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Pigment Pattern (pigment + pattern)
Selected AbstractsImpact of Thermal Treatment on Color and Pigment Pattern of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) PreparationsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2004K.M. Herbach ABSTRACT: The impact of heating at 85°C during 8 h on overall color and betalain pattern of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) juice was investigated. Although the hue angle of 358° in fresh juice was indicative of the typical red-purple appearance, heating for 8 h induced an unexpected shift to 62° resulting in a yellow-orange solution. To monitor the underlying structural alterations of betalains, a new high-performance liquid chromatography separation compatible with mass spectrometry was developed. Applying this method, 2 novel yellow neobetanin structures and 2 orange-red betanin degradation products were preliminarily identified, and neobetanin formation resulting from heat exposure was proven for the 1st time. These 5 compounds were held responsible for the orange shift of red beet juice during thermal treatment. The relevance of these findings for industrial beet processing was demonstrated by comparison of pigment patterns of heated red beet juice samples and a commercial concentrate. On the basis of these results, a scheme for the thermal degradation of betanin is proposed. [source] Phylogenetic diversity of Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea and the East SeaFEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Dong Han Choi Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among 33 Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea (ECS) and the East Sea (ES) were studied based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 16S,23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Pigment patterns of the culture strains were also examined. Based on 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequence phylogenies, the Synechococcus isolates were clustered into 10 clades, among which eight were previously identified and two were novel. Half of the culture strains belonged to clade V or VI. All strains that clustered into novel clades exhibited both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin. Interestingly, the pigment compositions of isolates belonging to clades V and VI differed from those reported for other oceanic regions. None of the isolates in clade V showed phycourobilin, whereas strains in clade VI exhibited both phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin, which is in contrast to previous studies. The presence of novel lineages and the different pigment patterns in the ECS and the ES suggests the possibility that some Synechococcus lineages are distributed only in geographically restricted areas and have evolved in these regions. Therefore, further elucidation of the physiological, ecological, and genetic characteristics of the diverse Synechococcus strains is required to understand their spatial and geographical distribution. [source] The embryonic expression patterns and the knockdown phenotypes of zebrafish ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6 interacting protein geneDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 1 2009Hsing-Yen Huang Abstract ADP-ribosylation factor-like 6 (Arl6) mutation is linked to human disease and Arl6 interacts with Arl6 interacting protein (Arl6ip). However, the expression pattern and function of Arl6ip during embryogenesis are unknown. To confirm whether abnormal Arl6ip function might result in embryonic defects in zebrafish, we examined the expression patterns of arl6ip during embryogenesis, and they were maternally expressed and exhibited in the brain, optic primordia, hypochord, spinal cord, myotome, heart, fin-bud, kidney, trunk, and retina. Knockdown of Arl6ip revealed the following phenotypic defects: microphthalmia, disorganized pigment pattern, flat head, defective tectum, deficient pectoral fins, abnormal pneumatic duct, pericardial edema, and deformed trunk. Particularly, histological dissection of the retinae of arl6ip -morphants revealed that neuronal differentiation is severely delayed, resulting in no formation of retinal layers. We further confirmed that opsins of arl6ip -morphants were not transcribed. Based on this evidence, Arl6ip may play important roles in zebrafish ocular, heart, and fin-bud development. Developmental Dynamics 238:232,240, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pigment cell distributions in different tissues of the zebrafish, with special reference to the striped pigment patternDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 2 2005Masashi Hirata Abstract The orderly pigment pattern of zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a good model system for studying how spatial patterns form in animals. Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that interactions between the pigment cells play major roles in pattern formation. In the present study, we performed comparative transmission electron microscopy of pigment cells, in order to clarify the structural interactions of pigment cells in tissues with and without a striped pattern. In patterned tissues, pigment cells were distributed as a one-cell-thick sheet. The layer order of the sheets is always kept strictly. In tissues without a striped pattern, the layer order was often disturbed or the cells were distributed in a scattered, double-sheeted, or an accumulated pile. Our observations suggest that the underlying mechanism that controls the vertical order of the pigment cells is related to that controlling the stripe pattern. Developmental Dynamics 234:293,300, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Photophysiology of Surface Phytoplankton Communities in a Transect from the Mouth of the Peene-Strom to the Arkona Sea (Baltic)INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003Anna Maria Müller Abstract The potential of surface phytoplankton to withstand photostress was investigated in August 1998 along a transect from the mouth of the Peene-Strom (Pomeranian Bight) to the open Arkona Sea (Baltic). Photosynthetic efficiency, algal class composition and pigment pattern were determined. Algae were photoinhibited by artificial illumination and the kinetics of recovery were recorded. Under photoinhibitory treatment, algae from the estuary showed a low effective quantum yield but a high potential to recover their maximum photosynthetic efficiency. Contrary to this, the relatively high effective quantum yield of open sea algae under photoinhibitory treatment is accompanied by a low final recovery of maximum photosynthetic efficiency. These phenomena are discussed with respect to nutrient supply, algal class composition and to different strategies of algae to react to light stress. Literature data of summer primary productivity of open sea and coastal algae are compared with our data on electron transport rates. This revealed a low influence of photoinhibitory effects on productivity. [source] Pigment pattern formation in zebrafish: A model for developmental genetics and the evolution of formMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 6 2002Ian K. Quigley The zebrafish Danio rerio is an emerging model organism for understanding vertebrate development and genetics. One trait of both historical and recent interest is the pattern formed by neural crest,derived pigment cells, or chromatophores, which include black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. In zebrafish, an embryonic and early larval pigment pattern consists of several stripes of melanophores and iridophores, whereas xanthophores are scattered widely over the flank. During metamorphosis, however, this pattern is transformed into that of the adult, which comprises several dark stripes of melanophores and iridophores that alternate with light stripes of xanthophores and iridophores. In this review, we place zebrafish relative to other model and non-model species; we review what is known about the processes of chromatophore specification, differentiation, and morphogenesis during the development of embryonic and adult pigment patterns, and we address how future studies of zebrafish will likely aid our understanding of human disease and the evolution of form. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:442,455, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Phylogenetic diversity of Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea and the East SeaFEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Dong Han Choi Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among 33 Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea (ECS) and the East Sea (ES) were studied based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 16S,23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Pigment patterns of the culture strains were also examined. Based on 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequence phylogenies, the Synechococcus isolates were clustered into 10 clades, among which eight were previously identified and two were novel. Half of the culture strains belonged to clade V or VI. All strains that clustered into novel clades exhibited both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin. Interestingly, the pigment compositions of isolates belonging to clades V and VI differed from those reported for other oceanic regions. None of the isolates in clade V showed phycourobilin, whereas strains in clade VI exhibited both phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin, which is in contrast to previous studies. The presence of novel lineages and the different pigment patterns in the ECS and the ES suggests the possibility that some Synechococcus lineages are distributed only in geographically restricted areas and have evolved in these regions. Therefore, further elucidation of the physiological, ecological, and genetic characteristics of the diverse Synechococcus strains is required to understand their spatial and geographical distribution. [source] Impact of Thermal Treatment on Color and Pigment Pattern of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) PreparationsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2004K.M. Herbach ABSTRACT: The impact of heating at 85°C during 8 h on overall color and betalain pattern of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) juice was investigated. Although the hue angle of 358° in fresh juice was indicative of the typical red-purple appearance, heating for 8 h induced an unexpected shift to 62° resulting in a yellow-orange solution. To monitor the underlying structural alterations of betalains, a new high-performance liquid chromatography separation compatible with mass spectrometry was developed. Applying this method, 2 novel yellow neobetanin structures and 2 orange-red betanin degradation products were preliminarily identified, and neobetanin formation resulting from heat exposure was proven for the 1st time. These 5 compounds were held responsible for the orange shift of red beet juice during thermal treatment. The relevance of these findings for industrial beet processing was demonstrated by comparison of pigment patterns of heated red beet juice samples and a commercial concentrate. On the basis of these results, a scheme for the thermal degradation of betanin is proposed. [source] Pigment pattern formation in zebrafish: A model for developmental genetics and the evolution of formMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 6 2002Ian K. Quigley The zebrafish Danio rerio is an emerging model organism for understanding vertebrate development and genetics. One trait of both historical and recent interest is the pattern formed by neural crest,derived pigment cells, or chromatophores, which include black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. In zebrafish, an embryonic and early larval pigment pattern consists of several stripes of melanophores and iridophores, whereas xanthophores are scattered widely over the flank. During metamorphosis, however, this pattern is transformed into that of the adult, which comprises several dark stripes of melanophores and iridophores that alternate with light stripes of xanthophores and iridophores. In this review, we place zebrafish relative to other model and non-model species; we review what is known about the processes of chromatophore specification, differentiation, and morphogenesis during the development of embryonic and adult pigment patterns, and we address how future studies of zebrafish will likely aid our understanding of human disease and the evolution of form. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:442,455, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||