Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Pioneers
Terms modified by Pioneers Selected AbstractsShould neurologists wait and see or see and treat RRMS?PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, Issue 5 2009David Bates MA Early and aggressive treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now regarded as best practice to limit irreversible joint damage. However, in the case of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), current guidelines recommend that disease modifying therapy should only be initiated in patients with evidence of actively progressing disease. Here, the authors present the key findings of the Programme Identifying and Observing Novel Therapy Adoption in Chronic Diseases (PIONEER) study to examine the reasons for these different management approaches. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd [source] Celso Furtado: Pioneer of Structuralist Development TheoryDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 6 2005Cristóbal Kay First page of article [source] Edgar Kant (1902,1978): A Baltic PioneerGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2005Anne Buttimer Abstract It is indeed a joy to speak about Edgar Kant on this occasion which celebrates the hundredth anniversary of his birth. His lifepath traversed only two-thirds of this eventful century, yet he did experience directly many of its dreams and realities, the passion and pain of war and peace, of economic boom and bust, of national liberation, scientific revolutions, exile and the traumas of geopolitical transformations. The twentieth century also witnessed profound changes in practices of geography and the name of Edgar Kant deserves an honoured place as pioneer of many influential turns in the discipline. It is especially delightful to simultaneously honour his mentor and friend, Johannes G. Granö, who stirred his imagination in conceptual directions which were truly novel in those days-directions which later spawned enthusiastic research on environmental perceptions, time geography, and-most especially-landscape and cultural identity. [source] Hanns Fischer: Radical PioneerHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 10 2006Athelstan Abstract For four decades, Hanns Fischer played a major and highly innovative role in the development of free radical chemistry. The present article describes the science in several of Fischer's papers. These papers were chosen for analysis because they nicely illustrate Fischer's originality, passion for exactitude, and impact on chemistry, and because they are well-read favorites of the present authors. [source] Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield, Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum,Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three-Cutting SystemJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2003S. Iptas Abstract In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha,1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum,sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three-cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha,1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha,1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha,1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings. [source] Family Therapy Pioneer, Researcher, and Mentor: Lyman C. Wynne, MD, PhD 1923,2007JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 2 2007Cleveland G. Shields [source] Decline in leaf growth under salt stress is due to an inhibition of H+ -pumping activity and increase in apoplastic pH of maize leavesJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2009Britta Pitann Abstract In this study, salt-induced changes in the growth rate of maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated during the first phase of salt stress. Leaf growth was reduced in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, and effects were more pronounced for the salt-sensitive cv. Pioneer 3906 in comparison to the hybrid SR03. While hydrolytic activity of plasma membrane remained unaffected, H+ -pumping activity was reduced by 47% in Pioneer 3906, but was unchanged in SR03. Changes in apoplastic pH were detected by ratiometric fluorescence microscopy using the fluorescent dye fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (50 mM). Pioneer 3906 responded with an increase of 0.2 pH units in contrast to SR03 for which no apoplastic alkalization was found. With respect to the hypothesis that the apoplastic pH is influenced by salinity, it is suggested that salt resistance is partly achieved due to efficient H+ -ATPase proton pumping, which results in cell-wall acidification and loosening. [source] Anténor Firmin: Haitian Pioneer of AnthropologyAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 3 2000Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban Anténor Firmin published De I'Égalité des Races Humaines in 1885 in Paris as a response both to Arthur de Gobineau's racist tome L'lnégalité des Races (1853-55) and to the racialist anthropology of the nineteenth century. This pioneering work of anthropology has been translated for the first time into English by Assclin Charles as The Equality of the Human Races (Firmin [1885]2000). In 662 pages of the original text, Firmin systematically critiqued the anthropometry and craniometry that dominated the anthropology of his day, while he envisioned a broad, synthetic discipline that would follow once this narrow approach to the study of man was abandoned. He challenged virtually every extant racial myth and laid a basis for the understanding of human variation as adaptation to climate and environment. Contrary to the polygenist doctrines of the infertility of interracial matings, Firmin extolled the value of racial mixture, especially in the vigorous New World hybrid populations. He developed a critical view of racial classifications and of race that foreshadowed much later social constructions of race. In the book he also articulated early Pan-Africanist ideas as well as an analytical framework for what would become postcolonial studies. The Equality of the Human Races is a text that lies historically at the foundations of the birth of the discipline of anthropology, yet it is unknown to the field. It is a pioneering work in critical anthropology that awaits recognition 115 years after it was first published. [Anténor Firmin, history of racism, antiracism, historical texts, Haitian anthropologist, critical anthropology, nineteenth-century pioneer] [source] T. A. Ventrone: An appreciation of a Process Safety PioneerPROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS, Issue 4 2003Dennis C. Hendershot No abstract is available for this article. [source] Public Health Nursing Pioneer: Jane Elizabeth Hitchcock 1863,1939PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 3 2003FAAN, Joellen W. Hawkins RNC, Ph.D. Abstract Jane Elizabeth Hitchcock was one of many distinguished nursing leaders of the 19th and early 20th centuries who attended a women's college before enrolling in a nurse training school. Like many of her contemporaries with equally impeccable family credentials, Hitchcock was something of an enigma to her family for choosing nursing over teaching, the most common acceptable career for women of her social class. Hitchcock's endowment of character, according to contemporary Lavinia Dock, exemplified the best of her Puritan roots. Her contributions to the evolution of public health nursing and the integration of public health nursing content into curriculums of training schools rivaled the achievements in higher education of her famous father, grandfather, and brother but garnered no comparable recognition. Her life presents an interesting case for analysis of an independent woman, a characteristic shared by many pioneers in the early years of public health nursing: 1893 to 1920. [source] Buffalo Heads: Media Study, Media Practice, Media Pioneer, 1973,1990 by Woody Vasulka and Peter Weibel, EditorsTHE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CULTURE, Issue 1 2009Ray B. Browne No abstract is available for this article. [source] ORIGINAL RESEARCH,HISTORY: Nikolaj A. Bogoraz (1874,1952): Pioneer of Phalloplasty and Penile Implant SurgeryTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2005Dirk Schultheiss MD ABSTRACT Phalloplasty and penile implants are outstanding pioneering procedures introduced in 1936 by the Russian surgeon Nikolaj A. Bogoraz and are thus of eminent interest to the urological and plastic surgeon. This article from the history of medicine will discuss his biography and scientific achievements during the first half of the 20th century. [source] Gordon Jackson Rees FRCA FRCP FRCPCH, Pioneer of Paediatric AnaesthesiaANAESTHESIA, Issue 4 2001Gordon H. Bush No abstract is available for this article. [source] Philip Webb: Pioneer of Arts & Crafts ArchitectureARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 2 2005Sheila Kirk Abstract Arts and Crafts architecture has reached an important turning point in its reassessment. The ,International Arts and Crafts' exhibition opens at the V&A in London from 17 March to 24 July 2005 (before travelling on to the Indianapolis Museum of Art in autumn this year, and the de Young Museum in San Francisco in spring 2006). Coinciding with this is Wiley-Academy's publication of the first definitive monograph of leading Arts and Crafts architect Philip Webb (1831,1915). This long-awaited book, by architectural historian Sheila Kirk, includes specially commissioned photography by Martin Charles. Interweaving biography with evocative descriptions of all of Webb's seminal buildings, Kirk perceptively breathes life into one of the quietest members of William Morris's circle, and provides a new understanding of the buildings of a man who offered strong principles and firm guidelines yet at the same time allowing ample freedom of design. Here, she describes the relevance of Webb's national vernacular approach for architecture today. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Recalling My Mentor, My Friend,Adrian Kantrowitz: Pioneer in Mechanical Circulatory Assistance, Artificial Organs, and TransplantationARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 3 2009PhD Emeritus Editor-in-ChiefProfessor of Surgery, Yukihiko Nosé MD First page of article [source] Charles J. B. Williams: English Pioneer in AuscultationCLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 10 2007Mark E. Silverman M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Phytoremediation: The uptake of metals and metalloids by rhodes grass grown on metal-contaminated soilREMEDIATION, Issue 2 2005Scott M. Keeling An experiment was performed to examine the phytoremediation potential of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth cv. ,Pioneer'). The study sought to determine substrate tolerance, biomass production, and plant uptake of antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn). The plants were grown on weight percent mixtures (5 percent, 15 percent, 25 percent, 35 percent, 50 percent) of a vertisol soil and base-metal mine tailings (7,2,040 ,g/g As, , 30 ,g/g Cd, 30,12,000 ,g/g Pb, and 72,4,120 ,g/g Zn). The 5 percent and 15 percent amendment of mine tailings increased the biomass production of Rhodes grass (from 0.1 g/plant to , 3.5 g/plant) without appreciably elevating plant concentrations of the elements. Plant growth decreased by greater than 50 percent for the substrate containing greater than 25 percent tailings (3,023 ,g/g Pb and 1,084 ,g/g Zn). Reduced biomass production coincided with maximal Zn uptake by Rhodes grass (249.8 ,g/g), indicating tailings induced phytotoxicity. The total concentrations of metals and metalloids tolerated by Rhodes grass in the plant-growth medium indicated hypertolerance to elevated As, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Partial extraction of the plant-growth medium determined that plant-available Pb was ten times higher than Ag, As, Cd, and Zn availability. However, Rhodes grass accumulated low levels of Pb, in addition to As and Cd, over the experimental range, indicating low fodder toxicity risk to browsing livestock. This study concludes that if there are no invasive species issues associated with conservation land uses, Rhodes grass is well suited to metalliferous mined land revegetation and would therefore be highly effective for such programs in subtropical and tropical Australia. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and their Discoveries.JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 3 2000By STANLEY FINGER. (Pp. xii, illustrated; $35 hardback; ISBN 0 19 508571 X.) New York: Oxford University Press. First page of article [source] Demographic and life-history correlates for Amazonian treesJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Henrique E.M. Nascimento Abstract Questions: Which demographic and life-history differences are found among 95 sympatric tree species? Are there correlations among demographic parameters within this assemblage? Location: Central Amazonian rain forest. Methods: Using long-term data from 24 1,ha permanent plots, eight characteristics were estimated for each species: wood density, annual mortality rate, annual recruitment rate, mean stem diameter, maximum stem diameter, mean stem-growth rate, maximum stem-growth rate, population density. Results: An ordination analysis revealed that tree characteristics varied along two major axes of variation, the major gradient expressing light requirements and successional status, and the second gradient related to tree size. Along these gradients, four relatively discrete tree guilds could be distinguished: fast-growing pioneer species, shade-tolerant sub-canopy species, canopy trees, and emergent species. Pioneers were uncommon and most trees were canopy or emergent species, which frequently had low mortality and recruitment. Wood density was negatively associated with tree mortality, recruitment, and growth rates when all species were considered. Growth rates varied markedly among and within species, with pioneers exhibiting far faster and less variable growth rates than did the other species. Slow growth in subcanopy species relative to canopy and emergent trees was not a simple consequence of mean tree size, but apparently resulted from physiological constraints imposed by low-light and other conditions in the forest understorey. Conclusions: Trees of Amazonian rain forests could be classified with some success into four relatively distinctive guilds. However, several demographic and life-history traits, such as those that distinguish early and late successional species, probably vary along a continuum, rather than being naturally grouped into relatively discrete categories. [source] The credit crunch , the right time for credit unions to strike?LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 1 2009Dr Nicholas Ryder The origins of the cooperative movement can be traced to the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers in 1844, from which similar institutions emerged in Central Europe, the North American continent and the rest of the world. Modern credit unions evolved from these small cooperative societies and have developed into mainstream providers of financial services in many jurisdictions. However, credit unions in the UK have not made a similar impact. There are several factors that have limited their growth , an inadequate legislative framework, an ineffective credit union regulatory system, inappropriate development models, an over-reliance on state subsidies and a disunited movement. The aim of this paper is to re-examine these factors in light of the level of political support provided by the government since 1997. [source] African-American Pioneers in AnthropologyAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 2 2000Lee D. Baker African-American Pioneers in Anthropology. Ira E. Harrison and Faye V. Harrison. eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. 296 pp. [source] The Western Expansion as a Common Pool Problem: The Contrasting Histories of the Brazilian and North American PioneersAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Fernando Zanella Before the year 1600, Brazil and the United States were very similar regions in terms of geographic development and colonial status, and yet both countries developed in remarkably different ways. In this article, we apply institutional analysis and the common pool approach to explain differences in the western expansion of Brazil and the United States. We find that (i) such analysis complements much of the previous literature that heretofore explained differences in these regions using sociological and ideological analytical tools, and (ii) the theory that the distinctive behavior between the Brazilian bandeirantes and the North American pioneers is due to sociological factors is refuted. [source] Tupperware Unsealed: Brownie Wise, Earl Tupper, and the Home Party PioneersTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 4 2009Lisa M. Stepanski No abstract is available for this article. [source] Development of Feminizing Genitoplasty for Gender DysphoriaTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 4i 2007FRCS(Urol), Jonathan Charles Goddard MD ABSTRACT Introduction., Determining the history and development of feminizing genitoplasty is fascinating and instructive but fraught with difficulty. Earliest examples relate to practices carried out in ancient cultures. Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) developed from reconstructive procedures for congenital abnormalities. Some surgery was disguised, techniques were not recorded, and operations were carried out in secret. Aim., The aim of this article is to review the historical development of male-to-female GRS. Methods., Information was gleaned from Medline and general Internet searches. Further evidence was found by reviewing the references of early articles. A fascinating insight was also found in the autobiographies of GRS patients. Results., The first recorded case was by Abrahams in 1931. Techniques evolved from the early vaginal absence work of Beck and Graves. Pioneers of GRS were Sir Harold Gillies in England and Georges Burou of Casablanca. In the 1950s, they both used invagination of the penile skin sheath to form a vagina. Howard Jones, of Johns Hopkins, published the second classic technique using penile and scrotal skin flaps. These two methods form the basis of male-to-female GRS today. The history of GRS reveals a struggle to improve functionality as well as cosmesis. In particular, the neovagina but also a functioning neoclitoris, which has developed from a cosmetic swelling into an innovated organ, derived from the glans penis and harvested penile neurovascular bundle. Conclusions., Improved function and cosmesis continue to be the aim of the gender dysphoria surgeon. However, this review suggests the future management of transwomen should address not only refinements of surgical techniques but also prospective collection of posttreatment quality-of-life issues. Goddard JC, Vickery RM, and Terry TR. Development of feminizing genitoplasty for gender dysphoria. J Sex Med 2007;4:981,989. [source] Age-Dependent Radial Increases in Wood Specific Gravity of Tropical Pioneers in Costa RicaBIOTROPICA, Issue 5 2010G. Bruce Williamson ABSTRACT Wood specific gravity is the single best descriptor of wood functional properties and tree life-history traits, and it is the most important variable in estimating carbon stocks in forests. Tropical pioneer trees produce wood of increasing specific gravity across the trunk radius as they grow in stature. Here, we tested whether radial increases in wood specific gravity were dependent on a tree's diameter or its age by comparing trees of different diameters within cohorts. We cored trunks of four pioneer species in naturally regenerating, even-aged stands in the lowland, wet forests of Costa Rica. For each core, specific gravity was determined for 1-cm radial wood segments, pith to bark. Increases across the radius were evident in all four species studied, and in four different stands for one species. For any given species in a given stand, the rate of radial increase in specific gravity as a function of radial distance from the pith was greater in smaller diameter trees. As the trees in a stand represent a colonizing cohort, these results strongly suggest that the radial increases in specific gravity in lowland pioneers are associated with tree age, not with tree diameter. Furthermore, the specific gravity of the outermost wood was not associated with tree radius, further negating size dependence. One consequence of these results is that species-specific biomass estimates for trees in secondary forests are likely to be confounded by age, as diameter alone may be a poor indicator of specific gravity in individual trees for pioneers of tropical wet forests. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp [source] Effects of the Surrounding Matrix on Tree Recruitment in Amazonian Forest FragmentsCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2006HENRIQUE E. M. NASCIMENTO efectos de borde; especies pioneras; fragmentación de bosques; bosque lluvioso Abstract:,Little is known about how the surrounding modified matrix affects tree recruitment in fragmented forests. We contrasted effects of two different matrix types, Vismia - and Cecropia -dominated regrowth, on recruitment of pioneer tree species in forest fragments in central Amazonia. Our analyses were based on 22, 1-ha plots in seven experimental forest fragments ranging in size from 1 to 100 ha. By 13 to 17 years after fragmentation, the population density of pioneer trees was significantly higher in plots surrounded by Vismia regrowth than in plots surrounded by Cecropia regrowth, and the species composition and dominance of pioneers differed markedly between the two matrix types. Cecropia sciadophylla was the most abundant pioneer in fragments surrounded by Cecropia regrowth (constituting nearly 50% of all pioneer trees), whereas densities of species in Vismia -surrounded fragments were distributed more evenly. Thus the surrounding matrix had a strong influence on patterns of tree recruitment in Amazonian forest fragments. Resumen:,Se conoce poco del efecto de la matriz modificada circundante sobre el reclutamiento de árboles en bosques fragmentados. Contrastamos los efectos de dos tipos diferentes de matriz, vegetación secundaria dominada por Vismia- y Cecropia-, sobre el reclutamiento de especies de árboles pioneros en fragmentos de bosque en la Amazonía central. Nuestros análisis se basaron en 22 parcelas de 1 ha en siete fragmentos de bosque experimentales que varían entre 1 y 1000 ha. Entre 13 y 17 años después de la fragmentación, la densidad poblacional de árboles pioneros era significativamente mayor en parcelas rodeados por Vismia que en las parcelas rodeadas por Cecropia, y la composición y dominancia de especies pioneras fueron marcadamente diferentes en cada tipo de matriz. Cecropia sciadophylla fue la pionera más abundante en fragmentos rodeados por Cecropia (constituyó casi 50% de todos los árboles pioneros), mientras que las densidades de especies en los fragmentos rodeados por Vismia se distribuyeron más homogéneamente. Por lo tanto, la matriz circundante tiene una fuerte influencia sobre los patrones de reclutamiento de árboles en fragmentos de bosque Amazónicos. [source] Twenty years of external quality assurance in clinical cell analysis , A tribute to Jean-Luc D'HautcourtCYTOMETRY, Issue 1 2007Bruno Brando Abstract External quality assurance (EQA) programs in clinical cell analysis are now a consolidated item of laboratory practice. All the flow cytometric testings with an impact on clinical decision making have been submitted to regular EQA programs during the last 20 years, and this has produced internationally homogeneous guidelines, with a remarkable improvement in result reproducibility. Jean-Luc D'Hautcourt was a pioneer in this field, and his valuable contributions to flow cytometric method standardization and to the dissemination of the educational aspects of EQA programs are recognized. The different methodological approaches undertaken in the United States and Europe are discussed. The educational role of SIHON in the Benelux Countries and of UKNEQAS for Leucocyte Immunophenotyping worldwide is emphasized. Accredited and accreditating EQA programs require an impressive degree of organization and technical knowledge, so that only major international providers can afford such a task nowadays. However, small local studies still provide the necessary stimulus to the continuous improvement of the scientifical aspects of EQA schemes. © 2006 Clinical Cytometry Society [source] Nothing Less than Everything: Thoughts on a Sittler LegacyDIALOG, Issue 2 2007James M. Childs Jr Abstract: Universtiy of Chicago theologian Joseph Sittler has left a most valuable legacy. He was a "preacher's theologian." He distinguished between a literal reading of the Bible from faith in the God of the Bible. He pioneered the interaction between Christology and ecology. Sittler was a pioneer, worthy of being remembered two decades after his death. [source] From privatized to government-administered tax collection: tax farming in eighteenth-century France1ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 4 2004EUGENE N. WHITE The establishment of a government bureaucracy to collect taxes is regarded as one of the essential features of a modern economy. While Britain is considered a pioneer, France has been treated as a laggard because of continued reliance on tax farming. Focusing on the largest tax farm, France's late transition from private to government tax collection is explained in a principal-agent context by the difficulties of monitoring employees and borrowing at low cost in the capital market. Tax farmers continued to earn high returns, absorbing the risk of fluctuating collections, leaving the Crown with lower revenue. [source] The roots of microbiology and the influence of Ferdinand Cohn on microbiology of the 19th centuryFEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2000Gerhart Drews Abstract The beginning of modern microbiology can be traced back to the 1870s, and it was based on the development of new concepts that originated during the two preceding centuries on the role of microorganisms, new experimental methods, and discoveries in chemistry, physics, and evolutionary cell biology. The crucial progress was the isolation and growth on solid media of clone cultures arising from single cells and the demonstration that these pure cultures have specific, inheritable characteristics and metabolic capacities. The doctrine of the spontaneous generation of microorganisms, which stimulated research for a century, lost its role as an important concept. Microorganisms were discovered to be causative agents of infectious diseases and of specific metabolic processes. Microscopy techniques advanced studies on microorganisms. The discovery of sexuality and development in microorganisms and Darwin's theory of evolution contributed to the founding of microbiology as a science. Ferdinand Cohn (1828,1898), a pioneer in the developmental biology of lower plants, considerably promoted the taxonomy and physiology of bacteria, discovered the heat-resistant endospores of bacilli, and was active in applied microbiology. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||