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Plasma Alanine Aminotransferase (plasma + alanine_aminotransferase)
Selected AbstractsSelective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716A, attenuates liver injury induced by Concanavalin AHEPATOLOGY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2009Midori Kojima Aim:, The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of a selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist, SR141716A, in a Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced mouse liver injury model and to determine whether SR141716A has an effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines induced by Con A. Results:, Injection of Con A (20 mg/kg) to mice developed hepatitis determined by plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation and necrosis in the liver. Pretreatment with SR141716A (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced plasma AST and ALT level, protected against necrosis in the liver, and significantly reduced plasma cytokine and chemokine levels, including TNF,, IFN-,, CXCL9, MIP1-,, and IL-10 and no change decreased in IL-4. Conclusions:, The selective CB1 antagonist, SR141716A, exerts a hepatoprotective effect on Con A-induced liver injury in mice by attenuating the increase in cytokine and chemokine levels and inhibiting hepatocyte injury. These findings raise the possibility of using CB1 antagonists as anti-inflammatory drugs for treating hepatitis as well as other inflammatory diseases. [source] Mechanisms of protection by melatonin against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in miceJOURNAL OF PINEAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006Tatsuya Matsura Abstract:, The present study was performed to determine whether melatonin protects mouse liver against severe damage induced by acetaminophen (APAP) administration and where melatonin primarily functions in the metabolic pathway of APAP to protect mouse liver against APAP-induced injury. Treatment of mice with melatonin (50 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) 8 or 4 hr before APAP administration (750 mg/kg, p.o.) suppressed the increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in a dose- and a time-dependent manner. Melatonin treatment (100 mg/kg, p.o.) 4 hr before APAP administration remarkably inhibited centrilobular hepatic necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration and increases in hepatic lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity, an index of tissue neutrophil infiltration, as well as release of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 into blood circulation at 9 hr after APAP administration. However, melatonin neither affected hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) content nor spared hepatic GSH consumption by APAP treatment. Moreover, pretreatment with melatonin 4 hr before APAP administration did not influence the induction of hepatic heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) by APAP and melatonin alone did not induce HSP70 in mouse liver. These results indicate that exogenously administered melatonin exhibits a potent hepatoprotective effect against APAP-induced hepatic damage probably downstream of the activity of cytochrome P450 2E1, which works upstream of GSH conjugation in the pathway of APAP metabolism, via its anti-nitrosative and anti-inflammatory activities in addition to its antioxidant activity. [source] Sirtinol attenuates hepatic injury and pro-inflammatory cytokine production following trauma-hemorrhage in male Sprague,Dawley ratsACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2008F.-C. LIU Background: Although studies have demonstrated that sirtinol administration following adverse circulatory conditions is known to be protective, the mechanism by which sirtinol produces the salutary effects remains unknown. We hypothesized that sirtinol administration in male rats following trauma-hemorrhage decreases cytokine production and protects against hepatic injury. Methods: Male Sprague,Dawley rats underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure 40 mmHg for 90 min, then resuscitation). A single dose of sirtinol (1 mg/kg of body weight) or vehicle was administered intravenously during resuscitation. Twenty-four hours thereafter, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (a marker of neutrophil sequestration), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, CINC-3, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the liver and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were measured (n=6 Sprague,Dawley rats/group). Results: Trauma-hemorrhage increased hepatic MPO activity, CINC-1, CINC-3, ICAM-1, and IL-6 levels and plasma ALT concentrations. These parameters were significantly improved in the sirtinol-treated rats subjected to trauma-hemorrhage. Conclusion: The salutary effects of sirtinol administration on attenuation of hepatic injury following trauma-hemorrhage are, at least in part, related to reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators. [source] Tolerance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to dietborne endosulfan assessed by haematology, biochemistry, histology and growthAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2010A.-K. LUNDEBYE Abstract The inclusion of plant-based ingredients in commercial fish feeds may pose a challenge because of the presence of undesirable substances, such as the pesticide endosulfan. Waterborne endosulfan is highly toxic to fish, whereas dietborne exposure has varied toxicity in different species. To investigate the systemic effects of endosulfan exposure, quadruplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either 0 (control), 0.005 mg kg,1; the European Union's maximum limit, or 10 or 20 times this level (0.05 and 0.1 mg kg,1 respectively) for 95 days. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in liver somatic index, spleen somatic index, condition factor or growth among treatments. There were no indications of liver damage in fish from any of the groups in the biomarkers measured: plasma aspartate aminotransferase, plasma alanine aminotransferase and histopathology. Similarly, there were no apparent treatment-related effects on the haematological parameters Hct, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and blood sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride levels were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among groups. Lipid digestibility, but not energy, protein, or glycogen digestibility, was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at the highest exposure concentration. However, no significant differences were observed in lipid production value or lipid efficiency ratio. In contrast to previous studies, clinical histological abnormalities were not observed in the intestine, liver or spleen of endosulfan-treated fish. [source] Reference values for clinical chemistry tests during normal pregnancyBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 7 2008A Larsson Objective, Reference values are usually defined based on blood samples from healthy men or nonpregnant women. This is not optimal as many biological markers changes during pregnancy and adequate reference values are of importance for correct clinical decisions. There are only few studies on the variations of laboratory tests during normal pregnancies, especially during the first two trimesters. It is thus a need to establish such reference values. Design, Longitudinal study of laboratory markers in normal pregnancies. Setting, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. Population, Healthy pregnant females. Methods, We have studied 25 frequently used laboratory tests during 52 normal pregnancies. Each woman was sampled up to nine times and the samples were divided according to collection time into the following groups: gestational week 7,17; week 17,24; week 24, 28; week 28,31; week 31,34; week 34,38; predelivery (0,2 weeks before delivery) and postpartum (>6 weeks after delivery). The 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles for these markers were calculated according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry on the statistical treatment of reference values. Results, Reference intervals are reported for plasma alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, pancreas amylase, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, calcium, chloride, creatinine, cystatin C, ferritin, ,-glutamyltransferase, iron, lactate dehydrogenase, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium, transferrin, triglycerides, thyroid-stimulating hormone, urate and urea during these pregnancy periods. Conclusions, Most of the analytes change during normal pregnancy. It is thus of importance to use special reference values during pregnancy. [source] The effects of dietary flaxseed on the Fischer 344 rat.CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION, Issue 6 2005Abstract The hepatotoxic effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administered by gavage at 0.25,ml CCl4 (1:1 in olive oil) per 100,g body weight was examined 24,h later in regular chow fed (RC) and 10% flax chow fed (FC) male and female Fischer 344 rats. CCl4 -treated RC rats were subdued, lethargic and unkempt. CCl4 -treated FC rats were much less affected. CCl4 treatment resulted in loss of weight in RC and FC rats. In males, the weight loss was 6.7% body mass in RC rats compared to 5.6% body mass in FC rats. In females, the weight loss was 7.5% body mass in both RC and FC rats. While CCl4 treatment increased the level of the liver injury marker plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in RC rats, this CCl4 effect was significantly attenuated in FC rats. In male rats, the ALT increase was 435-fold in RC rats and 119-fold in FC rats, over that of their respective controls. In female rats, the ALT increase was 454-fold in RC rats and 381-fold in FC rats, over that of their respective controls. These results provide evidence that flax consumption protects the liver against injury and that the extent of the protection is sex dependent. CCl4 had no effect on the plasma level of ,-glutamyltranspeptidase (,GT) in RC and FC rats supporting the contention that plasma ,GT is not a useful marker for acute liver injury which is seen in this model. The activity of ,GT was increased in the livers of FC rats compared to RC rats: 2.7-fold in males and 1.5-fold in females. In RC rats, the activity of liver ,GT was decreased by CCl4 treatment: 70% in the male and 25% in the female. However, this CCl4 effect was reversed or abolished by flax consumption. Compared to RC rats: in male FC rats, CCl4 actually increased the activity of liver ,GT 1.28-fold; while in female FC rats, the depressing effect of CCl4 treatment was abolished. The flax-induced preservation of ,GT in the liver in response to injury may be involved in the observed hepatoprotection through generation of GSH. In RC male rats, CCl4 treatment effected a 25% reduction in plasma glucose levels. There was no decrease in CCl4 -treated FC male rats. In female rats, CCl4 treatment effected a 21% decrease in plasma glucose levels in both RC and FC rats. In conclusion, multiple parameters for acute CCl4 -induced injury were attenuated in the FC compared to the RC rat. That flaxseed consumption conferred greater protection against liver injury in the male than in the female suggests an involvement of the estrogenic lignan component of flaxseed. We discuss the possibility that this hepatoprotection is through a flax lignan-induced increase in reduced glutathione related to a flax effect on the activity of liver ,GT in the resting state and the maintenance of its activity in response to injury. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||