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Potential Use (potential + use)
Selected AbstractsGENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATION IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) AND THE POTENTIAL USE OF ITS PIGMENT RATIOS AS A QUANTITATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL MARKERJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Willem Stolte Genetic variation of pigment composition was studied in 16 different strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay et Mohler in batch culture. Distinct strain-dependent differences were found in the ratios of fucoxanthin, 19,-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, and 19,-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, hampering the use of these individual pigments as a taxonomic marker at the species level. The molar ratio of total carotenoids to chl a, however, was constant for all strains tested. In addition, the pigment composition of one axenic strain (L) of E. huxleyi at different growth rates in light-, nitrate-, and phosphate-limited continuous cultures was analyzed quantitatively. The pigments fucoxanthin and 19,-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin correlated closely under all conditions. From steady-state rate calculations, it is hypothesized that 19,-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin is synthesized from fucoxanthin, with light as a modulating factor. The net rate of synthesis of diatoxanthin depended both on the concentration of diadinoxanthin (its partner in the xanthophyll cycle) and on light, illustrating its photoprotective function in the xanthophyll cycle. In axenic strain L, the ratio of total fucoxanthins to chl a correlated strongly with photon flux density and can potentially be used to assess the physiological status with respect to irradiance in field populations. In multispecific bloom situations, the ratio of diadinoxanthin plus diatoxanthin to total fucoxanthins could be used as an alternative indicator for the light-dependent physiological state of E. huxleyi, provided that no other chromophytes are present. Application of these correlations to mesocosm data from the literature has so far provided no evidence that E. huxleyi blooms form only at inhibiting light levels, as previously suggested. [source] GLUTEN EXTRACTED FROM FRESH PASTA BY-PRODUCT: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND POTENTIAL USE IN BREAD MAKINGJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 3 2010RAOUDHA ELLOUZE GHORBEL ABSTRACT The chemical, functional, rheological and structural properties of gluten extracted from fresh durum wheat pasta by-product (PG) were studied and compared with those of the commercial soft wheat gluten (CG). PG had lower starch and fat contents, lower adhesiveness and higher emulsifying and foaming stabilities than CG, whereas CG had higher foaming capacity, cohesiveness and chewiness. CG gave also a more open matrix surface morphology than PG. The glutens did not show a significant difference of their protein content, water absorption, hardness and springiness. They showed also similar dynamic rheological behaviors (G,, G, and tan ,) at low frequencies (<4 Hz). In addition, PG and CG can be used in the bread-baking process since addition (2%, flour basis) to dough characterized by a low bread-making quality improved significantly its strength (W) and its elasticity-to-extensibility ratio (P/L). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The pasta by-product could be considered as an excellent source of gluten and may be used as an improver in bread making. This hypothesis is supported by determining the functional and rheological properties of the gluten extracted from fresh pasta by-product. Furthermore, addition of 2% of this gluten to low bread-making quality wheat flour leads to an improvement of the dough alveographic characteristics (W and P/L) and an increase in bread volume by 46%. [source] Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel Complexes Containing Group 15 Elements and Their Potential Use as Molecular Precursors for the Formation of Transition Metal PnictidesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2005Manfred Scheer Abstract The reaction of [{W(CO)5}2PCl] with K[Co(CO)4] yields the novel compounds [{W(CO)4Co2(CO)6}{µ3 -PW(CO)5}2] (3) and [{(CO)4WCo3(CO)6}{µ3 -PW(CO)5}3] (4) along with known derivatives [Co2(CO)6{,,,2 -PW(CO)5}2] (1) and [Co3(CO)9{,3 -PW(CO)5}] (2). The complex [{W2(CO)8(,-CO)}{,,,2:,1:,1 -PW(CO)5}2)] (5) was synthesised by treating Na2[W2(CO)10] with PBr3. Reaction of K[Mn(CO)5] with SbCl3 affords [Sb{Mn(CO)5}3] (6) in high yields. The spectroscopic and structural characterisation of the novel products is discussed, as well as the thermolytic behaviour of 2, 3 and 6 for the potential formation of novel phases of transition metal pnictides. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] Temperature-Responsive Substrates: Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of PNIPAM Microgel Films and Their Potential Use as Switchable Cell Culture Substrates (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 19 2010Mater. Abstract Thermoresponsive poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel films are shown to allow controlled detachment of adsorbed cells via temperature stimuli. Cell response occurs on the timescale of several minutes, is reversible, and allows for harvesting of cells in a mild fashion. The fact that microgels are attached non-covalently allows using them on a broad variety of (charged) surfaces and is a major advantage as compared to approaches relying on covalent attachment of active films. In the following, the microgels' physico-chemical parameters in the adsorbed state and their changes upon temperature variation are studied in order to gain a deeper understanding of the involved phenomena. By means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the water content, mechanical properties, and adhesion forces of the microgel films are studied as a function of temperature. The analysis shows that these properties change drastically when crossing the critical temperature of the polymer film, which is the basis of the fast cell response upon temperature changes. Furthermore, nanoscale mechanical analysis shows that the films posses a nanoscopic gradient in mechanical properties. [source] Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of PNIPAM Microgel Films and Their Potential Use as Switchable Cell Culture SubstratesADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 19 2010Stephan Schmidt Abstract Thermoresponsive poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel films are shown to allow controlled detachment of adsorbed cells via temperature stimuli. Cell response occurs on the timescale of several minutes, is reversible, and allows for harvesting of cells in a mild fashion. The fact that microgels are attached non-covalently allows using them on a broad variety of (charged) surfaces and is a major advantage as compared to approaches relying on covalent attachment of active films. In the following, the microgels' physico-chemical parameters in the adsorbed state and their changes upon temperature variation are studied in order to gain a deeper understanding of the involved phenomena. By means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the water content, mechanical properties, and adhesion forces of the microgel films are studied as a function of temperature. The analysis shows that these properties change drastically when crossing the critical temperature of the polymer film, which is the basis of the fast cell response upon temperature changes. Furthermore, nanoscale mechanical analysis shows that the films posses a nanoscopic gradient in mechanical properties. [source] Barium Holmium Zirconate, A New Complex Perovskite Oxide: I, Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Use as a Substrate for High-Critical-Temperature SuperconductorsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 10 2002Rajan Jose Barium holmium zirconate, a new complex perovskite ceramic oxide, has been synthesized through liquid-phase sintering for the first time. The conventional solid-state reaction method using constituent oxides and carbonates was found to be inadequate for the synthesis of Ba2HoZrO5.5 material. During high-temperature annealing, the development of stable BaZrO3 and BaHoO2.5 phases prevented the formation of Ba2HoZrO5.5 as a single-phase material, even at 1650°C. However, an addition of a small amount of CuO (1 wt%) in the reaction mixture has resulted in the formation of an ordered complex perovskite Ba2HoZrO5.5 phase during the heating process. The structure of Ba2HoZrO5.5 was studied by X-ray diffraction and found to have a cubic perovskite structure with a lattice constant of a= 8.482 Ĺ. Dielectric constant and loss factor values of Ba2HoZrO5.5 are also in the range suitable for use as a substrate for microwave applications. The X-ray diffraction and resistivity measurements have shown that there is no detectable chemical reaction in YBa2Cu3O7,,,Ba2HoZrO5.5 and Bi(2212),Ba2HoZrO5.5 composites, even under extreme processing conditions. Dip-coated and melt-textured YBa2Cu3O7,, and Bi(2212) thick films developed on polycrystalline Ba2HoZrO5.5 gave zero-resistivity transition temperatures of Tc(0) = 92 and 85 K, respectively. [source] Preparation and Characterization of Microwave-treated Carboxymethyl Chitin and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films for Potential Use in Wound Care ApplicationMACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE, Issue 10 2005Panya Wongpanit Abstract Summary: CM-chitin and CM-chitosan films were successfully crosslinked by microwave treatment. Crosslinking of the microwave-treated CM-chitin films involved mainly the carboxylate and the secondary alcohol groups, while crosslinking of microwave-treated CM-chitosan films involved the carboxylate and the amino groups. In addition, the crystallinity of CM-chitin increased with increasing microwave treatment time, whereas an increase in the crystallinity of the microwave-treated CM-chitosan films was not observed. At a similar percentage of weight loss, the crosslinking of either CM-chitin or CM-chitosan films by microwave treatment required much less stringent condition when compared with the crosslinking by autoclave treatment. Based on both direct and indirect cytotoxicity assays, the cytotoxicity of the microwave-treated CM-chitin films was negative, while that of the microwave-treated CM-chitosan films was positive. Human fibroblasts adhered on the surface of microwave-treated CM-chitosan films much better than on the surface of microwave-treated CM-chitin films. Total amount of protein synthesis of living NHGF cells that were cultured on chitin, microwave-treated CM-chitin, chitosan, microwave-treated CM-chitosan films. [source] Potential Use of Biomarkers in Zooplankton as Early Warning Signals of Ecotoxicological Risk in the Marine Food ChainMARINE ECOLOGY, Issue 2002Roberta Minutoli Abstract. Zooplankton is an essential component of the marine and brackish food chains. The ecotoxicological risk of zooplanktonic communities, estimated by the modern methodological approach of biomarkers, can be used as an early warning signal of ecosystem health. The aim of this project is to estimate the potential use of several biomarkers (esterases, mixed function oxidases, porphyrins) in zooplanktonic organisms. Studies were carried out with different zooplanktonic crustaceans: the copepods Acartia margalefi and Acartia latisetosa collected in Ganzirri Lake (Messina); the mysid Siriella clausi collected in Faro Lake (Messina); the mysids Diamysis bahirensis, Siriella armata and Mysidopsis gibbosa collected in Stagnone di Marsala (Palermo); the Antarctic euphausiids Euphausia crystallorophias and Euphausia superba; the am-phipod Streetsia challengeri and the euphausiid Meganycthiphanes norvegica collected after a shore-stranding along Messina's Ionian coast. Moreover, experiments were carried out with the benthic decapods Eriphia verrucosa and Pachygrapsus marmoratus from a rocky shore of Messina's Ionian coast. Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was determined in homogenates of whole organisms. The key result of this project concerns the different AChE activity basal values of different crustacean species. Particular attention should be paid to the difference in basal activity found between the Antarctic and the Mediterranean species. [source] Genetically Engineered Crops: Their Potential Use for Improvement of Human NutritionNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 5 2002Lin Yan Ph.D. Great success has been achieved in increasing agriculture productivity to fulfill human needs during the second half of the 20th century. However, there will be much greater challenges in the future. Based on the current population growth rate of 1.4% per year, the world's population is forecast to increase from the current level of approximately six billion to nine to twelve billion in 50 years. In addition to continuously increasing demand for agricultural production, there is an urgent need to improve the nutritional quality of human diets for this rapidly growing human population. Malnutrition is still a worldwide health issue. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in developing countries, and over-consumption of certain nutrients in developed countries (e.g., saturated fatty acids) is associated with high incidence of certain chronic diseases. Furthermore, there will be declining natural resources such as arable land and water, and the challenges to humans must be met without further degrading the environment. Biotechnology offers a valuable tool to help achieve these goals. This review focuses on the most recent advances in biotechnology, which promise to improve human nutrition by enhancing the nutrient density of plant foods. Issues relating to the safety of food products from genetically engineered crops are also discussed. [source] On the Potential Use of Cup-MarksANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, Issue 2 2010FULVIO GOSSO ABSTRACT The author, starting from what is currently known about cup-marks and their distribution in the north-western Italian alpine area, formulated a hypothesis on their material and ritual functions in the Neolithic period. It is conceivable that cup-marks were originally carved in connection with the ritual use of Amanita muscaria, and that they may later have assumed other functions as well. [source] Synthesis of m-Terphenyl Derivatives for Potential Use as Tectons in Crystal Engineering.CHEMINFORM, Issue 52 2003Ryan S. Wright Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Colesevelam: Potential Uses for the Newest Bile ResinCARDIOVASCULAR THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2005Karen L. Steinmetz ABSTRACT Colesevelam is the newest bile resin with a unique chemical structure. It binds to bile acids with higher affinity than traditional bile acid sequestrants and has fewer gastrointestinal side effects and drug interactions. Colesevelam is safe and efficacious alone or in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Despite this, the role of colesevelam in the treatment of hyperlipidemia remains limited, particularly in the face of new lipid lowering agents. As guidelines for cholesterol control become more stringent, the need to maximize therapeutic benefit through combination therapy will become increasingly more important. Colesevelam has a dose-sparing effect on statin therapy, potentially decreasing the risk of unwanted side effects or drug-drug interactions associated with statin use. This makes colesevelam a viable option for addition to a statin regimen when goal LDL-C levels cannot be achieved with a statin alone. Additionally, anecdotal reports indicate that colesevelam may have potential benefits in certain patient populations that cannot tolerate other lipid lowering therapies, including organ transplant recipients, cholestatic liver disesase, and end-stage renal disease. By recognizing the potential utility of colesevelam, clinicians can better manage those patients who are not able to tolerate first-line therapies. [source] Potential use of insulin as an anti-inflammatory drugDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008Paresh Dandona Abstract Acute hyperglycemia worsens morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The control of hyperglycemia with insulin improves clinical outcomes in patients with a stay of more than 3,5 days in the intensive care unit (ICU) and in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. However, clinical benefits of insulin infusion have not been seen consistently in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Since all previous studies in the ICU have centered on the normalization of glycemia, we still do not know whether insulin exerts beneficial effects over and above those observed with reduction of blood glucose concentrations. The regimens used in acute coronary syndromes infuse fixed doses of insulin with high rates of glucose and are usually associated with hyperglycemia; this may neutralize the beneficial effects of insulin. In this article, we discuss data demonstrating an anti-inflammatory effect of insulin and a pro-inflammatory effect of glucose. We provide a mechanistic justification for the benefits of maintaining euglycemia with insulin infusions in the hospitalized patients. To investigate the clinical benefits of the anti-inflammatory effects of insulin, we also suggest further investigations directed toward optimization of insulin infusion regimens to determine whether restoration of glucose levels toward normal with higher infusion rates and concentrations of insulin will lead to further improvement in outcomes in the critical care and acute coronary syndromes. Drug Dev Res 69:101,110, 2008 © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Identification of circulating endorepellin LG3 fragment: Potential use as a serological biomarker for breast cancerPROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 1 2008Jong Wook Chang Abstract Comparative proteome analysis was performed on the cultured media of human nontumor and malignant breast cell lines, Hs578Bst and Hs578T, respectively, in search of a serological biomarker(s) for breast cancer. Proteins in the conditioned media were separated by 2-D PAGE and then visualized by silver-staining. Eight proteins changed differentially by more than two-fold were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Among the proteins identified, the terminal laminin-like globular (LG3) domain of endorepellin, which was recently reported as an antiangiogenesis factor, was decreased in the cancer cell line. We confirmed the bone morphogenic protein-1 (BMP-1) mediated cleavage site on the N-terminus of endorepellin LG3 fragment. This finding suggests that the LG3 fragment is specifically released by a BMP-1 driven limited proteolytic process. The protein was also detected in plasma by Western blot analysis and selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The plasma level of the endorepellin LG3 fragment was significantly lower in breast cancer patients compared to healthy donors (p,=,0.017; n,=,12). The LG3 protein concentration in the control plasma was measured at approximately 3.7,pmol/mL compared to 1.8,pmol/mL in plasma from the cancer patients. We suggest that these results support the potential use of the endorepellin LG3 fragment as a new serological biomarker for breast cancer. [source] Developing transgenic arabidopsis plants to be metal-specific bioindicatorsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2003Beth A. Krizek Abstract Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) microarrays provide a means to assess genome-wide expression patterns after exposure of an organism to different xenobiotics. Potential uses for this technology include identification of unknown toxicants, assessment of toxicity of new compounds, and characterization of the cellular mechanisms of toxicant action. Here we describe another use of DNA microarrays in toxicant-specific gene discovery. Combining results from two DNA microarray experiments, we have identified genes from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that are induced in response to one but not other heavy metals. The promoters of these genes should be useful in developing metal-specific transgenic biomonitors. To test this idea, we have fused the promoter of one of the newly identified Ni-inducible genes (AHB1) to the ,-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Arabidopsis plants containing the AHB1::GUS transgene show reporter gene activity when they are grown on media containing Ni but not when grown on media containing Cd, Cu, Zn, or without added metals. Thus, this approach has resulted in the creation of a transgenic strain of Arabidopsis that can report on the presence and concentration of Ni in plant growth media. Such transgenic models can serve as cheap and efficient biomonitors of bioavailable heavy metal contamination in soils and sediments. [source] Potential uses and applications of treated wine waste: a reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis Summary Recently, there has been an upsurge in the exploitation of the waste materials generated by the wine industry. Wine waste is characterised by the presence of natural antioxidants much safer than synthetic antioxidants. Wine waste-derived antioxidants have been recently used in the food industry. Moreover, wine waste can be potentially used as soil conditioner, as adsorbent for heavy metals, for fertiliser and for pullulan production. This review aims at presenting the most important and economically viable applications of treated wine waste. [source] Copeptin: A Biomarker of Cardiovascular and Renal FunctionCONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, Issue 2010Nils G. Morgenthaler MD Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16(4)(suppl 1):S37,S44. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Arginine vasopressin (AVP or antidiuretic hormone) is one of the key hormones in the human body responsible for a variety of cardiovascular and renal functions. It has so far escaped introduction into the routine clinical laboratory due to technical difficulties and preanalytical errors. Copeptin, the C-terminal part of the AVP precursor peptide, was found to be a stable and sensitive surrogate marker for AVP release. Copeptin behaves in a similar manner to mature AVP in the circulation, with respect to osmotic stimuli and hypotension. During the past years, copeptin measurement has been shown to be of interest in a variety of clinical indications, including cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. This review summarizes the recent progress on the diagnostic use of copeptin in cardiovascular and renal diseases and discusses the potential use of copeptin measurement in the context of therapeutic interventions with vasopressin receptor antagonists. [source] Radiation-induced changes in oral carcinoma cells , a multiparametric evaluationCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2003L. Bindu The aim of this study was to see whether serial cytological evaluation of various cellular abnormalities in tumours from patients receiving fractionated radiotherapy can predict radio-response in oral carcinoma. Cytological assessment was carried out in scrape smears collected prior to and during the course of radiotherapy in 68 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity planned for radical radiotherapy with accelerated fraction schedule. Smears were evaluated for a set of 15 radiation-induced cellular abnormalities. The relationship between the cellular alterations and the cumulative radiation dose was analysed by Kruskal,Wallis one-way anova. The results showed that among the various quantifiable changes that occur in irradiated cancer cells, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, cytolysis, multinucleation, micronucleation and nuclear budding show significant increase depending on the dose of radiation. The radio-resistant group of patients exhibited a lesser degree of change compared with the radio-sensitive group. This suggests that radio-resistance may be due to the defective induction of cell damage and that these cytological features may have potential use as predictive markers of radio-sensitivity in oral carcinoma. [source] The use of tiagabine in pediatric spasticity managementDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 6 2006Mary Lynn Chu MD Tiagabine, developed as an anti-epileptic medication, has the potential to reduce spasticity. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of tiagabine in decreasing spasticity and improving the functional abilities of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Nine children (seven females, two males) with CP (six spastic quadriplegia, three moderate to severe spastic diplegia) were treated with tiagabine for a mean of 7.2 months. Median age was 4y 5mo (range 3y 2mo-10y). All children were non-ambulatory. According to the Gross Motor Function Classification System, six were Level IV and three were Level V. Only one child showed a median decrease ,1.0 grade on the modified Ashworth scale in upper extremities, lower extremities, and overall. Another child had significant improvement in the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Self-care score and improved feeding. None of the participants was found to have a significant improvement in motor function or a decrease in the number of motions (passive range of motion and muscle length test) that were limited. Reduction of nocturnal awakenings from painful spasms was reported in one child. Eight of the nine children experienced adverse side-effects during treatment. Although tiagabine was not found to be effective in decreasing children's spasticity or improving their function, its potential use in the relief of painful spasms associated with neurological conditions in the pediatric population warrants further investigation. [source] Role and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in diabetesDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 2009I. G. M. Kolfschoten The discovery in mammalian cells of hundreds of small RNA molecules, called microRNAs, with the potential to modulate the expression of the majority of the protein-coding genes has revolutionized many areas of biomedical research, including the diabetes field. MicroRNAs function as translational repressors and are emerging as key regulators of most, if not all, physiological processes. Moreover, alterations in the level or function of microRNAs are associated with an increasing number of diseases. Here, we describe the mechanisms governing the biogenesis and activities of microRNAs. We present evidence for the involvement of microRNAs in diabetes mellitus, by outlining the contribution of these small RNA molecules in the control of pancreatic ,-cell functions and by reviewing recent studies reporting changes in microRNA expression in tissues isolated from diabetes animal models. MicroRNAs hold great potential as therapeutic targets. We describe the strategies developed for the delivery of molecules mimicking or blocking the function of these tiny regulators of gene expression in living animals. In addition, because changes in serum microRNA profiles have been shown to occur in association with different human diseases, we also discuss the potential use of microRNAs as blood biomarkers for prevention and management of diabetes. [source] The advantages and disadvantages of non-surgical management of the diabetic footDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue S1 2008Fran Game Abstract It is frequently stated that diabetic foot ulcers should be managed by a multidisciplinary team, comprising individuals who can deliver all the necessary and wide-ranging skills: medical and surgical, podiatric, nursing and orthotic. Whilst there are some data to support this multidisciplinary approach there is little to guide us in ensuring the patient is seen by the right professional for the right treatment at the right time. This article will examine the evidence supporting the most effective use of the multidisciplinary team. It will look at medical managements of ulcers including dressings, offloading and the treatment of infection, either cellulitis or osteomyelitis. By contrast, the role of surgery in offloading, and the treatment of osteomyelitis will be examined, as well as the role of vascular surgery. The most important aspect of management choice, however, is the need to focus on the needs of the person with a diabetic foot ulcer rather than simply on the treatment of the ulcer in isolation. Other complications of diabetes, which may have an effect on wound healing such as glycaemic control, renal failure and visual disturbance will be explored. Finally, there will be discussion of the relevance of outcome measure, both of ulcers as well as those more patient-centred. The ways in which these can be used to monitor individual clinical responses to treatment will be described, as well as their potential use as an aid to comparison of the effectiveness of treatment protocols adopted in different centres. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modelling chorotypes of invasive vertebrates in mainland SpainDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 2 2008Raimundo Real ABSTRACT We investigated the existence of chorotypes , assemblages of species with similar geographical ranges , of invasive species in a host territory, and their potential use to advocate similar control or management strategies for species in the same chorotype. We analysed the distribution of 13 exotic terrestrial vertebrate species (six birds, six mammals, and one reptile) with well-known distributions in mainland Spain. We used the presence/absence data on a grid of 10 km × 10 km UTM cells from the Atlases of terrestrial vertebrates of Spain. These data were aggregated to a grid of 50 km × 50 km UTM cells, because it entailed no loss of meaningful information and allowed dealing with a much lower number of cells. Using cluster analysis and a probabilistic assessment of the classification, we identified seven significant chorotypes: four multispecific and three monospecific. The compound chorotypes grouped together species that tended to share certain characteristics about their introduction, release cause, establishment, and spread. We modelled the chorotypes using a favourability function based on a generalized linear model and 31 variables related to spatial situation, topography, lithology, climatic stability, energy availability, water availability, disturbances, productivity, and human activity. Climatic factors affected the favourability for every chorotype, whereas human variables had a high influence in the distribution of three chorotypes involving eight species. On the basis of these variables, we identified favourable areas for all the chorotypes in mainland Spain. The favourability for a chorotype in an area may be a useful criterion for evaluating the local conservation concern due to the whole set of species. Favourable but unoccupied areas can be used to infer possible colonization areas for each chorotype. We recommend using chorotypes to optimize broad-scale surveillance of invasive species. [source] Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, as emerging target in liver diseaseDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010Bernd Schnabl Abstract Liver fibrosis is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that occurs in chronic liver disease of any origin, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol abuse, and viral hepatitis. Cirrhosis occurs with the development of regenerating nodules of hepatocytes and is a major health burden worldwide. Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis have a poor prognosis, with liver transplantation often being necessary. The current treatment paradigm for patients with hepatic fibrosis is to treat the underlying liver disease. However, if this cannot be achieved, there are currently no effective antifibrotic treatments for patients with chronic liver diseases. With the advent of basic molecular technology providing insight into the mechanisms of the development of hepatic fibrosis, there is now an opportunity to develop therapeutic interventions for human clinical use. In this review, the function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, (PPAR ,) will be summarized with a special emphasis on ligand activation as potential use in liver disease. Drug Dev Res 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] New developments in small molecules targeting p53 pathways in anticancer therapyDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 6 2008Chit Fang Cheok Abstract The tumor suppressor p53 is frequently inactivated in a wide variety of cancers and point mutations or deletions of the p53 gene are associated with poor prognosis in cancer. About half of all human tumors carry wildtype p53 but p53 wildtype functions are often suppressed by the overexpression of murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a negative regulator of p53. Restoration of p53 functions in tumor cells, therefore, represents an attractive strategy in combating cancer and has been the focus of intensive anticancer drug discovery. One strategy is to antagonize MDM2 functions and initial success was demonstrated in vitro and in xenograft tumor models using newly discovered small molecule inhibitors and antisense oligonucleotides. The new discovery of a compound targeting SirT1 (a member of the sirtuin family) in a p53-dependent reporter screen highlighted the importance of another negative regulator of p53 and offers an additional avenue for drug discovery and research on p53-activating therapeutics. Here, we discuss the developments of p53-activating small molecules and their potential use in combination therapy with established chemotherapeutics. These small molecules were discovered from chemical library screening using biochemical assays or cellular-based assays, and/or structure-based rational drug design strategies. Drug Dev Res 69:289,296, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Recent development and potential use of µ- and ,-opioid receptor ligands in positron emission tomography studiesDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 12 2006Gjermund Henriksen Abstract Quantitative non-invasive imaging of target structures in the human central nervous system provided by positron emission tomography (PET) permits investigation of the relationship between molecular events and pharmacological effects in living humans. Due to their prominent role in opiate and stimulant drug misuse and dependence, as well as in nociceptive signaling, µ- and ,-opioid receptors are potential targets for advances in neuro(psycho)pharmacological treatment of these illnesses and syndromes. In this review, we describe recent developments in specific positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals for these opioid receptor subclasses. Implications for further advances and clinical applications of the labeled ligands are discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 67:890,904, 2006. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Neuroprotection in emerging psychotic disordersEARLY INTERVENTION IN PSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2007Gregor Berger Abstract Aim:, The emerging phase of psychotic disorders is pleomorphic and fluctuates in presentation. Hence, from a clinical perspective, treatment modalities are often unclear. This paper investigates the rational and potential use of neuroprotective agents in emerging psychotic disorders. Methods:, Medline databases were searched from 1966 to 2006 followed by the cross-checking of references using following keywords: neuroprotection, apoptosis, natural cell death, neurodevelopment, plasticity, neurogenesis, combined with brain and schizophrenia. Results:, Agents such as atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, omega-3 fatty acids, modulators of glutamateric neurotransmission (e.g. ampakines, glycine, memantine), erythropoietin, N -acetylcysteine, COX-2 inhibitors or antioxidants have neuroprotective (anti-apoptotic) properties and may therefore be able to protect brain maturational processes disturbed in emerging psychotic disorders. Clinical trials suggest that atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, omega-3 fatty acids and low-dose lithium as sole treatments were able to improve symptoms and functioning, and delay or in some cases even prevent the onset of frank psychosis. Initially these substances have been chosen because they have been used either as sole or augmentation treatments in established psychotic disorders. However, chronicity and already effective treatments may overshadow their potential clinical use in emerging (prodromal) psychosis. Conclusion:, Neuroprotection as a new treatment paradigm for at-risk mental states seems to be promising and pilot data are suggestive that more benign interventions may already be sufficient to delay or even prevent the onset of frank psychosis. A coordinated research effort will be necessary to address the question which agents should be used under which circumstances. [source] In-situ gamma-ray spectrometric study of weathered volcanic rocks in Hong KongEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 6 2002Margie Q. F. Chen Abstract In-situ gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS) measurements were conducted at 35 sites in Hong Kong where volcanic rocks with varying extent of weathering were exposed. Elemental analyses using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma,mass spectrometry were carried out on samples collected from these 35 plus 22 other locations to assess the feasibility of using the GRS method to quantify the extent of weathering. The Parker weathering index, varying within a range of 0·0,0·8 for the samples studied, was used as a geochemically based reference scheme for correlating the gamma-ray spectrometric results with the extent of weathering. For the former 35 sites, the concentrations of the three major radioelements, K, U and Th, determined by in-situ GRS were compared to laboratory-determined values from the samples. The study reveals that no significant change occurs to the contents of the three radioelements during the initial state of weathering. But once the rocks become highly weathered, further progression of weathering is accompanied by a systematic removal of K and an increased dispersion of U and Th. The results show that K content, which is indicative of the extent of weathering, can be retrieved reliably with the gamma-ray spectrometry technique. The study has given support to the potential use of the downhole spectral gamma method for evaluation of weathering grade and the detection of subsurface clay-rich levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Failure of masonry arches under impulse base motionEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 14 2007Laura De Lorenzis Abstract Recent seismic events have caused damage or collapse of invaluable historical buildings, further proving the vulnerability of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures to earthquakes. This study aims to understand failure of masonry arches,typical components of URM historic structures,subjected to horizontal ground acceleration impulses. An analytical model is developed to describe the dynamic behaviour of the arch and is used to predict the combinations of impulse magnitudes and durations which lead to its collapse. The model considers impact of the rigid blocks through several cycles of motion, illustrating that failure can occur at lower ground accelerations than previously believed. The resulting failure domains are of potential use for design and assessment purposes. Predictions of the analytical model are compared with results of numerical modelling by the distinct element method, and the good agreement between results validates the analytical model and at the same time confirms the potential of the distinct element framework as a method of evaluating complex URM structures under dynamic loading. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cognitive enhancement as a pharmacotherapy target for stimulant addictionADDICTION, Issue 1 2010Mehmet Sofuoglu ABSTRACT Background No medications have been proven to be effective for cocaine and methamphetamine addiction. Attenuation of drug reward has been the main strategy for medications development, but this approach has not led to effective treatments. Thus, there is a need to identify novel treatment targets in addition to the brain reward system. Aim To propose a novel treatment strategy for stimulant addiction that will focus on medications enhancing cognitive function and attenuating drug reward. Methods Pre-clinical and clinical literature on potential use of cognitive enhancers for stimulant addiction pharmacotherapy was reviewed. Results and conclusions Cocaine and methamphetamine users show significant cognitive impairments, especially in attention, working memory and response inhibition functions. The cognitive impairments seem to be predictive of poor treatment retention and outcome. Medications targeting acetylcholine and norepinephrine are particularly well suited for enhancing cognitive function in stimulant users. Many cholinergic and noradrenergic medications are on the market and have a good safety profile and low abuse potential. These include galantamine, donepezil and rivastigmine (cholinesterase inhibitors), varenicline (partial nicotine agonist), guanfacine (alpha2 -adrenergic agonist) and atomoxetine (norepinephrine transporter inhibitor). Future clinical studies designed optimally to measure cognitive function as well as drug use behavior would be needed to test the efficacy of these cognitive enhancers for stimulant addiction. [source] Electric field-enhanced transport across phase boundaries and membranes and its potential use in sample pretreatment for bioanalysisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 5 2010Pavel Kubá Abstract Separation techniques, such as electrodialysis, electroextraction, electro-membrane extraction and extraction across phase interfaces, are reviewed and discussed as methods for sample cleanup and preconcentration. This survey clearly shows that electromigration of ionic species across phase interfaces, especially across supported liquid membranes, may be very selective and is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of these interfaces. Thus, electric field-enhanced transport across chemically tailored liquid membranes may open new perspectives in preparative analytical chemistry. This review offers comprehensive survey of related literature and discussion of the topic, which may stimulate interest of experts and practitioners in bioanalysis. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||