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As-grown Crystal (as-grown + crystal)
Selected AbstractsFlux growth of La-doped lead zirconate stannate titanate antiferroelectric crystalsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2008Lin Wang Abstract Relaxor antiferroelectric single crystals lead lanthanum zirconate stannate titanate (PLZST) with the composition around the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) have been grown by flux method using 50 wt% PbO-PbF2 -B2O3 as a flux. The obtained crystals are light yellow in color. The XRD patterns revealed that the habitual faces of the obtained crystal are (001). The crystal morphology was studied and related to a layer growth mechanism controlled by two-dimensional growth. The chemical composition of as-grown crystal was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP), indicating a slight decrease of the amount of Ti compared to the starting materials. The result was verified by the XRD patterns with the phase transformation from the co-existence of tetragonal and rhombohedra phases to the single tetragonal phase. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Growth, etching morphology and spectra of LiAlO2 crystalCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2008Taohua Huang Abstract ,-LiAlO2 single crystal was successfully grown by Czochralski method. The crystal quality was characterized by X-ray rocking curve and chemical etching. The effects of air-annealing and vapor transport equilibration (VTE) on the crystal quality, etch pits and absorption spectra of LiAlO2 were also investigated in detail. The results show that the as-grown crystal has very high quality with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 17.7-22.6 arcsec. Dislocation density in the middle part of the crystal is as low as about 3.0×103 cm,2. The VTE-treated slice has larger FWHM value, etch pits density and absorption coefficient as compared with those of untreated and air-annealed slices, which indicates that the crystal quality became inferior after VTE treatment. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Growth of ZnO single crystals by an induced nucleation from a high temperature solution of the ZnO-PbF2 systemCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Xinhua Li Abstract To grow ZnO single crystals from a high temperature solution of the ZnO-PbF2 system, a gas cooling system was assembled at the bottom of the crucible to induce nucleation in the initial growth stage. The growth experiments were carried out in a homemade vertical Bridgman furnace and Pt crucible of 28 mm in diameter was used. The furnace temperature was set to 1100°C and the flow rate of the oxygen gas was optimized as 3.0 l/min. ZnO crystal up to 5,8mm in the thickness was obtained with the lowering rate of 0.3 mm/h. XRD patterns showed that the as-grown crystal was pure ZnO Wurtzite phase. The impurity ions were analyzed by the glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS) as 390.0 ppm and 40.0 ppm for Pb2+ and F - , respectively. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Vertical Bridgman growth and annealing effect of Bi doped ZnSe single crystalPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 10 2004C. B. Oh Abstract In order to prepare p-type ZnSe, bismuth (Bi) as an acceptor dopant was doped into ZnSe single crystal by vertical Bridgman method. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra measured at 4.2 K on as-grown crystal showed the strong shallow donor,acceptor pair (DsAP) emission, deep donor,acceptor pair (DdAP) emission and weak I1Bi emission line. To enhance the activation ratio of Bi in ZnSe single crystals, ZnSe:Bi was annealed in saturated zinc and selenium atmosphere at different temperatures. In the case of annealing in the range of 700,800 °C, DdAP emission disappeared and the intensities of DsAP and I1Bi emission relatively increased. From the dependence of PL spectra on excitation light intensity and the temperature, the acceptor activation energy and deep donor level were estimated about 103 meV and 34 meV, respectively. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Growth and characterization of magneto-optical YFeO3 crystalsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2007Hui Shen Abstract The floating zone growth of magneto-optical crystal YFeO3 has been investigated. The polycrystalline feed rod was prepared by a pressure of 250MPa and sintering at about 1500°C. A crack- free YFeO3 single crystal has been successfully grown. The crystal preferred to crystallize along <100> direction with about 10° deviation. The X-ray rocking curve of the crystal has a FWHM of 24 arcsec, confirming the high crystal quality of the sample. The (100) plane was etched by hot phosphoric acid and the dislocation density was about 104/cm2. A thin outer layer with Y2O3 -rich composition was found at the periphery of as-grown crystals, which was attributed to the Fe2O3 evaporation during growth. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Morphological study of Czochralski-grown lanthanide orthovanadate single crystals and implications on the mechanism of bulk spiral formationJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2010Hengjiang Cong Single crystals of monoclinic Nd:LaVO4 with dimensions up to Ø28 × 21,mm have been grown from the near-stoichiometric melt by the Czochralski method, making use of various seed orientations that are perpendicular to the (010), (10), (001) and (00) crystal planes. A sample was also prepared with the seed orientation in an arbitrary direction relative to the crystal. The anisotropic properties of the crystal are manifested in the growth morphology of the as-grown crystals, where different degrees of bulk spiral growth were observed. It was also found that employing the (001) or (00) seed faces severely suppressed the bulk spiral growth, and thus high quality and large-scale Nd:LaVO4 crystals were obtained. The constituent segregation coefficients and high-temperature stability, including the melting point, were determined and evaluated. Based on the attachment energy model of Hartman,Perdok theory, morphology predictions were made for monoclinic LaVO4 and tetragonal YVO4 orthovanadate single crystals. Correlating with the as-grown morphology of both crystals developed along different seed orientations, a theoretical explanation is provided for the influences of seed crystals on bulk spiral formation, crystal quality and utilization ratio. It suggests that breaking the axial symmetry of the ideal atomic level interface between crystal and melt plays a crucial triggering role in bulk spiral formation in the Czochralski growth of lanthanide orthovanadate single crystals. Selecting a proper seed orientation that yields such a highly axially symmetric surface structure consisting of a series of large-area facets with similar growth velocities can greatly reduce bulk spiral formation and thus is preferable in the Czochralski growth of large-sized low-symmetry oxide crystals. [source] Improvement in crystalline perfection, piezo-electric property and optical transparency of in-situ poled Fe,LiNbO3 single crystals by post growth annealing and polingPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005G. C. Budakoti Abstract Crystalline perfection, piezoelectric response and optical transparency of in-situ poled Fe,LiNbO3 single crystals was studied. Very low angle grain boundaries and the variations in the piezoelectric charge constant d33 were observed in the as-grown crystals. Grain boundaries were successfully removed at higher annealing temperatures but the d33 value was decreased. Low crystalline perfection and d33 were observed after poling the annealed specimen. These parameters were improved by low temperature annealing followed by very slow cooling. FTIR spectra revealed that OH, and CO32, ionic defects were present in the as-grown crystals. The OH, ion concentration was reduced, CO32, ions were removed and optical quality was improved after annealing at higher temperatures. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Structure, phase transitions and ionic conductivity of K3NdSi6O15·xH2O.ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 3 2000-K3NdSi6O15·2H2O, its polymorphs Hydrothermally grown crystals of ,-K3NdSi6O15·2H2O, potassium neodymium silicate, have been studied by single-crystal X-ray methods. The compound crystallizes in space group Pbam, contains four formula units per unit cell and has lattice constants a = 16.008,(2), b = 15.004,(2) and c = 7.2794,(7),Å, giving a calculated density of 2.683,Mg,m,3. Refinement was carried out with 2161 independent structure factors to a residual, R(F), of 0.0528 [wR(F2) = 0.1562] using anisotropic temperature factors for all atoms other than those associated with water molecules. The structure is based on highly corrugated (Si2O52,), layers which can be generated by the condensation of xonotlite-like ribbons, which can, in turn, be generated by the condensation of wollastonite-like chains. The silicate layers are connected by Nd octahedra to form a three-dimensional framework. Potassium ions and water molecules are located in interstitial sites within this framework, in particular, within channels that extend along [001]. Aging of as-grown crystals at room temperature for periods of six months or more results in an ordering phenomenon that causes the length of the c axis to double. In addition, two phase transitions were found to occur upon heating. The high-temperature transformations, investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and high-temperature X-ray diffraction, are reversible, suggesting displacive transformations in which the layers remain intact. Conductivity measurements along all three crystallographic axes showed the conductivity to be greatest along [001] and further suggest that the channels present in the room-temperature structure are preserved at high temperatures so as to serve as pathways for easy ion transport. Ion-exchange experiments revealed that silver can readily be incorporated into the structure. [source] | |||||||||||||