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Plurality
Selected AbstractsIDENTITY AND PLURALITY: A PENTECOSTAL-CHARISMATIC PERSPECTIVE,INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 363 2002Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen [source] Politics, Plurality and Problemsheds: A Strategic Approach for Reform of Agricultural Water Resources ManagementDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 6 2007Peter P. Mollinga Starting from the assessment that past efforts at reform in agricultural water management in developing countries have achieved very little, this article argues that a fundamental change is required in the approach to policy and institutional transformation if the present deadlock in the internalisation of ecological sustainability, human development/poverty alleviation and democratic governance into the ,core business' of water bureaucracies is to be overcome. ,Social engineering' approaches need to be replaced by ,strategic action' approaches that acknowledge the inherently political character and the plurality of actors, institutions and objectives of water management , a perspective operationalised here around the notions of ,problemshed' and ,issue network'. [source] Unequal Plurality: Towards an Asymmetric Power Model of British PoliticsGOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 3 2003David Marsh Until recently, Rhodes's ,Differentiate Polity Model' (DPM) has been the most analytically-developed model of the British political system, but it is not without its problems. Here, we argue that the DPM over-stresses the diffuse nature of power in Britain and the extent to which the state has been hollowed out. Instead, we contend that the British political system is more closed and elitist than the DPM acknowledges; rather than being hollowed-out, the state has been reconstituted and the core executive still remains the most powerful actor in the policy process. These themes are reflected in our own ,Asymmetric Power model'. [source] Navigating a Way through Plurality and Social ResponsibilityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 1 2008David A. GallArticle first published online: 21 JAN 200 Teachers need to have a clearer understanding of the dynamic process effecting change in culture and identity if they are to overcome fears about teaching diversity. This article draws on Eastern and Western insights on culture to clarify its dynamic process. In particular, teachers need to be aware of the two phases of culture: in one it appears as an organic integrity that suffers violence when any aspect of it is changed, removed or replaced; in the other it appears as a mechanical assemblage of parts momentarily caught in a particular relationship, comfortable with change. Each moment requires appropriate curriculum planning and pedagogical practice. Crucial to achieving that end is keeping the two phases distinct while exploring and exposing their relationship in culture and identity transformation. This will help a great deal to alleviate teachers'fears about teaching diversity or multiculturalism. [source] After the Public Realm: Spaces of Representation, Transition and PluralityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 3 2000Malcolm Miles This essay questions the privileging of the design of public over domestic spaces and buildings in architecture and urban design, and their education, and the identification of public space with a public realm seen as the location of democracy. It cites the case made by Doreen Massey that the division of public and private realms is gendered, allowing men the freedom of public affairs whilst confining women to domesticity; and argues that a dualism of public and private space ignores a third area of transitional spaces which affect patterns of urban sociation. The case of redevelopment in El Raval, Barcelona, demonstrates that public space may be, today, part of an anti-democratic strategy of gentrification. But, if public space constructs a gendered public realm as imposition, there remains, as Hannah Arendt contends, a need for locations of social mixing in which difference is visible. What, if not public space, enables this? [source] Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography in singleton and multiple pregnanciesBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 7 2003Myles J.O. Taylor Objectives To document the duration of fetal cardiac time intervals in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies using a novel non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (fECG) system and to demonstrate this technique's ability to acquire recordings in twin and triplet pregnancies. Design Prospective cross sectional observational study. Setting Antenatal wards and clinics, day assessment unit and centre for fetal care at a tertiary referral hospital, London, UK. Population or Sample Three hundred and four singleton and multiple pregnancies, 15,41 weeks of gestation. Methods Using electrodes sited on the maternal abdomen, a fetal electrocardiography (fECG) system was developed and tested on 304 pregnant women from 15 to 41 weeks of gestation, of whom 241 were uncomplicated singletons, 58 had twin and 5 had triplet pregnancies. The composite abdominal signals were stored on a laptop computer and the fECG derived off-line using a digital signal processing technique. For singletons, linear regression was used to analyse PR, QRS, QT and QTc intervals, and construct time-specific reference ranges. Main outcome measure Duration of fECG time intervals as a function of gestational age. Success of signal seperation in singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies. Results For singletons, a total of 250 recordings was obtained from 241 individuals with a signal separation success rate of 85% (213/250). Success rates were significantly poorer between 27 and 36 weeks of gestation (2 × k ,2, P < 0.0001), with 84% (31/37) of separation failures occurring during this period. P, Q, R and S waves were seen in all cases where fetal signals were separated and were used to generate fECG time interval reference ranges. In 22% (43/199) of analysed cases, no T waves were identified, 63% (27/43) of whom were ,24 weeks of gestation. In twins and triplets, separate fetal signals were obtained in 78% (91/116) and 93% (14/15), respectively; P, Q, R and S waves were evident in all averaged fECGs, while T waves were identified in 59% (54/91) and 57% (8/14). Conclusions This study provides reference ranges with gestation for fECG intervals derived non-invasively from normal singleton pregnancies and demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining complete fECG recordings non-invasively across a wide gestational range in pregnancies of all pluralities. The fECG time intervals described will enable the identification of pathological fECG recordings from high risk pregnancies where fECG abnormalities are suspected. [source] Descriptive epidemiology of anotia and microtia, Hawaii, 1986,2002CONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 4 2005Mathias B. Forrester ABSTRACT The objective of this investigation was to describe the epidemiology of anotia and microtia with respect to various factors. The cases studied were all infants and fetuses with anotia or microtia identified by a population-based birth defects registry in Hawaii. The anotia and microtia rates were determined for selected factors and comparisons made among the subgroups by calculating the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 120 cases were identified, for a rate of 3.79 per 10 000 live births. The anotia and microtia rate increased during 1986,2002, although the trend was not significant (P = 0.715). Of 49 specific structural birth defects examined, four were found to be significantly more common in the presence of anotia and microtia. When compared with Caucasians, the anotia and microtia rates were higher among Far East Asians (RR 1.79, 95% CI 0.89,3.68), Pacific Islanders (RR 2.26, 95% CI 1.24,4.32), and Filipinos (RR 2.34, 95% CI 1.23,4.64). The defects were less common among females (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43,0.93) and more common with multiple birth (RR 3.72, 95% CI 1.66,7.33), birth weight <,2500 g (RR 3.35, 95% CI 2.04,5.30), and gestational age <38 weeks (RR 2.27, 95% CI 1.49,3.40). In conclusion, the rate for anotia and microtia increased in Hawaii during the study period. The rates for only a few structural birth defects were substantially greater than expected in association with anotia and microtia. Anotia and microtia rates varied significantly according to maternal race/ethnicity, infant sex, plurality, birth weight, and gestational age. [source] Commodities and Sexual Subjectivities: A Look at Capitalism and Its DesiresCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Debra Curtis ABSTRACT The links between the production of sexual subjectivity and commodity consumption exemplify how capitalism thrives through the production of plurality and difference. Tupperware-style sex-toy parties organized by and for women provide the ethnographic ground for exploring the question of how sex toys marketed in this venue incite consumer desires and reshape sexual practices. Using an interpretative approach to understanding the effects of the home-based parties as well as in-depth interviews with participants, this article demonstrates how marketing practices encourage the proliferation of multiple sexualities. [source] Treatment of schizoaffective disorder , a challenge for evidence-based psychiatryACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2010M. Jäger Objective:, Schizoaffective disorder is a common diagnosis in mental health services. The aim of the present article was to review treatment studies for schizoaffective disorder and draw conclusions for clinical decision making. Method:, We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane Library for relevant clinical trials and review articles up to the year 2008. Results:, Thirty-three studies using standardized diagnostic criteria, 14 of which were randomized controlled trials, could be identified. The comparability of studies is limited by the use of different diagnostic criteria. The studies reviewed do not permit consistent recommendations as to whether schizoaffective disorder should be treated primarily with antipsychotics, mood stabilizers or combinations of these drugs. The relevance of diverse subtypes of schizoaffective disorder for treatment recommendations is unclear. Conclusion:, The pertinent empirical database is small and heterogeneous. The lack of conclusive recommendations is related to issues of nosological status, plurality of diagnostic criteria and validity of the concept of schizoaffective disorder. [source] The Politics of Disciplining Water RightsDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2009Rutgerd Boelens ABSTRACT This article examines how the legal systems of Andean countries have dealt with the region's huge plurality of local water rights, and how official policies to ,recognize' local rights and identities harbour increasingly subtle politics of codification, confinement and disciplining. The autonomy and diversity of local water rights are a major hindrance for water companies, elites and formal rule-enforcers, since State and market institutions require a predictable, uniform playing field. Complex local rights orders are seen as irrational, ill-defined and disordered. Officialdom cannot simply ignore or oppress the ,unruliness and disobedience' of local rights systems: rather it ,incorporates' local normative orders that have the capacity to adequately respond to context-based needs. This article examines a number of evolving, overlapping legal domination strategies, such as the ,marrying' of local and official legal systems in ways that do not challenge the legal and power hierarchy; and reviews the ways in which official regulation and legal strategies deny or take into consideration local water rights repertoires, and the politics of recognition that these entail. Post-colonial recognition policies are not simply responses to demands by subjugated groups for greater autonomy. Rather, they facilitate the water bureaucracy's political control and help neoliberal sectors to incorporate local water users' rights and organizations into the market system , even though many communities refuse to accept these policies of recognition and politics of containment. [source] Politics, Plurality and Problemsheds: A Strategic Approach for Reform of Agricultural Water Resources ManagementDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 6 2007Peter P. Mollinga Starting from the assessment that past efforts at reform in agricultural water management in developing countries have achieved very little, this article argues that a fundamental change is required in the approach to policy and institutional transformation if the present deadlock in the internalisation of ecological sustainability, human development/poverty alleviation and democratic governance into the ,core business' of water bureaucracies is to be overcome. ,Social engineering' approaches need to be replaced by ,strategic action' approaches that acknowledge the inherently political character and the plurality of actors, institutions and objectives of water management , a perspective operationalised here around the notions of ,problemshed' and ,issue network'. [source] District magnitude, electoral formula, and the number of partiesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2001KENNETH BENOIT Duverger's propositions concerning the psychological and mechanical consequences of electoral rules have previously been examined mainly through the lens of district magnitude, comparing the properties of single,member district plurality elections with those of multimember proportional representation elections. The empirical consequences of multimember plurality (MMP) rules, on the other hand, have received scant attention. Theory suggests that the effect of district magnitude on the number and concentration of parties will differ with regard to whether the allocation rules are plurality,based or proportional. I test this theory by drawing on a uniquely large,sample dataset where district magnitude and electoral formula vary but the basic universe of political parties is held constant, applying regression analysis to data from several thousand Hungarian local bodies elected in 1994 consisting of municipal councils, county councils, and mayors. The results indicate that omitting the variable of electoral formula has the potential to cause significant bias in estimates of Duvergerian consequences of district magnitude. In addition, the analysis of multi,member plurality elections from the local election dataset reveals counter,intuitively that candidate and party entry may increase with district magnitude under MMP, suggesting important directions for future investigation of MMP rules. [source] The Origins of the ,Nonmarket Economy': Ideas, Pluralism & Power in EC Anti-dumping Law about ChinaEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001Francis Snyder ,Market' and ,market economy' exercise a powerful, even magnetic grip on our collective imagination. But what do we mean by ,market economy'? Does it make sense to speak of a ,nonmarket economy', and if so, what does it mean? How are the ideas of ,market economy' and ,nonmarket economy' related? Focusing on EC anti-dumping law, this article seeks to answer these questions. It argues that the legal concept of ,nonmarket economy' in EC anti-dumping law has been socially constructed, by means of relations among a plurality of institutional and normative sites, as part of a changing configuration of legal ideas in specific historical circumstances, and in contexts of political, economic, social, and symbolic power. This argument is articulated in three parts. First, the concept of ,nonmarket economy' in EC anti-dumping law, though drawing on earlier elements, had its main roots in the early Cold War. Second, starting in the 1960s, the GATT multilateral negotiating rounds began to define more specific international rules of the game, but a variety of more localised processes played essential roles as forces of change. Of special importance were, first, the tension between legislative rules and administrative discretion in the United States, and, second, the Europeanisation of foreign trade law in the course of European integration. Third, the EC law concept of ,nonmarket economy' was born in the late 1970s. The main reasons were changes in the international anti-dumping law repertoire, specific ideas in Europe about comparative economic systems, and the perceived emergence of new economic threats, including exports from China. [source] Synthesis of a seismic virtual reflector,GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 3 2010Flavio Poletto ABSTRACT We describe a method to process the seismic data generated by a plurality of sources and registered by an appropriate distribution of receivers, which provides new seismic signals as if in the position of the receivers (or sources) there was an ideal reflector, even if this reflector is not present there. The data provided by this method represent the signals of a virtual reflector. The proposed algorithm performs the convolution and the subsequent sum of the real traces without needing subsurface model information. The approach can be used in combination with seismic interferometry to separate wavefields and process the reflection events. The application is described with synthetic examples, including stationary phase analysis and with real data in which the virtual reflector signal can be appreciated. [source] Scaffolds Based on Biopolymeric Foams,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 1 2005A. Barbetta Abstract A new approach for the preparation of hydrophilic and biocompatible porous scaffolds is described. The procedure involves the derivatization of a biopolymer by the introduction of vinylic moieties, formation of a high-internal-phase oil-in-water emulsion, and its subsequent polymerization. The ensuing materials are characterized by a highly porous morphology represented by pores completely interconnected by a plurality of holes. The hydrophilic and biocompatible nature of these materials make them good candidates for application as scaffolds for tissue engineering. [source] English University Benefactors in the Middle AgesHISTORY, Issue 283 2001Alan B. Cobban The medieval universities of Oxford and Cambridge owed an enormous debt to the generosity of a plurality of benefactors of diverse social origins. Given their limited incomes, the universities could not have functioned at a successful level without the substantial material aid of benefactors. Although the English monarchy made a valuable contribution to several areas of university and collegiate life, it nevertheless appears that this monarchical beneficence was less extensive than might have been supposed. The English male nobility gave the occasional gift of property and made donations to loan-chests but before 1500 only one nobleman was a principal founder of a secular academic college. This opened the way for queens consort and female members of the greater aristocracy to emerge as significant benefactresses in both the university and collegiate spheres. Indeed, it could be argued that women from the upper echelons of society came to rank in importance as university and college benefactors with lesser ecclesiastics, knights, burgesses, merchants, current and former members of colleges and university servants. However, taking the donations of the episcopate in the round, it is probably true to say that the English bishops made the most decisive contribution [source] Revamping Pentecostal Evangelism: Appropriating Walter J. Hollenweger's Radical ProposalINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 382-383 2007Tony Richie As the Christian Church endeavours to be faithful to its evangelistic mission, increasingly intense problems arise in international contexts of cultural diversity and religious plurality. Pentecostal, noted for "aggressive evangelism", are frequently at the forefront of such negative encounters. Walter J. Hollenweger offers Pentecostals a complementary paradigm of "dialogical evangelism" that is sensitive to this situation without stilling the voice of evangelism. The present project overviews Hollenweger's "radical proposal" and traditional Pentecostal evangelism and its current trends before assessing their compatibility or contradictoriness and exploring possible appropriation. [source] Karl Pearson and the Establishment of Mathematical StatisticsINTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2009M. Eileen Magnello Summary At the end of the nineteenth century, the content and practice of statistics underwent a series of transitions that led to its emergence as a highly specialised mathematical discipline. These intellectual and later institutional changes were, in part, brought about by a mathematical-statistical translation of Charles Darwin's redefinition of the biological species as something that could be viewed in terms of populations. Karl Pearson and W.F.R. Weldon's mathematical reconceptualisation of Darwinian biological variation and "statistical" population of species in the 1890s provided the framework within which a major paradigmatic shift occurred in statistical techniques and theory. Weldon's work on the shore crab in Naples and Plymouth from 1892 to 1895 not only brought them into the forefront of ideas of speciation and provided the impetus to Pearson's earliest statistical innovations, but it also led to Pearson shifting his professional interests from having had an established career as a mathematical physicist to developing one as a biometrician. The innovative statistical work Pearson undertook with Weldon in 1892 and later with Francis Galton in 1894 enabled him to lay the foundations of modern mathematical statistics. While Pearson's diverse publications, his establishment of four laboratories and the creation of new academic departments underscore the plurality of his work, the main focus of his life-long career was in the establishment and promulgation of his statistical methodology. [source] Exit polling in a cold climate: the BBC,ITV experience in Britain in 2005JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES A (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY), Issue 3 2008John Curtice Summary., Conducting an exit poll to forecast the outcome of a national election in terms of both votes and seats is particularly difficult in Britain. No official information is available on how individual polling stations voted in the past, use of single-member plurality means that there is no consistent relationship between votes and seats, electors can choose to vote by post and most of those who vote in person do so late in the day. In addition, around one in every six intended exit poll respondents refuses to participate. Methods that were developed to overcome these problems, and their use in the successful 2005 British Broadcasting Corporation,Independent Television exit poll, are described and evaluated. The methodology included a panel design to allow the estimation of electoral change at local level, coherent multiple-regression modelling of multiparty electoral change to capture systematic patterns of variation, probabilistic prediction of constituency winners to account for uncertainty in projected constituency level shares, collection of information about the voting intentions of postal voters before polling day and access to interviewer guesses on the voting behaviour of refusals. The coverage and accuracy of the exit poll data are critically examined, the effect of key aspects of the statistical modelling of the data is assessed and some general lessons are drawn for the design and analysis of electoral exit polls. [source] Electoral Systems in Latin America: Explaining the Adoption of Proportional Representation Systems During the Twentieth CenturyLATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 3 2009Laura Wills-Otero ABSTRACT This article explains the twentieth-century Latin American shift from majoritarian to proportional representation (PR) electoral systems. It argues that PR was introduced when the electoral arena changed significantly and threatened the power of the dominant party. The adoption of PR was therefore an effort by the established party to retain partial power in the face of absolute defeat. Majoritarian systems remained in place when the incumbent party was strong enough to believe that it could gain a plurality of the votes despite electoral changes. An empirical analysis of 20 countries over 104 years (1900,2004) provides support for this argument. [source] Taming the Tiger: Voting Rights and Political Instability in Latin AmericaLATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2004Josep M. Colomer ABSTRACT This article discusses the relationship between certain institutional regulations of voting rights and elections, different levels of electoral participation, and the degree of political instability in several Latin American political experiences. A formal model specifies the hypotheses that sudden enlargements of the electorate may provoke high levels of political instability, especially under plurality and other restrictive electoral rules, while gradual enlargements of the electorate may prevent much electoral and political innovation and help stability. Empirical data illustrate these hypotheses. A historical survey identifies different patterns of political instability and stability in different countries and periods, which can be compared with the adoption of different voting rights regulations and electoral rules either encouraging or depressing turnout. [source] From Antagonistic Autonomy to Relational Autonomy: A Theoretical Reflection from the Southern ConeLATIN AMERICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY, Issue 1 2003Roberto Russell ABSTRACT The concept of autonomy has acquired a plurality of meanings in international relations; this article analyzes the distinct uses given to this term in Latin America and its relationship to theoretical contributions from outside the region. The authors propose a far-reaching reconceptualization of autonomy appropriate to Latin America's new circumstances in the global context. They argue that these new circumstances favor the shift from autonomy as traditionally defined to what they call relational autonomy, a construct based on contributions from classical political theory, political sociology, gender studies, social and philosophical psychology, and the theory of complex thought. [source] The Heterogeneous State and Legal Pluralism in MozambiqueLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 1 2006Boaventura de Sousa Santos This article analyzes some of the most salient features of the state and the legal system in Mozambique. I propose the concept of the heterogeneous state to highlight the breakdown of the modern equation between the unity of the state, on the one hand, and the unity of its legal and administrative operation, on the other. The centrality of legal pluralism is analyzed in light of an empirical research focused on community courts and traditional authorities. I use the concept of legal hybridization with the purpose of showing the porosity of the boundaries of the different legal orders and cultures in Mozambique and the deep cross-fertilizations or cross-contaminations among them. Special attention is given to the multicultural plurality resulting from the interaction between modern law and traditional law, the latter conceived here as an alternative modernity. [source] Protecting the vulnerable: legality, harm and theftLEGAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2003Alan L Bogg The law of theft, as understood in Gomez and Hinks, has been the occasion of almost unanimous academic condemnation and of robust dissenting opinions in the House of Lords. While much of the critical discussion is sophisticated and challenging, it is important that the baby is not to be expelled with the bathwater. We suggest that one argument in favour of the current position is that it offers distinct protection to some of the more vulnerable members of society. This advantage ought nevertheless to be sacrificed if it can be purchased only at the cost of violating the rule of law and the harm principle. But our examination of these ideas reveals that the price need not be paid. The rule of law contains not one idea, but a plurality of ideas, many of which support the current position. As for the harm principle, it is notable that Hinks does not castigate harmless behaviour; rather it attacks the wrong of exploitation. This raises many difficult issues, but we argue that unless such exploitative behaviour is explicitly addressed in Legislation, reforming the current ,broad' understanding of the law in favour of a ,reductive' account assimilating theft to non-voluntary transfers would be a retrograde step. In principle the new concern for protecting the vulnerable from exploitation is welcome. [source] Relativism, Absolutism, and ToleranceMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 4 2003Hye-Kyung Kim Abstract: A common view is that relativism requires tolerance. We argue that there is no deductive relation between relativism and tolerance, but also that relativism is not incompatible with tolerance. Next we note that there is no standard inductive relation between relativism and tolerance,no inductive enumeration, argument to the best explanation, or causal argument links the two. Two inductive arguments of a different sort that link them are then exposed and criticized at length. The first considers relativism from the objective point of view ,of the universe', the second from the subjective point of view of the relativist herself. Both arguments fail. There is similarly no deductive relation between absolutism and tolerance,neither entails the other,and no inductive connection of any sort links the two. We conclude that tolerance, whether unlimited or restricted, is independent of both relativism and absolutism. A metaethical theory that says only that there is one true or valid ethical code, or that there is a plurality of equally true or valid ethical codes, tells us nothing about whether we should be tolerant, much less how tolerant we should be. [source] The poverty of anti-nationalist modernismNATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 3 2003Anthony D. Smith In this reply to Dr Özkirimli's article, after considering the relationship between modernist and ethnosymbolic approaches, I propose some arguments for, and explanations of ethnosymbolic accounts. I concentrate here on the four main points raised by Dr Özkirimli: (1) the restrictions on the role of elites, (2) the limitations of presentism, (3) the importance of collective passion and attachment and (4) the plurality of ethnic heritages. I conclude with an explanation of my normative stance in relation to the question of ,romantic nationalism'. [source] Elements of a theory of Ukrainian ethno-national identitiesNATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 1 2002Andrew Wilson Despite winning independence in 1991, Ukraine remains an amorphous society with a weak sense of national identity. One possible explanation is ,late' nation-creation, but in this article emphasis is laid on a continuing plurality of identity projects and the legacy of the ,failed' identity-building projects of the past. Ukraine's most important distinguishing feature , the existence of a substantial middle ground between Ukrainian and Russian identities , has considerable capacity to resist the logic of consolidating statehood. [source] NEW APPROACHES ON THE ARCHAIC TRADE IN THE NORTH-EASTERN IBERIAN PENINSULA: EXPLOITATION AND CIRCULATION OF LEAD AND SILVEROXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2010NÚRIA RAFEL Summary A wide-ranging study based on compositional and isotopic analyses of minerals and manufactured objects from the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula and their respective archaeological and cultural contexts demonstrates significant lead mineral exploitation in the El Priorat area (Tarragona province) linked to Phoenician trade (seventh,sixth centuries BC). This exploitation continued, despite losing intensity, until the Romanization of the territory. Our project also aims to determine the nature and origin of the lead and silver supply in the northern Iberian territory surrounding the Phocaean enclave of Emporion, especially with regard to the demands of the colonial mint. The behaviour pattern of the circulation of lead, silver and copper in Catalonia in the period studied indicates a plurality of contemporary supply sources, although, at least from the fifth century BC onward, minerals and metals from the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula take on considerable importance. [source] Fetal growth and neonatal mortality in KoreaPAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Jae S. Hong Summary The fetal growth curve and neonatal mortality rate, based on gestational age and birthweight, are important for identifying groups of high-risk neonates and developing appropriate medical services and health-care programmes. The purpose of this study was to develop a national fetal growth curve for neonates in Korea, and examine the Korean national references for fetal growth and death according to their characteristics. Data of Korean vital statistics linked National Infant Mortality Survey conducted on births in 1999 were used in this study. The total livebirths were 621 764 in 1999, which were grouped into singletons (n = 609 643) and twins (n = 9805) for analysis. Birthweight/gestational age-specific fetal growth curves and neonatal mortality rates were based on 250 g of birthweight and weekly gestational age intervals for each characteristic of the birth. The features of high-risk neonates such as small-for-gestational-age and the limit of viability in Korea were different from those of Western countries. Difference in fetal growth and death was also detected in other characteristics of the fetus (gender and plurality of birth) besides race. The fetal growth curve of males was higher than that of females, and was higher in singleton than in twins. The neonatal mortality rate was higher in males (singleton, 2.6; twin, 23.5) than females (singleton, 2.1; twin, 15.9), and higher in twins (19.8/1000) than in singletons (2.4/1000). However, in neonates with gestational age >29 weeks and birthweight >1000 g, the neonatal mortality rate was lower in twins than in singletons. The limit of viability was gestational age 27 weeks and birthweight 1000 g, which was similar in singletons and twins regardless of gender. To improve the health of neonates in a country, it is imperative to investigate the characteristics of fetal growth and death under the particular circumstances of the country. When risk is defined for neonates account must be taken of differences in race, gender and plurality of birth, as the neonatal mortality rate varies depending on those factors. [source] Descartes's Theory of DistinctionPHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002PAUL HOFFMAN In the first part of this paper I explore the relations among distinctness, separability, number, and non-identity. I argue that Descartes believes plurality in things themselves arises from distinction, so that things distinct in any of the three ways are not identical. The only exception concerns universals which, considered in things themselves, are identical to particulars. I also argue that to be distinct is to be separable. Things distinct by reason are separable only in thought by means of ideas not clear and distinct. In the second part I argue that the notion of separability in Descartes's account of real distinction between mind and body is subject to five different interpretations. I claim that the heart of Cartesian dualism concerns the separability of the attributes thought and extension. It does not require that mind and body are separable in the sense that each can exist without the other existing. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||