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Potential Disadvantages (potential + disadvantage)
Selected AbstractsREACH: impact on the US cosmetics industry?JOURNAL OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Anne Pouillot MS Summary The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a recent European regulation on chemical substances meant to protect human health and the environment. REACH imposes the "precautionary principle" where additional data and definitive action are required when uncertainty is identified. The cosmetics industry is only partially concerned by REACH: while the stages of registration and evaluation apply to cosmetics, those of authorization and restriction most likely will not, as cosmetic ingredients are already subject to regulation by various agencies and directives. REACH has potential benefits to the industry including the possibility of reassuring consumers and improving their image of chemicals and cosmetics. However, REACH also has potential disadvantages, mainly with regard to impeding innovation. The American cosmetics industry will be affected by REACH, because all US manufacturers who export substances to Europe will have to fully comply with REACH. [source] Definition and management of anemia in patients infected with hepatitis C virusLIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2006John G. McHutchison Abstract: Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver disease. The current best treatment for HCV infection is combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Although this regimen produces sustained virologic responses (SVRs) in approximately 50% of patients, it can be associated with a potentially dose-limiting hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin concentrations decrease mainly as a result of ribavirin-induced hemolysis, and this anemia can be problematic in patients with HCV infection, especially those who have comorbid renal or cardiovascular disorders. In general, anemia can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality, and may have negative effects on cerebral function and quality of life. Although ribavirin-associated anemia can be reversed by dose reduction or discontinuation, this approach compromises outcomes by significantly decreasing SVR rates. Recombinant human erythropoietin has been used to manage ribavirin-associated anemia but has other potential disadvantages. Viramidine, a liver-targeting prodrug of ribavirin, has the potential to maintain the virologic efficacy of ribavirin while decreasing the risk of hemolytic anemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C. [source] Dopamine transporter single photon emission computerized tomography in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies,MOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue S2 2009FRCP, Rodney W.H. Walker PhD Abstract Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is part of the spectrum of Lewy body disorders. However, it may be difficult to diagnose patients who have dementia but no Parkinsonism. Visual and semiquantitative assessment of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic nerve terminals in the putamen and caudate nuclei can be obtained with single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) using ligands that bind to the dopamine transporter molecule in the membranes of the nigrostriatal nerve terminals. This can be employed as a means of identifying subclinical degeneration of nigrostriatal neurones in patients with suspected DLB, increasing the probability of the diagnosis. In several studies, the sensitivity and specificity of abnormal dopamine transporter scans with regard to diagnosing probable DLB are better than 75 and 90%, respectively. This communication outlines the evidence for this and discusses some of the advantages, potential disadvantages, and areas of uncertainty with regard to the use of dopamine transporter SPECT in DLB diagnosis. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society [source] A variational method for orographic filtering in NWP and climate modelsTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 619 2006I. C. Rutt Abstract Numerical models of the atmosphere are known to experience problems with near-grid-scale orographic forcing, particularly the formation of spurious grid-point storms. These problems can seriously undermine the accuracy and stability of model integrations, so possible methods for reducing them are of interest. Previous studies indicate that filtering the orographic field is effective in addressing these issues, and they motivate this work. Two potential disadvantages of orographic filtering are the loss of height from important barrier ridges and the adjustment of sea points to non-zero height. To counter these effects, a new variational filtering method is developed, which emulates a class of linear filters but allows the imposition of other conditions on the filtered orography. The properties of the method are explored analytically and confirmed in practice. A representative range of filtered/constrained orographies are then evaluated in a global, nonlinear shallow-water model, under a variety of flow regimes. The results indicate that the benefits of orographic filtering increase as the flow becomes more nonlinear and more balanced; since atmospheric flows are generally more nonlinear and more balanced than the model used here, this evidence is taken to support the use of orographic filtering in an NWP context. The benefits of extra filtering constraints are weakly supported, but they need further evaluation. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006. The contribution of A. Staniforth is Crown copyright. [source] | ||||||||||