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Play

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences31%
Medical Sciences19%
Life Sciences14%
Psychology11%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting8%
Chemistry3%
Education2%
Law and Criminology2%
6 Other Domains10%

Kinds of Play

  • acid play
  • child play
  • children play
  • free play
    		•
  • game play
  • language play
  • likely play
  • only play
    		•
  • pretend play
  • role play
  • shakespeare play
  • social play
    		•
  • symbolic play

    • Terms modified by Play

  • play behavior
  • play central role
  • play critical role
  • play crucial role
  • play different role
    		•
  • play essential role
  • play fighting
  • play important role
  • play interaction
  • play key role
    		•
  • play little
  • play major role
  • play only
  • play pivotal role
  • play role
    		•
  • play session
  • play significant role
  • play situation
  • play task

    • Selected Abstracts

    Play fighting in androgen-insensitive tfm rats: Evidence that androgen receptors are necessary for the development of adult playful attack and defense

    DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006
    Evelyn F. Field
    Abstract The frequency of playful attack and the style of playful defense, are modifiable by gonadal steroids and change after puberty in male and female rats. The present study examined the play behavior exhibited by testicular feminized mutation (tfm) -affected males, who are insensitive to androgens but can bind estrogens aromatized from androgens, to determine the relative contributions of androgens and estrogens to the age-related changes in play behavior. tfm males did not exhibit a decrease in playful attack with age and were more likely to maintain the use of complete rotations, a juvenile form of playful defense, into adulthood. tfm males did however, show age related changes in the use of partial rotations and upright postures, two other forms of playful defense, that were similar to normal males. These data suggest that the development of play fighting and defense in males is dependent on both androgen- and estrogen-receptor-mediated effects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psyshobiol 48: 111,120, 2006. [source]

    Enemy Lines: Warfare, Childhood, and Play in Batticaloa.

    ETHOS, Issue 1 2010
    Margaret Trawick.
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Fantasy and Reality: The Dialectic of Work and Play in Kwara'ae Children's Lives

    ETHOS, Issue 2 2001
    Karen Ann Watson-Gegeo
    In Kwara'cae, as in many Third World and workingclass contexts, young children spend as much, or more, of their time in work as in play. This article examines how fantasy and reality are framed by Kwara'ae children in play and work and children's self-positionings through child-mode and adult-mode styles of embodiment. In adult-mode performances, children's double description,"This is play" and "This is not play (because it's work)",sustains them in long periods of work. The epistemological significance of adult and child modes is also considered. [source]

    Dream Play and Discovering Cultural Psychology

    ETHOS, Issue 2 2001
    Associate Professor Jeannette Marie Mageo
    Dream play is a method of dream analysis I crafted to help fathom the cultural psychology of Samoan dreams. Drawing on Samoan aptitude for performance, this method combines elements of Gestalt role-playing and Jungian active imagination. What I discovered through the method was a Samoan "kea complex," a bipolar constellation of ideas and feelings that reveals pivotal aspects of postcolonial psychocultural dynamics in Samoa and probably in other locations as well. This dynamic revolves around notions of relationality, engagement, and self that hybridize indigenous Samoan psychological schemata with Western Christian models of care. [source]

    Brecht's Pastiche History Play: Renaissance Drama and Modernist Theatre in Leben Eduards Des Zweiten Von England

    GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2003
    Bruce Gaston
    This article examines Brecht's Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England from the historical perspective of its first performances in 1924, paying particular attention to the status of Renaissance drama in Germany and the emerging Modernist movement. This approach runs counter to previous critical discussions which have been implicitly or explicitly comparative. The emphasis on Marlowe has led to a neglect of the many parallels in Eduard II. with works by Shakespeare, works that Brecht, like most educated Germans, would have known. An examination of attitudes to English Renaissance drama during the period leads to the conclusion that Eduard II. is not a criticism of its model, since minimal knowledge of Edward II meant that most of the audience were not in a position to compare the two plays. Rather, the play is a pastiche, a spurious Renaissance history play that emphasised the aspects of Renaissance drama that corresponded to the Modernist aesthetic paradigm, and that also reflected Brecht's own interests and preoccupations. In Eduard II. a Modernist reinterpretation of Renaissance theatre was put up in opposition to the orthodox view of Shakespeare, and thus embodied a challenge to the dominant theatrical tradition which had claimed Shakespeare as its own. [source]

    The Influence of Competitive and Cooperative Group Game Play on State Hostility

    HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 4 2007
    Matthew S. Eastin
    Most research on violent video game play suggests a positive relationship with aggression-related outcomes. Expanding this research, the current study examines the impact group size, game motivation, in-game behavior, and verbal aggression have on postgame play hostility. Consistent with previous research, group size and verbal aggression both displayed a significant positive relationship with hostility. From these results, avenues for future research on anti- and prosocial outcomes from group gaming are offered. Résumé L'influence sur l,hostilité de jeux collectifs compétitifs et coopératifs La plupart de la recherche sur les jeux vidéo violents suggčre une relation positive entre ceux-ci et des résultats liés ŕ l'agressivité. La présente étude développe cette littérature en examinant l,impact qu'ont la taille du groupe, la motivation de jeu, le comportement dans le jeu et l,agression verbale sur l'hostilité subséquente au jeu. De façon compatible avec la recherche précédente, la taille du groupe et l,agressivité verbale se sont toutes deux révélées avoir une relation significativement positive avec l'hostilité. Ŕ partir de ces résultats, des pistes sont offertes pour la recherche future sur les résultats antisociaux et sociables des jeux collectifs. Abstract Der Einfluss kompetitiver und kooperativer Gruppenspiele auf Feindseligkeit Die Forschung zu gewalthaltigen Videospielen postuliert zumeist einen positiven Zusammenhang mit aggressionsbezogenen Folgen. Im Sinne einer Erweiterung dieser Forschung untersucht die vorliegende Studie den Einfluss von Gruppengröße, Spielmotivation, Spielverhalten und verbaler Aggression auf die Feindseligkeit nach dem Spielen. Im Einklang mit vorherigen Untersuchungen zeigt sich ein signifikant positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Gruppengröße und verbaler Aggression mit Feindseligkeit. Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse werden Möglichkeiten für zukünftige Forschung zu anti- und prosozialen Folgen von Gruppenspielen diskutiert. Resumen La Influencia de los Juegos de Grupo Competitivos y Cooperativos sobre el Estado de Hostilidad La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre la violencia en los video-juegos sugiere una relación positiva con los resultados relacionados con la agresión. Expandiendo esta investigación, el presente estudio examina el impacto que tiene el tamańo del grupo, la motivación para el juego, el comportamiento dentro del juego, y la agresión verbal sobre la hostilidad después del juego. Consistente con investigaciones previas, el tamańo del grupo y la agresión manifestaron una relación positiva significativa con la hostilidad. De estos resultados, avenidas para investigaciones futuras sobre los resultados anti- y pro-social del juego en grupo son ofrecidas. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source]

    Infant Symbolic Play as an Early Indicator of Fetal Alcohol-Related Deficit

    INFANCY, Issue 6 2010
    Christopher D. Molteno
    Infant symbolic play was examined in relation to prenatal alcohol exposure and socioenvironmental background and to predict which infants met criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) at 5 years. A total of 107 Cape-Colored, South African infants born to heavy drinking mothers and abstainers/light drinkers were recruited prenatally. Complexity of play, sociodemographic and psychological correlates of maternal alcohol use, and quality of parenting were assessed at 13 months, and intelligence quotient and FAS diagnosis at 5 years. The effect of drinking on spontaneous play was not significant after control for social environment. In contrast, prenatal alcohol and quality of parenting related independently to elicited play. Elicited play predicted 5-year Digit Span and was poorer in infants subsequently diagnosed with FAS/partial FAS and in nonsyndromal heavily exposed infants, compared with abstainers/light drinkers. Thus, symbolic play may provide an early indicator of risk for alcohol-related deficits. The independent effects of prenatal alcohol and quality of parenting suggest that infants whose symbolic play is adversely affected by alcohol exposure may benefit from stimulation from a responsive caregiver. [source]

    Task-to-Task Vagal Regulation: Relations With Language and Play in 20-Month-Old Children

    INFANCY, Issue 3 2000
    Patricia E. Suess
    In this article we report patterns of task-to-task vagal tone change across multiple language and play tasks as well as associations between these patterns of task-to-task vagal tone change and language and play performance in 20-month-old girls and boys. Although initially different in vagal tone suppression during solitary play, girls and boys exhibited similar group patterns of vagal reengagement during successive language and play tasks with their mothers and with an experimenter. In terms of individual differences, vagal suppression during solitary play and vagal reengagement during social interactive tasks predicted language and play performance. Gender differences emerged in patterns of predictive relations: Task-to-task vagal changes predicted primarily play performance in girls and language performance in boys. These findings expose the effects of social context on directional changes in task-to-task vagal tone and speak to the functional role of appropriate vagal regulation in young children's language and play performance. [source]

    The development of the family alliance from pregnancy to toddlerhood and children outcomes at 18 months

    INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2006
    N. Favez
    Abstract This paper presents a longitudinal study of the development of family interactions from pregnancy to toddlerhood. Family interactions are increasingly acknowledged as a predictive factor for children's psychopathological outcomes. We used an observational setting, the Lausanne Trilogue Play, to evaluate the ,family alliance', namely, the quality of interactive coordination between family members. Families participated at the 5th month of pregnancy, and at 3- and 18-months after birth. The sample (N=39) consisted of non-referred primiparous families. Results show that (i) family alliance is stable during the first two years for most families: the quality of prenatal interactions between parents and a baby doll is thus predictive of the subsequent interactions with the actual child; (ii) there are links, but only a few, between family interactions and children outcomes reported by parents. Methodological issues (observation versus self-reported questionnaires) are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Young infants' triangular communication with their parents in the context of maternal postpartum psychosis: Four case studies,

    INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009
    Diane Philipp
    With increasing data on the dynamics of normative couples as they transition to parenthood and become a triad, the need for greater understanding of the impact of parental psychopathology on this transition has become clear. The goal of the current article is to begin exploring this area that has received little attention to date, by describing case examples from a study of clinical families as they transitioned to parenthood. Four representative cases were selected from a pool of 13 mother,father,baby triads, for whom the mother had been hospitalized conjointly with her infant due to a psychotic episode during the postpartum period. The families were observed as part of a clinical consultation that included a semistructured play paradigm known as the Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP; E. Fivaz-Depeursinge, & A. Corboz-Warnery, 1999). Interactions were scored using standardized measures as well as clinical impressions. All families from the clinical sample were noted to struggle and frequently failed to achieve the goals of play. The impact on the infants in terms of their developing sense of self as well as their defensive strategies in this context are discussed, with clinical implications explored. [source]

    Play and emotional availability in young children with Down syndrome

    INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2008
    Paola Venuti
    This study investigates mother,child interaction and its associations with play in children with Down syndrome (DS). There is consensus that mother,child interaction during play represents an important determinant of typical children's play development. Concerning children with DS, few studies have investigated mother,child interaction in terms of the overall emotional quality of dyadic interaction and its effect on child play. A sample of 28 children with DS (M age = 3 years) took part in this study. In particular, we studied whether the presence of the mother in an interactional context affects the exploratory and symbolic play of children with DS and the interrelation between children's level of play and dyadic emotional availability. Children showed significantly more exploratory play during collaborative play with mothers than during solitary play. However, the maternal effect on child symbolic play was higher in children of highly sensitive mothers relative to children whose mothers showed lower sensitivity, the former displaying more symbolic play than the latter in collaborative play. Results offer some evidence that dyadic emotional availability and child play level are associated in children with DS, consistent with the hypothesis that dyadic interactions based on a healthy level of emotional involvement may lead to enhanced cognitive functioning. [source]

    Aggressive behavior in children's dolls' house play

    AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 6 2004
    *Article first published online: 25 OCT 200, Maria A. Tallandini
    Abstract The present study addressed the question of whether there are gender and age differences in aggressive behavior when it is studied as the spontaneous expression of mental contents and not as the result of immediate social interaction. This study also investigated whether aggression, in terms of mental content, is related to temperamental aspects. Aggressive behaviors were examined in make-believe play, in relation to age, gender, and temperament in a near-ecological context, i.e., the Dolls' House Play. The participants, 55 boys and 47 girls, subdivided into three age levels (4 years,4 years and 6 months; 5,6 years; and 7 years and 6 months,8 years and 6 months) were requested to represent what happens in their family 1) during Mealtimes; 2) at Bedtime; 3) on the Saddest day; and 4) the Happiest day; their Dolls' House Play was then recorded. Children's temperaments were measured with the TABC-Teachers' form [Martin, The Temperament Assessment Battery for Children, Brandon, VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing, 1998]. Data analysis was conducted considering aggressive behaviors in their distinct expressions,physical, verbal, direct, and indirect. Results revealed no statistical differences between boys and girls when all aggressive behaviors were compounded. However, when the distinct types of aggressiveness were considered, boys presented statistically higher levels of physical aggression than girls did. Moreover, boys and girls reacted with different types of aggression in the different emotional contexts created by the four episodes. Few age differences were observed. Surprisingly, there was a significantly greater presence of indirect verbal aggressiveness in younger children. With respect to temperament, a higher level of negative emotivity was significantly linked to a greater degree of aggressive behaviors in some of the episodes. In conclusion, this paper confirms gender differences in the type of aggressive behavior children display even in the absence of any immediate social interaction, which might itself trigger aggression. Aggr. Behav. 30:504,519, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    The Internet at Play: Child Users of Public Internet Connections

    JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 4 2006
    Christian Sandvig
    This article reports an ethnographic study of a subsidized computer center for children in an inner-city library. Unsurprisingly, young children play with the Internet. Surprisingly, this creates conflict with the justifications given for such centers by adults and public policy, leading to an atmosphere of tension between differing understandings of the Internet's purpose: as a place for ritual and play vs. as a place for the transmission of information and for work (Carey, 1989). Theories of play based on Huizinga (1950) and Gadamer (1989) are used to explain Internet play. The study finds that the narrowly instrumental rationales of public policy about the digital divide are rehearsed and repeated in everyday conversation at the center, even to the extent that child's play is denaturalized and seen as a problem that must be corrected. [source]

    Games Economists Play: A Survey of Non-Computerized Classroom-Games for College Economics

    JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 2 2001
    Jurgen Brauer
    The bulk of this unusual paper consists of an extensive online annotated compilation of 113 non-computerized classroom-games, most of which can be played within one class period, to assist in the teaching of college-level basic micro and macroeconomic concepts (see http://www.aug.edu/~sbajmb or http://www.marietta.edu/~delemeeg). The paper itself consists of three major sections. The first catalogues, summarizes, and provides sample annotations of the games we collected. Section two makes a number of observations about the games. For instance, we notice an imbalance between games for microeconomics (many) and games for macroeconomics (few). We also detail which standard introductory economics topics are covered well and which are not covered well or missing altogether. For example, we observe that few games exist to present the proper economic role of government in economic affairs. The third section surveys the available literature on the costs and benefits of playing games in the classroom. In particular, our survey reveals that existing studies consider costs and benefits to students and instructors only partially, and we lay out a matrix that should help in the design of improved studies on the efficacy of gaming in the classroom. [source]

    Games Hospitals Play: Entry Deterrence in Hospital Procedure Markets

    JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, Issue 3 2005
    Leemore S. Dafny
    Strategic investment models, though popular in the theoretical literature, have rarely been tested empirically. This paper develops a model of strategic investment in inpatient procedure markets, which are well-suited to empirical tests of this behavior. Potential entrants are easy to identify in such markets, enabling the researcher to accurately estimate the entry threat faced by different incumbents. I derive straightforward empirical tests of entry deterrence from a model of patient demand, procedure quality, and differentiated product competition. Using hospital data on electrophysiological studies, an invasive cardiac procedure, I find evidence of entry-deterring investment. These findings suggest that competitive motivations play a role in treatment decisions. [source]

    Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Elementary Schools: Analysis of Contextual Conditions

    JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 10 2010
    Thomas L. McKenzie PHD
    BACKGROUND: Little is known about children's leisure-time physical activity (PA) at school and how it is associated with contextual variables. The purpose of this study was to objectively assess children's voluntary PA during 3 daily periods and examine modifiable contextual factors. METHODS: We conducted SOPLAY (System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth) observations before school, during recess, and at lunchtime in 137 targeted activity areas in 13 elementary schools over 18 months. During observations, each child was coded as Sedentary, Walking, or Vigorous, and simultaneous entries were made for area characteristics (accessibility, usability, presence of supervision, loose equipment, and organized activities). Logistic regression analysis was used to test associations between PA and area characteristics. RESULTS: Assessors made 2349 area visits and observed 36,995 children. Boys had more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; 66.2 vs 60.0%, p < .001) and more vigorous PA (29.8 vs 24.6%; p < .001) than girls. Areas were typically accessible and usable, but provided organized activities infrequently (16.5%). Odds of engaging in MVPA were greater during lunch and recess than before school and in areas with play equipment (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Children accrued a substantial amount of voluntary PA during leisure time at school. Their PA would likely be increased if school playground equipment was more readily available and if supervisors were taught to provide active games and promote PA rather than suppress it. [source]

    Neuropsychiatric Events and Travel: Do Antimalarials Play a Role?

    JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2000
    Patricia Schlagenhauf
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    "Parlors, Sofas, and Fine Cambrics": Gender Play in Melville's Narrations

    LEVIATHAN, Issue 1 2009
    David Dowling
    [source]

    Face-To-Face Play: Its Temporal Structure as Predictor af Socioaffective Development

    MONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2001
    Daniel N. Stern
    First page of article [source]

    Personal Meaning, Self-Representation, and Agency in Some Recent Works

    AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 1 2001
    Mark A. Cravalho
    Inuit Morality Play: The Emotional Education of. Three-Year-Old. Jean L. Briggs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. 275 pp. The Power of Feelings: Personal Meaning in Psychoanalysis, Gender, and Culture. Nancy J. Chodorow. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. 320 pp. Identity and Agency in Cultural Worlds. Dorothy Holland. William Lachicotte Jr. Debra Skinner. and Carol Cain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. 349 pp. [source]

    Child's Play: Myth, Mimesis and Make-Believe

    AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 1 2000
    Laura P. Appell Warren
    Child's Play: Myth, Mimesis and Make-Believe. L. R. Goldman. New York: Berg Publishers. 1998. 302 pp. [source]

    Play, games, and the development of collective intentionality

    NEW DIRECTIONS FOR CHILD & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT, Issue 115 2007
    Hannes Rakoczy
    Playing games, particularly pretense games, is one of the areas where young children first enter into collective, conventional practices. This chapter reviews recent empirical data in support of this claim and explores the idea that games present a cradle for children's growing into societal and institutional life more generally. [source]

    Identifying Mechanisms Underlying the Pain and Disability Relationship in Later Life: What Role Does the Brain Play?

    PAIN MEDICINE, Issue 8 2010
    Cary Reid MD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Conclusion: Parallel Play, Not Collaboration: Missing Questions, Missing Connections

    PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 2006
    Lisa Blomgren Bingham
    First page of article [source]

    Games Parents and Adolescents Play: Risky Behaviour, Parental Reputation and Strategic Transfers,

    THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 528 2008
    Lingxin Hao
    This article examines parental reputation formation in intra-familial interactions. In a repeated two-stage game, children decide whether to drop out of high school or daughters decide whether to have births as teens and parents then decide whether to provide support to their children beyond age 18. Drawing on Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982), we show that, under certain conditions, parents have the incentive to penalise older children for their adolescent risk-taking behaviour in order to dissuade their younger children from such behaviour when reaching adolescence. We find evidence in favour of this parental reputation model. [source]

    Male Gossip and Language Play in the Letters Pages of Men's Lifestyle Magazines

    THE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 4 2001
    Bethan Benwell
    First page of article [source]

    Field Play: The Normalization of an Alternate Cognizance in Seriously Ill Children

    ANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, Issue 1-2 2000
    Kelvin Saxton
    Children who grow up with a life-threatening illness live and face death in a way that is foreign to those of us who have reached adulthood in relative health. The experiences that form their identities create a range of knowledge, and processes for acquiring that knowledge, quite apart from the mainstream. In the pace of its acquisition, and the depth of its content, this knowledge is hard for the rest of us to comprehend. Indeed, the primary symptom of this alternate cognizance is that it sets these children apart from their families, peers, and greater communities. The child as a whole is marginalized in interpersonal relations by essentializing the child as the illness. The experience of the illness itself further isolates the child. Through firsthand observation, we find that the Hole in the Wall Gang summer camps provide a nearly unique environment for the normalization of this alternate cognizance. At camp, all those things that set them apart from the rest of the world mark them as normal members of a society. Other children share their physical qualities, have similar experiences and immediately understand their perspective on life. Small adjustments to social and physical environments have a lasting effect. A warm pool to swim in, a caring touch, an open smile,the children take the memory of these with them when they leave. They begin to understand that they are a desired part of a large and varied community. A new definition of normal is created and they are included. [source]

    Corporate Groups in Australia: State of Play

    AUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REVIEW, Issue 2 2010
    Sandra Van Der Laan
    While a number of studies and reports (for example, CASAC 2000; Clarke and Dean 2007; Ramsay and Stapledon 1998; 2001) have identified the importance of corporate groups on the commercial landscape, both in Australia and internationally, little is known about the nature, incidence, composition or rationale for commercial enterprises to adopt specific types of group structures. Understanding the differences in the accounting for each separate company within a group and the process of consolidated group enterprise data used in most empirical works is a prius for researchers undertaking large-scale empirical work. It underpins the ability to generalise about findings based on samples of publicly listed companies, arguably randomly selected from the population of listed corporate groups. This paper reports findings of an extensive empirical study using 2007 data in order to illuminate the current situation in relation to the nature, incidence and composition of corporate groups in Australia. It adopts a similar structure to that used by,Ramsay and Stapledon (1998; 2001).,The current data will allow tests of stability regarding the way corporate groups are structured. [source]

    More than Writing on a Wall: Evaluating the Role that Codes of Ethics Play in Securing Accountability of Public Sector Decision-Makers

    AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 1 2007
    Niamh Kinchin
    This article argues that the essential factors of a public service code of ethics can be divided into five categories. These categories or principles are fairness, transparency, responsibility, efficiency and conflict of interest. These principles are identified in this article as being the basic elements of democratic accountability in relation to public sector decision-making. The issues explored are not only the obstacles that the public service decision-maker faces in internalising these principles but, also, the challenges for a pro-active management in fostering such internalisation. [source]

    The Nature of Play: Great Apes and Humans

    CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2007
    David Galloway
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]