to Consider a Less Medicalized Approach to Childbirth Without Turning Them Off: Challenges to Producing Our Bodies, Ourselves: Pregnancy and BirthBIRTH, Issue 3 2008Kiki Zeldes ABSTRACT: Within the United States, women routinely confront negative and distorted ideas about birth, and highly medicalized births are the norm. The writers and editors of Our Bodies, Ourselves: Pregnancy and Birth discuss their efforts to write a book that provides women with accessible, evidence-based information; examines the social, economic, and political factors that shape and constrain childbirth choices; and inspires women to work toward ensuring that all women have access to the full range of safe and satisfying birthing options. (BIRTH 35:3 September 2008) [source] Environmental management of transnational corporations in India,are TNCs creating islands of environmental excellence in a sea of dirt?BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2002Audun Ruud This paper discusses how and to what extent local environmental practices at affiliated units of transnational corporations (TNCs) are influenced by TNC headquarters (HQ). The study focuses on intra-firm dynamics of what is termed ,cross-border environmental management' of TNCs. The study documents that the environmental management of TNC-affiliated units in India are strongly influenced by HQ's environmental policies and standards. However, it is found that there are deviations in local practices from intentions and policy commitments stated at HQ. This can be particularly attributed to local economic and political factors. Cross-border environmental management is making a difference. However it is limited to affiliated TNC units and few additional external environmental impacts are documented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [source] | |||||||||||||||||||