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Plant Scale (plant + scale)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Chemistry75%

Kinds of Plant Scale

  • pilot plant scale
    		•

    Selected Abstracts

    Runoff and soil loss under individual plants of a semi-arid Mediterranean shrubland: influence of plant morphology and rainfall intensity

    EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 5 2006
    E. Bochet
    Abstract The influence of plant morphology and rainfall intensity on soil loss and runoff was determined at the plant scale for three representative species of a semi-arid patchy shrubland vegetation of east Spain, representing contrasting canopy structures and plant phenologies (Rosmarinus officinalis, Anthyllis cytisoides and Stipa tenacissima). Twenty-seven microplots of less than 1 m2, each containing one single plant, were built to quantify runoff volume and sediment yield under the canopies of the three species. Runoff and rates of soil loss measured in these plots under natural rainfall conditions were compared with control microplots built in the bare inter-plant areas. Precipitation was automatic-ally recorded and rainfall intensity calculated over a two-year period. Results indicated that individual plants played a relevant role in interrill erosion control at the microscale. Compared with a bare soil surface, rates of soil loss and runoff reduction varied strongly depending on the species. Cumulative soil loss was reduced by 94·3, 88·0 and 30·2 per cent, and cumulative runoff volume was reduced by 66·4, 50·8 and 18·4 per cent under the Rosmarinus, Stipa and Anthyllis canopies, respectively, compared with a bare surface. Anthyllis was significantly less efficient than the two other species in reducing runoff volume under its canopy. Differences between species could only be identified above a rainfall intensity threshold of 20 mm h,1. The different plant morphologies and plant compon-ents explained the different erosive responses of the three species. Canopy cover played a major role in runoff and soil loss reduction. The presence of a second layer of protection at the soil surface (litter cover) was fundamental for erosion control during intense rainfall. Rainfall intensity and soil water status prior to rainfall strongly influenced runoff and soil loss rates. The possible use of these species in restoration programmes of degraded areas is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Effect of different starches on rheological and microstructural properties of (II) commercial processed cheese

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2008
    Darshan Trivedi
    Summary A range of commercial processed cheese samples containing starch were prepared on a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and on a pilot plant scale. This work clearly demonstrated that it was possible to manufacture processed cheese with part of the protein replaced with potato starch, while maintaining similar rheological attributes (firmness) to those of the control and an acceptable melt index. Sensory evaluation showed that, although the reduced-protein cheese samples had a good, clean, fresh flavour that was comparable with that of the control, at high starch concentrations the starch-containing processed cheese had a pasty texture and tended to stick to the wrapper. [source]

    Application of failure mode and effect analysis and cause and effect analysis and Pareto diagram in conjunction with HACCP to a chocolate-producing industry: a case study of tentative GMO detection at pilot plant scale

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 11 2007
    Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis
    Abstract Although the application of hazard analysis critical control point in the food industry dates back to the 1970s, a more quantitative and reliable approach towards risk assessment became feasible through application of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) model. A tentative approach of FMEA application to a filled chocolate-producing industry was attempted in an effort to exclude the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the final product. This is of crucial importance both from the moral (ethics) and the legislation (EC 1829/2003; EC 1830/2003; EC 18/2001) point of view. Two structured methods (preliminary hazard analysis and fault tree analysis) were used to analyse and predict the occurring failure modes in food chain system, based on the functions, characteristics and/or interactions of the ingredients or the processes, upon which the system depends. Cause and effect diagram (also known as Ishikawa, tree diagram and fishbone diagram) and Pareto diagram emerged as two very useful and effective tools towards optimising the GMO detection potential of FMEA. [source]

    DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A SANITARY GLOVE BOX PACKAGING SYSTEM FOR PRODUCT SHELF-LIFE STUDIES

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 3 2001
    ZEHRA AYHAN
    A glove box has been constructed as pan of an integrated pilot plant scale pulsed electric field processing and packaging system to facilitate studies of product shelf-life with selected packaging materials. The glove box was sanitized using combination of hydrogen peroxide and germicidal UV light. A HEPA air filter provided positive pressure of bacteria-free air. Nonselective nutrient broth was sterilized and filled into presanitized bottles inside the glove box. Negative and positive controls were included in the experiment. All bottles were incubated at 22C and 37C for two weeks and checked for rnicrobial growth by measuring optical density at 600 nm using a spectrophotometer and by plating on plate count agar and potato dextrose agar for total aerobic and, yeast and mold counts, respectively. No turbidity or microbial growth was observed in the media filled in the sanitized bottles using the sanitized glove box at 22 and 37C. PEF processed orange juice using this system had a shelf-life of more than 16 weeks at 4C. [source]

    Decomposition and Transformation of Aroma Compounds and Anthocyanins during Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Juice Processin

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2002
    B.B. Mikkelsen
    ABSTRACT: Processing of black currant juice includes crushing, heating, enzyme treatment, pressing, pasteurization, clarification, and filtration. Changes in concentration of impact aroma compounds and anthocyanins during black currant juice processing in pilot plant scale were examined. Impact compounds were identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry and quantified by dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Anthocyanins were analyzed by the pH-differential method. Identified aroma compounds comprised volatiles like esters, terpenes, terpenoids, and ketones. The reduction of aroma compounds and anthocyanins during the process was approximately 50 to 100% and 25%, respectively. The pressing step definitely had a negative effect on the concentration of aroma compounds and anthocyanins, and the heating treatments were mainly negative as well. [source]

    Resolution of structure characteristics of AE signals in multiphase flow system,From data to information

    AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 10 2009
    Yi-Jun He
    Abstract This investigation was performed to study the underlying structure characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) signals, which could be helpful not only to understand a relatively complete picture of hydrodynamics in multiphase flow systems, but also to extract the most useful information from the original signals with respect to a particular measurement requirement. However, due to AE signals are made up of emission from many acoustic sources at different scales, the resolution of AE signals is often very complicated and appears to be relatively poorly researched. In this study, the structure characteristics of AE signals measured both in gas,solid fluidized bed and liquid,solid stirred tank were researched in detail by resorting to wavelet transform and rescaled range analysis. A general criterion was proposed to resolve AE signals into three physical-related characteristic scales, i.e., microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale. Multiscale resolution of AE signals implied that AE signals in microscale represented totally the dynamics of solid phase and could be applied to measure particle-related properties. Furthermore, based on the structure characteristics of AE signals, useful features related to particles motion were extracted to establish two new prediction models, one for on-line measurements of particle size distribution (PSD) and average particle size in gas,solid fluidized bed and the other for on-line measurement of the suspension height in liquid,solid stirred tank. The prediction results indicated that (1) measurements of PSD and average particle size using AE method showed a fairly good agreement with that using sieve method both for laboratory scale and plant scale fluidized beds, and (2) measurements of the suspension height using AE method showed a fairly good agreement with that using visual method. The results thus validated that the extracted features based on analyses of structure characteristics of AE signals were very useful for establishing effective on-line measurement models with respect to some particular applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source]

    Control of the morphology and the size of complex coacervate microcapsules during scale-up

    AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009
    C. Y. G. Lemetter
    Abstract Scale-up of complex coacervation, a fat encapsulation technology, is not trivial since the microcapsules morphology and size are highly affected by the processing conditions. So far it has been achieved empirically (trial and error approach). The goal of this study was to produce at various scale capsules with a single-oil droplet as the core material and small enough to be below sensory threshold. The turbulence level was identified as the main scale-up criterium and a master-curve could be drafted showing the capsule mean diameter as function of the Reynolds number, independent of the level of production scale. From a parent emulsion with specific oil droplets size (12,15 ,m), the Reynolds number had to be maintained above a critical value (15,000) to avoid capsules agglomeration with multiple oil cores and large particle sizes. To avoid aggregation, this turbulence level had to be kept until the temperature dropped below a critical value (14°C for a cooling rate of 35°C/2 h). Applying these learning led to a successful scale-up from bench (2 L) to a pilot plant scale of 50 L. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source]

    Purification of metallurgical-grade silicon up to solar grade

    PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 3 2001
    N. Yuge
    An estimate has been made of the feasibility of a metallurgical purification process, the NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) melt-purification process, for manufacturing solar-grade silicon from metallurgical-grade silicon. Equipment has been developed to pilot manufacturing plant scale. The system comprises an electron-beam furnace for phosphorus removal and a plasma furnace for boron removal. Each furnace has a mold for directional solidification to remove metallic impurities. The concentration of each impurity in the silicon ingot purified through the whole process satisfied the solar-grade level. The Solar-grade silicon produced showed p -type polarity and resistivity within the range 0·5,1·5,,,cm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]