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Terms modified by PhD Selected AbstractsNormoxic destabilization of ATF-4 depends on proteasomal degradationACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2010M. Wottawa Abstract Aim:, Hypoxia-inducible gene expression is an important physiological adaptive mechanism in response to a decreased oxygen supply. We have recently described an oxygen- and prolyl-4-hydroxylase (PHD)3-dependent stabilization of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4). The aim of the present study was to examine if the normoxic destabilization of ATF-4 is regulated by oxygen-dependent proteasomal degradation. Methods:, We determined poly-ubiquitination of ATF-4 in normoxia compared to hypoxia by immunoprecipitation and immunoblots. Furthermore, we analysed the expression of the ATF-4 target gene GADD153 as a function of oxygen concentration. Results:, ATF-4 protein levels were not detectable in normoxia. Normoxic degradation correlated with an oxygen-dependent poly-ubiquitination of ATF-4, which was hindered by hypoxic incubation of the cells. As a result of hypoxia, GADD153 was expressed. The hypoxic GADD153 expression was attenuated or increased by transfecting the cells with ATF-4 siRNA or PHD3 siRNA respectively. Conclusion:, Our results demonstrate the involvement of oxygen-dependent proteasomal degradation of ATF-4 in the hypoxia-induced expression of GADD153. Taken together, hypoxia/PHD3-regulated stabilization of ATF-4 by hindering oxygen-dependent degradation may play a critical role in linking cell fate decisions to oxygen availability. [source] In vivo functions of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain oxygen sensors: direct route to the treatment of anaemia and the protection of ischaemic tissuesACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2009D. M. Katschinski Abstract The prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) 1,3 enzymes have been identified based on their ability to regulate the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor , subunits and thus to modify hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Transgenic mouse models provided insights into the isoform-specific functions of these oxygen sensors with physiological implications for angiogenesis, erythropoiesis/oxygen transport, cardiovascular function, metabolism and tissue homeostasis. This knowledge is important for the ongoing development of small molecule PHD inhibitors that are currently tested in preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of anaemia and for cytoprotection. This review aims at summarizing the insights obtained from key mouse knock-out models as well as first experiences in the therapeutic application of PHD inhibitors. [source] Cryosurgery in the Treatment of Earlobe Keloids: Report of Seven CasesDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 12 2005Tomas Fikrle MD Background. Keloids are benign cutaneous lesions that result from excessive collagen synthesis and deposition. Earlobe keloids in particular are seen as a complication of plastic surgery or piercing. Many different treatment modalities have been used, often with unsatisfactory results. Methods. We have made a retrospective analysis of seven young patients (ages 9 to 22 years) with earlobe keloids. Scarring followed plastic surgery in six cases and piercing in one case. All patients were treated with cryosurgery as the monotherapy. The freeze time and the number of sessions varied depending on the clinical findings, the effect of the treatment, and the patients' tolerance. Cryotherapy was started 6 to 24 months after keloid development. Results. Scar volume was reduced in all cases. Complete flattening in five patients and a pronounced reduction to a maximum of 25% of the previous thickness in one other patient were achieved. One patient discontinued the therapy because of soreness after only partial improvement. The procedure was painful for all patients; no further side effects were noticed. No recurrence was observed within 1 to 4.5 years of follow-up. Conclusion. We present an excellent effect of cryosurgery as the monotherapy for the treatment of earlobe keloid scars of young patients. TOMAS FIKRLE, MD, AND KAREL PIZINGER, MD, PHD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS. [source] Laser-Doppler Examination Shows High Flow in Some Common Telangiectasias of the Lower LimbDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 4 2005Imre Bihari MD Background. The accepted pathophysiology of telangiectasias is reflux from superficial or deep veins. There are physical signs and scientific findings that do not fit this theory but support the possibility of arteriovenous (AV) shunt origin. Objective. If there is a higher flow in spider veins than in the surrounding skin, it means that AV shunts participate in the circulation of the telangiectasia. On the other hand, slow flow indicates reflux as the etiologic factor. Method. Telangiectasias and the surrounding skin of 22 legs of 19 patients were examined with laser-Doppler equipment. Results. The probe over the spider vein found a higher flow value (average 28.2 perfusion units [PU]) than in the surrounding skin (15.6 PU) in 13 limbs, but it was significantly higher only in 5 cases. In 9 limbs, the flow was slower. Conclusion. We interpret the higher flow values as a consequence of open AV shunts. This means that AV shunt pathophysiology was present in some of our cases. IMRE BIHARI, MD, PHD, ANIKÓ MURÁNYI, MD, AND PéTER BIHARI, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS. [source] Curettage prior to Mohs' Micrographic Surgery for Previously Biopsied Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers: What Are We Curetting?DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 1 2005Comparative Study, Prospective, Retrospective Background Curettage prior to excision and Mohs' micrographic surgery for nonmelanoma skin cancer is performed based on the assumption that the curette will remove softer, more friable tumor-infiltrated dermis and leave structurally intact normal skin. This assumption, however, has not been objectively examined in the dermatologic surgery literature. Objective We performed a study to examine the ability of curettage to selectively remove and delineate nonmelanoma skin cancer prior to Mohs' micrographic surgery. Methods The study included 150 previously biopsied basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas less than 1.5 cm in size. We conducted (1) a retrospective study of 50 tumors curetted prior to Mohs' surgery by a surgeon who routinely curettes preoperatively; (2) a prospective study in which a surgeon who routinely does not curette preoperatively curetted 50 tumors prior to Mohs' surgery; and (3) a comparative historical group of 50 noncuretted tumors treated with Mohs' surgery by the latter surgeon. All curetted tissue was evaluated histologically. Results Only 50% of the curetted tissue demonstrated the presence of tumor in the curettings, but in 76% of these, the curette left residual tumor at the surgical margins. Of the other 50% in which the curette removed only non,cancer-containing skin, 34% had tumor present at the surgical margin. Overall, the curette removed tumor, leaving no residual tumor at the surgical margins in only 12% of lesions. Comparison with historical noncuretted tumors operated on by the same surgeon showed that curettage did not affect the mean number of stages or the proportion of tumors requiring more than one stage for histologic clearance. Conclusion Although curettage may be helpful in debulking friable skin prior to Mohs' micrographic surgery, it does not reliably delineate the extent of a tumor. MING H. JIH, MD, PHD, PAUL M. FRIEDMAN, MD, LEONARD H. GOLDBERG, MD, AND ARASH KIMYAI-ASADI, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS. [source] Behaviour of sulcotrione and mesotrione in two soilsPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 1 2008Hanène Chaabane Abstract The behaviour of sulcotrione, a recently introduced triketone herbicide, in various soil types was studied under laboratory conditions. In particular, degradation and sorption processes were examined on Ghent and Perpignan soils. Kinetics showed that the degradation of sulcotrione was influenced by biotic and/or abiotic factors. Half-lives ranged between 45 and 65 days. Among the degradation compounds identified were 1,3-cyclohexanedione (CHD) and 2-chloro-4-mesyl benzoic acid (CMBA), previously described as hydrolysis products, and, under special conditions, a derivative of phenylheptanoic acid (PHD). This new degradation product suggested that sulcotrione could follow two possible pathways in the soil, as in water. During the sorption study, a moderate retention of sulcotrione and CMBA relative to CHD and PHD, which were highly adsorbed whatever the soil type, was reported. Experiments carried out under the same conditions for sulcotrione and mesotrione, another triketone herbicide recommended in maize culture, made it possible to compare the two triketones and to conclude that they exhibited relatively similar behaviour in the soil, i.e. that their leaching potential needs to be properly addressed and risks evaluated. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] ORTH/VIM proteins that regulate DNA methylation are functional ubiquitin E3 ligasesTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008Edward Kraft Summary Appropriate methylation of genomes is essential for gene regulation. Here, we describe the six-member ORTHRUS (ORTH) gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana that plays a role in DNA methylation in vivo. ORTH1, ORTH5 are predicted to encode proteins that contain one plant homeodomain (PHD), two really interesting new gene (RING) domains, and one set ring associated (SRA) domain, whereas ORTHlike-1 encodes a protein with only one RING and SRA domain. cDNAs for ORTH1, ORTH2, ORTH5 and ORTHlike-1 were isolated, and when expressed as glutathione- S -transferase (GST) fusion proteins, were capable of promoting ubiquitylation in vitro with the E2 AtUBC11. ORTH1 promotes ubiquitylation when paired with additional AtUBC8 family members. ORTH1 proteins with substitutions in metal,ligand binding residues in each ORTH1 RING domain individually, and ORTH1 truncation derivatives lacking one or both RING domains, were tested for their ability to catalyze ubiquitylation in vitro. In these assays, either ORTH1 RING domain is capable of promoting ubiquitylation. The PHD alone is not active as an E3 ligase, nor is it required for ligase activity. GFP-ORTH1 and GFP-ORTH2 are nuclear-localized in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Overexpression of ORTH1 or ORTH2 in Arabidopsis leads to an altered flowering time. Inspection of DNA methylation at FWA and Cen180 repeats revealed hypomethylation when ORTH proteins were overexpressed. Once initiated, a late-flowering phenotype persisted in the absence of the ORTH transgene, consistent with epigenetic effects at FWA. We conclude that ORTH proteins are E3 ligases mediating DNA methylation status in vivo. [source] Emergency Department Chlamydia Screening Through Partnership with the Public Health DepartmentACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 11 2009Charlene Babcock Irvin MD Abstract Background:, The emergency department (ED) serves a population that may benefit from numerous screening initiatives but screening in the ED is challenging due to crowding as well as resource and time constraints. One option may be to collect specimens in the ED and then partner with the public health department (PHD) to analyze the specimens off-site and arrange follow-up treatment. Objectives:, The objective was to explore the feasibility of chlamydia screening in females using a partnership model in which the ED is responsible for urine collection and the PHD is responsible for chlamydia testing, notification, and treatment. Methods:, A collaborative partnership-based chlamydia screening project was initiated at a large (90,000 visits/yr), urban, teaching ED from April 2007 to April 2008. Study information sheets were handed out to a convenience sample of eligible female patients and visitors (15,24 yr of age). Those wishing to participate provided a urine sample and follow-up contact information. The information sheet also asked if they had either lower abdominal pain or vaginal discharge (affirmative answer for either was considered symptomatic). Specimens collected in the ED were retrieved by PHD staff for off-site testing. The PHD contacted those participants testing positive using the patient provided contact information and arranged for treatment. Results:, Of the 633 women offered screening, 296 (47%) agreed to testing and provided samples. Of the 296 tested, 38 (12.8%) were positive for chlamydia infection, and 25 (66%) received follow-up and treatment; 13 could not be contacted through information they provided. A higher percentage of symptomatic subjects (23 of 115, or 20%) tested positive for chlamydia than asymptomatic subjects (15 of 181, or 8.3%; p < 0.01). Conclusions:, This study demonstrates the feasibility of an ED,PHD partnership for chlamydia screening in young women. This model can potentially be applied to other initiatives and may improve public health screening without creating significant additional burdens for crowded EDs. [source] Autonomic dysfunction in presymptomatic and early symptomatic Huntington's diseaseACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 6 2010J. Kobal Kobal J, Melik Z, Cankar K, Bajrovic FF, Meglic B, Peterlin B, Zaletel M. Autonomic dysfunction in presymptomatic and early symptomatic Huntington's disease. Acta Neurol Scand: 2010: 121: 392,399. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Munksgaard. Objectives,,, Although autonomic dysfunction was found in advanced Huntington's disease (HD) patients it is not clear whether there is autonomic dysfunction in presymptomatic and early symptomatic HD. Material & methods,,, Different cardiovascular autonomic tests were performed in 14 presymptomatic HD mutation carriers (PHD), 11 early symptomatic HD patients (EHD) and in 25 sex and age matched controls. Results,,, We found attenuated response to simple mental arithmetic test (relative heart rate in PHD and EHD was 10% lower than in controls; diastolic pressure was 10.6% lower in EHD than in controls; P < 0.05) and exaggerated response to the late phase of cold pressor test (relative heart rate was 10% higher in PHD and 7% higher in EHD than in controls; P < 0.05). The rest of the cardiovascular autonomic tests did not reveal significant differences between patients and controls. Conclusions,,, Our results suggest that subtle autonomic dysfunction occurs even in PHD and EHD. [source] Decreased serum dependence in the growth of NIH3T3 cells from the overexpression of human nuclear receptor-binding SET-domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) or fission yeast su(var)3-9, enhancer-of-zeste, trithorax 2 (SET2)CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION, Issue 2 2008Toshiko Yamada-Okabe Abstract Nuclear receptor-binding SET-domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1), a culprit gene for Sotos syndrome, contains a su(var)3-9, enhancer-of-zeste, trithorax (SET) domain that is responsible for histone methyltransferase activity and other domains such as plant homeodomain (PHD) and proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline (PWWP) involved in protein,protein interactions in the C-terminal half of NSD1. To elucidate the function of NSD1 on cell growth, we overexpressed NSD1 in NIH3T3 cells. Cells overexpressing NSD1 grew in the presence of 2% serum, whereas vector transfected cells did not. Overexpression of the C-terminal half of NSD1 but not the N-terminal half of NSD1 also produced cell growth under low serum concentration. Furthermore, overexpression in NIH3T3 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe SET2 which has a SET domain but not PHD or PWWP domains conferred the reduced serum dependence. Thus, the SET domain of NSD1 is involved in cell growth by modulating serum dependence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] HYPOXIA-INDUCED ERYTHROPOIETIN PRODUCTION: A PARADIGM FOR OXYGEN-REGULATED GENE EXPRESSIONCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 10 2006Christian Stockmann SUMMARY 1The mechanisms controlling the expression of the gene encoding for the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) are exemplary for oxygen-regulated gene expression. In humans and other mammals, hypoxia modulates EPO levels by increasing expression of the EPO gene. An association between polycythaemia and people living at high altitudes was first reported more than 100 years ago. 2Since the identification of EPO as the humoral regulator of red blood cell production and the cloning of the EPO gene, considerable progress has been made in understanding the regulation of EPO gene expression. This has finally led to the identification of a widespread cellular oxygen-sensing mechanism. Central to this mechanism is the transcription factor complex hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. 3The abundance and activity of HIF-1, a heterodimer of an ,- and ,-subunit, is predominantly regulated by oxygen-dependent post-translational hydroxylation of the ,-subunit. Non-heme ferrous iron containing hydroxylases use dioxygen and 2-oxoglutarate to specifically target proline and an asparagine residue in HIF-1,. As such, the three prolyl hydroxylases (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein (PHD) 1, PHD2 and PHD3) and the asparagyl hydroxylase (factor inhibiting HIF (FIH)-1) act as cellular oxygen sensors. In addition to erythropoiesis, HIF-1 regulates a broad range of physiologically relevant genes involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, vasomotor control and energy metabolism. Therefore, the HIF system is implicated in the pathophysiology of many human diseases. 4In addition to the tight regulation by oxygen tension, temporal and tissue-specific signals limit expression of the EPO gene primarily to the fetal liver and the adult kidney. [source] Mutations in PHD-like domain of the ATRX gene correlate with severe psychomotor impairment and severe urogenital abnormalities in patients with ATRX syndromeCLINICAL GENETICS, Issue 1 2006C Badens Mutations in ATRX are associated with a wide and clinically heterogeneous spectrum of X-linked mental retardation syndromes. The ATRX protein, involved in chromatin remodelling, belongs to the family of SWI/SNF DNA helicases and contains a plant homeodomain (PHD)-like domain. To date, more than 60 different mutations have been reported in ATRX. One of them is recurrent and accounts for 20% of all the reported mutations, whereas all others are private. Most mutations are clustered in the two major functional domains, the helicase and the PHD-like domain. So far, no clear genotype,phenotype correlation has been established, with exception to the rare truncating mutations located at the C-terminal part of the protein, which are consistently associated with severe urogenital defects. In this study, we report the molecular analysis performed in 16 families positive for ATRX. Our findings indicate that, in addition to the previously described mutation ,hotspot' in the PHD-like domain, two other protein sections emerge as minor ,hotspots' in the helicase region encoded by exons 18,20 and 26,29, respectively, gathering 33% of all described mutations. Additionally, based on the clinical data collected for 22 patients from the 16 families, we observe that mutations in the PHD-like domain produce severe and permanent psychomotor deficiency, usually preventing patients from walking, as well as constant urogenital abnormalities, while mutations in the helicase domain lead to delayed but correct psychomotor acquisitions together with mild or absent urogenital abnormalities. In summary, mutations in the helicase domain are associated with milder phenotypes than mutations in the PHD-like domain. [source] Soluble nickel inhibits HIF-prolyl-hydroxylases creating persistent hypoxic signaling in A549 cellsMOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS, Issue 7 2006Todd L. Davidson Abstract Soluble nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans although the mechanism by which they cause cancer remains unclear. One major consequence of exposure to nickel is the stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1, (HIF-1,), a protein known to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers. In this study, we report a persistent stabilization of HIF-1, by nickel chloride up to 72 h after the removal of nickel from the culture media. In addition, we show that the HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHD's) are inhibited when cells are exposed to nickel and that they remain repressed for up to 72 h after nickel is removed. We then show that nickel can inhibit purified HIF-PHD's 2 in vitro, through direct interference with the enzyme. Through theoretical calculations, we also demonstrate that nickel may be able to replace the iron in the active site of this enzyme, providing a plausible mechanism for the persistent inhibition of HIF-PHD's by nickel. The data presented suggest that nickel can interfere with HIF-PHD directly and does not inhibit the enzyme by simply depleting cellular factors, such as iron or ascorbic acid. Understanding the mechanisms by which nickel can inhibit HIF-PHD's and stabilize HIF-1, may be important in the treatment of cancer and ischemic diseases. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. ShulginADDICTION, Issue 8 2010Udo Benzenhöfer ABSTRACT Aims Alexander T. Shulgin is widely thought of as the ,father' of +/,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This paper re-assesses his role in the modern history of this drug. Methods We analysed systematically Shulgin's original publications on MDMA, his publications on the history of MDMA and his laboratory notebook. Results According to Shulgin's book PIHKAL (1991), he synthesized MDMA in 1965, but did not try it. In the 1960s Shulgin also synthesized MDMA-related compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), but this had no impact on his rediscovery of MDMA. In the mid-1970s Shulgin learned of a ,special effect' caused by MDMA, whereupon he re-synthesized it and tried it himself in September 1976, as confirmed by his laboratory notebook. In 1977 he gave MDMA to Leo Zeff PhD, who used it as an adjunct to psychotherapy and introduced it to other psychotherapists. Conclusion Shulgin was not the first to synthesize MDMA, but he played an important role in its history. It seems plausible that he was so impressed by its effects that he introduced it to psychotherapist Zeff in 1977. This, and the fact that in 1978 he published with David Nichols the first paper on the pharmacological action of MDMA in humans, explains why Shulgin is sometimes (erroneously) called the ,father' of MDMA. [source] DR ROBIN ORCHARDSON, BSc, BDS, PhD, FDS, RCPSG Glasgow Dental School University of Glasgow Glasgow UKENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2006Article first published online: 21 SEP 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] PROFESSOR THOMAS R. PITT FORD, BDS, PhD, FDS RCPS, FDS RCS, FDS RCSENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2005Article first published online: 8 MAR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] DR JOSÉ F. SIQUEIRA JR, DDS, MSc, PhDENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2005Dr José F. Siqueira Jr DDS No abstract is available for this article. [source] Dr Christine Sedgley, BDS, MDSc, MDS, FRACDS, PhDENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2004Article first published online: 19 APR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Dr Don B. Clewell, PhDENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2004Article first published online: 19 APR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Dr Robert M. Love, MDS, PhD, FRACDSENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2004Article first published online: 19 APR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] DR CSONGOR KISS, MD, PhD, DScENDODONTIC TOPICS, Issue 1 2004Article first published online: 17 FEB 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] What becomes of dental research trainees once they leave the Dental Research Institute?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 2 2008An analysis over 53 years Abstract The careers of 131 dental research trainees were followed (1954,2007) to establish whether and how they utilised their research training in keeping with clinical research workforce needs. The Dental Research Institute database was used to obtain trainee demographic, teaching and research outputs which were examined according to degree types: PhD (18); MSc (55); MDent (42) and dropout (16). Current careers show that 48% are in exclusive private practice and 15% in exclusive academia with further 15% practitioners having academic links via sessional teaching or research at a dental school. Most (63%) have remained in South Africa but emigration is high amongst the PhD and MSc groups. Forty-one per cent of the cohort is of age ,55 years and 16% <40 years old. The 131 trainees have published 2287 peer-reviewed journal papers over their careers: quantity of research output is skewed towards degree type (PhD) and individuals (10% trainees produced 65% of all publications). Recent trainees have little research experience prior to their training and a lower subsequent research output than earlier trainees. PhDs have participated in research for the greatest length of time (29.1 years). Academic teaching is heavily reliant on older and PhD trainees. It is proposed that a threshold of four publications be used to indicate minimum research skills and a period of formal academic teaching taken into account when advocating criteria to assess clinical research workforce requirements. [source] President's Interview: Interview with Theodore S. Sergi, PhD, JD, Commissioner of Education, Connecticut State Department of EducationFOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS, Issue 4 2002Christine L. Brown No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Inclusion of Female PhD Students in Academia: A Case Study of a Swedish University DepartmentGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 2 2003Ulf Elg The article introduces a framework for understanding women's entry into the academic world and how it interacts with internal departmental structures and practices. It presents three specific strategies applied by a group of women to gain a doctorate and acceptance in their department. Few previous studies have stressed women's strategies to cope with the organizational setting in academia. The article draws on previous research on women in academia and how organizational characteristics influence women's careers. It is based on a case study of a Swedish university department. Sweden is often recognized for creating favourable working conditions for women. Yet the Swedish academic world is very male-dominated at the top and even the medium level. It is also more common than in many other Western countries that academics stay on at the department where they graduated. Therefore, a PhD is often a first step in a career within that department. [source] New Routes to the PhD: Cause for Concern?HIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2004Bill Johnston Recent developments suggest that the PhD is at a turning point. Professional groups have criticised the so-called ,traditional PhD'. New routes to the PhD are proposed by several bodies and endorsed by one funding council. In light of these developments, it is appropriate to ask what the implications are for the PhD and for the academy. A focus group was used to gather student responses to these developments. The findings show qualified support: students agree that the PhD should cater for different careers but challenge what they see as a simplistic channelling of PhD routes. This paper demonstrates apparent consensus on the need for change in the PhD and reveals movement beyond reconceptualisation towards reconstruction. However, we argue that there is cause for concern in the lack of attention paid to student views and the continuing neglect of quality issues in the PhD. [source] Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion: Clinical Validation in Patients With Hypertensive CardiomiopathyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2 2006Rita de Cassia Gengo de Silva MS PURPOSE.,To validate defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion using vasomotor function assessment. METHODS.,Twenty-four patients with hypertensive cardiomiopathy were evaluated for 18 defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion and underwent vasomotor function assessment with induction of reactive hyperemia, intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine, and pulse wave velocity measurement. The Student's t test and Kruskall,Wallis test were used to assess the significance of relationships between defining characteristics and vasomotor function data. FINDINGS.,Diminished lower extremity pulses were associated with diminished forearm blood flow during acetylcholine infusion; left ventricular overload, intermittent claudication, and diminished skin moisture were associated with elevated pulse wave velocity values. CONCLUSION.,The defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion were highly associated with vasomotor function data as "gold standards" for that diagnosis. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.,Nurses should be able to accurately assess diminished lower extremity pulses, intermittent claudication, and diminished skin moisture as relevant characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with hypertensive cardiomiopathy. Irrigation Tissulaire Périphérique Inefficace: Validation Clinique Chez les Patients Atteints de Cardiomyopathie Hypertensive BUT.,Valider les caractéristiques de Irrigation tissulaire périphérique inefficace en utilisant l'évaluation de la fonction vasomotrice. MÉTHODES.,Vingt-quatre patients souffrant de cardiomyopathie hypertensive furent évalués au regard des 18 caractéristiques du diagnostic Irrigation vasculaire périphérique inefficace et de la fonction vasomotrice par induction d'une hyperémie réactionnelle, la perfusion intra-artérielle d'acétylcholine, et la mesure de la vélocité de l'onde du pouls. Les tests "Student t et Kruskall,Wallis" furent utilisés pour déterminer l'importance des liens entre les caractéristiques et les valeurs de la fonction vasomotrice. RÉSULTATS.,La diminution des pulsations périphériques des membres inférieurs fut associée à une diminution du flot sanguin pendant la perfusion d'acétylcholine; une surcharge ventriculaire gauche, de la claudication intermittente et une diminution de l'hydratation de la peau furent associées à des valeurs élevées de la vélocité de l'onde du pouls. CONCLUSION.,,Les caractéristiques de Irrigation tissulaire périphérique inefficace qui furent associées de manière significative à la fonction vasomotrice peuvent être considérées comme les "étalons or" de ce diagnostic. IMPLICATIONS POUR LA PRATIQUE.,Les infirmières devraient être capables d'évaluer correctement la diminution des pouls périphériques, la claudication intermittente, et la diminution de l'hydratation de la peau, car ce sont des caractéristiques pertinentes de l'irrigation tissulaire périphérique inefficace chez les patients atteints de cardiomyopathie hypertensive. Translation by Cécile Boisvert, MSN, RN Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz: Validação Clínica em Pacientes com Miocardiopatia Hipertensiva PROPÓSITO.,Validar as caraterísticas definidoras do diagnóstico de perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz usando a avaliação da função vasomotora. MÉTODO.,Vinte e quatro pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertensiva foram avaliados segundo 18 características definidoras de perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz e submetidos a avaliação da função vasomotora por indução de hiperemia reativa, infusão intra-arterial de acetilcolina e por mensuração da velocidade da onda de pulso. Testes T de Student e de Kruskall,Wallis foram aplicados para avaliar a significância das relações entre as características definidoras e os dados da função vasomotora. RESULTADOS.,Diminuição de pulso nas extremidades inferiores foi associada com o menor fluxo de sangue no antebraço durante a infusão de acetilcolina; sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, claudicação intermitente e diminuição da hidratação da pele foram associados com valores elevados de velocidade de onda de pulso. CONCLUSÃO.,Quatro características definidoras de perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz foram altamente associadas com função vasomotora alterada como "padrão ouro" para este diagnóstico. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA.,As enfermeiras devem ser capazes de avaliar com precisão a diminuição dos pulsos das extremidades inferiores, claudicação intermitente e diminuição na hidratação da pele como características definidoras relevantes da perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertensiva. Translation by Alba Leite de Barros, PhD, RN Perfusión Tisular Periférica Inefectiva: Validación Clínica en Pacientes que Presentan Miocardiopatía Hipertensiva PROPÓSITO.,Validar las características definitorias del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva utilizando una valoración de la función vasomotora. METODOLOGÍA.,Veinticuatro pacientes diagnosticados de Miocardiopatía Hipertensiva fueron evaluados con respecto a las 18 características definitorias del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva y sometidos a una valoración de la función vasomotora con inducción de Hiperemia reactiva, infusión intra-arterial de acetilcolina, y medida de la velocidad de la onda del pulso. Se utilizaron los análisis estadísticos de t-Student y Kruskall,Wallis para valorar el significado de las relaciones entre las características definitorias y los datos obtenidos de la valoración de la función vasomotora. HALLAZGOS.,Durante la infusión de acetilcolina se detectó disminución de los pulsos en la extremidad inferior relacionado con la disminución del volumen de sangre en el antebrazo; la sobrecarga ventricular izquierda, claudicación intermitente y disminución de la hidratación de la piel fueron asociadas con la elevación de los valores de la velocidad de la onda del pulso. CONCLUSIÓN.,Las características definitorias del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva estaban fuertemente asociadas a los datos procedentes de la valoración de la función vasomotora identificándose como "estándares fundamentales" para este diagnóstico. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA.,Las enfermeras deberían ser capaces de valorar cuidadosamente la presencia de pulsos disminuidos en las extremidades inferiores, y la disminución de la hidratación de la piel ya que son características relevantes del diagnóstico Perfusión tisular periférica inefectiva en pacientes que presentan Miocardiopatía Hipertensiva. Translation by Adolf Guirao, RN [source] Comparison of Nursing Interventions Performed by Medical-Surgical Nurses in Korea and the United StatesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2 2006Eunjoo Lee PhD PURPOSE.,To compare the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) interventions used in two countries, Korea and the United States. METHODS.,Data were collected from 167 nurses working in eight hospitals in Korea and analyzed with descriptive statistics. FINDINGS.,Korean nurses selected 202 interventions, nine of which were used by more than 50% of nurses surveyed. In comparison, the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses (AMSN) in the United States identified 68 interventions as core interventions. Among the top ranked 68 interventions selected by Korean nurses, 29 (43%) matched those selected by U.S. nurses. CONCLUSION.,The nursing interventions selected by Korean nurses were more heavily focused on the physiologic domain than those selected by the U.S. nurses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.,The identified intervention lists can be used to develop nursing information systems, staff education, competency evaluation, referral networks, certification and licensing exams, and educational curricula for nursing students. Comparaison des interventions réalisées par les infirmières de Médecine-Chirurgie en Corée et aux Etats-Unis BUTS.,Comparer les interventions (tirées de la Classification des Interventions) utilisées dans deux pays: La Corée et les Etats-Unis. MÉTHODES.,Les données furent collectées auprès de 167 infirmières travaillant dans huit hôpitaux Coréens et furent analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives. RÉSULTATS.,Les infirmières Coréennes ont choisi 202 interventions, neuf d'entre elles furent utilisées par plus de 50% des infirmières incluses dans l'étude. En comparaison, l'Académie des Infirmières en Médecine-Chirurgie (E.U.) ont identifié 68 interventions clés. Parmi les 68 premières interventions choisies par les infirmières Coréennes, 29 (43%) correspondent à celles qui ont été choisies par les infirmières Américaines. CONCLUSION.,Les interventions de soins choisies par les infirmières Coréennes furent plus fortement centrées sur les domaines physiologiques que celles choisies par leurs collègues Américaines. IMPLICATIONS POUR LA PRATIQUE.,Les listes d'interventions identifées peuvent être utilisées pour développer des systèmes d'information, la formation du personnel, l'évaluation de la compétence, les réseaux de soin, les examens de certification et les programmes de formation des étudiantes infirmières. Translation by Cécile Boisvert, MSN, RN Comparação das Intervenções Realizadas por Enfermeiras Médico-Cirúrgicas na Coréia e nos Estados Unidos OBJETIVO.,Comparar as intervenções contidas na classificação de intervenções de Enfermagem (NIC) usadas nos dois paises, Coréia e Estados Unidos. MÉTODOS.,Os dados foram coletados com 167 enfermeiras que trabalhavam em oito hospitais na Coréia e analisadas com estaticista descritiva. RESULTADOS.,As enfermeiras coreanas selecionaram 202 intervenções, nas quais foram usadas por mais de 50% das enfermeiras entrevistadas. Em comparação, a Academia de enfermeiras médico-cirúrgicas (AMSN) nos Estados Unidos identificaram 68 intervenções como principais. Dentre as 68 intervenções como principais. Dentre as 68 intervenções mais importantes selecionadas pelas enfermeiras coreanas, 29 (43%) coincidiram com aquelas selecionadas pelas enfermeiras americanas. CONCLUSÃO.,As intervenções selecionadas pelas enfermeiras coreanas foram mais fortemente focadas no domínio fisiológico do que aquelas selecionadas pelas enfermeiras americanas. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA.,As listas das intervenções identificadas pode ser usada para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação de enfermagem, educação-permanente da equipe, avaliação da competência, rede de referências, exames de certificação e licença e currículo educacional para estudantes de enfermagem. Translation by Alba Leite de Barros, PhD, RN Estudio Comparativo de las Intervenciones Enfermeras Realizadas por Enfermeras Especialistas Médico-Quirúrgicas en Korea y Estados Unidos (EUA) PROPÓSITO.,Realizar un estudio comparativo entre las intervenciones enfermeras de la taxonomía NIC (Clasificación de las Intervenciones Enfermeras) utilizadas en dos países, Korea y EUA. METODOLOGÍA.,Los datos fueron recogidos entre 167 enfermeras que trabajaban en ocho hospitales de Korea y fueron analizadas utilizando medidas estadísticas descriptivas. HALLAZGOS.,Las enfermeras koreanas seleccionaron 202 intervenciones, nueve de las cuales fueron utilizadas por más del 50% de las enfermeras estudiadas. A diferencia, la Academia de Enfermeras especialistas Médico-quirúrgicas (AMSN) de los EUA, había identificado 68 intervenciones enfermeras. Entre las 68 intervenciones seleccionadas más frecuentemente por las enfermeras koreanas, 29 (43%) coincidían con las seleccionadas por las enfermeras americanas. CONCLUSIÓN.,Las intervenciones seleccionadas por las enfermeras koreanas estaban más centradas en el dominio fisiológico que las seleccionadas por las enfermeras americanas. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA.,La lista de intervenciones identificadas puede ser utilizada para desarrollar sistemas de información enfermeros, programas de formación, evaluación de la competencia, redes de enfermeras de referencia, exámenes de certificación y obtención de licencias, y currícula de formación para los estudiantes de enfermería. Translation by Adolf Guirao, RN [source] Development of psychophysics in Japan,JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008TADASU OYAMA Abstract:, In Japan, psychophysics began as early as 1888 with the first lecture on it given by Yujiro Motora at the Imperial University (the University of Tokyo), following the completion of his PhD, at the laboratory of G. S. Hall. In 1910, A Photographic Album of Experimental Psychology was published, which included many photographs of psychophysical experiments. In 1933, Sadaji Takagi conducted the first experiment on animal psychophysics to investigate shape constancy in small birds. In 1949, the first experiment on infant psychophysics was conducted by Jyuji Misumi to study the early development of size constancy. And, in 1955, Tadasu Oyama proposed a new psychophysical technique, naming the method of transposition to measure perceived size ratios without using numerical expressions. This method has been successfully applied to the measurement of illusions, figural after-effects, and size constancy. In 1960, Tarow Indow and his collaborators published their first systematic application of multidimensional scaling to color perception. They also applied it to study the perceptual structure of visual space. Recent developments in those topics in Japan are also reviewed. [source] Interview with a Quality Leader,Karen Davis, Executive Director of The Commonwealth FundJOURNAL FOR HEALTHCARE QUALITY, Issue 2 2009Lecia A. Albright Dr. Davis is a nationally recognized economist, with a distinguished career in public policy and research. Before joining the Fund, she served as chairman of the Department of Health Policy and Management at The Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, where she also held an appointment as professor of economics. She served as deputy assistant secretary for health policy in the Department of Health and Human Services from 1977 to 1980, and was the first woman to head a U.S. Public Health Service agency. Before her government career, Ms. Davis was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC; a visiting lecturer at Harvard University; and an assistant professor of economics at Rice University. A native of Oklahoma, she received her PhD in economics from Rice University, which recognized her achievements with a Distinguished Alumna Award in 1991. Ms. Davis is the recipient of the 2000 Baxter-Allegiance Foundation Prize for Health Services Research. In the spring of 2001, Ms. Davis received an honorary doctorate in human letters from John Hopkins University. In 2006, she was selected for the Academy Health Distinguished Investigator Award for significant and lasting contributions to the field of health services research in addition to the Picker Award for Excellence in the Advancement of Patient Centered Care. Ms. Davis has published a number of significant books, monographs, and articles on health and social policy issues, including the landmark books HealthCare Cost Containment, Medicare Policy, National Health Insurance: Benefits, Costs, and Consequences, and Health and the War on Poverty. She serves on the Board of Visitors of Columbia University, School of Nursing, and is on the Board of Directors of the Geisinger Health System. She was elected to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1975; has served two terms on the IOM governing Council (1986,90 and 1997,2000); was a member of the IOM Committee on Redesigning Health Insurance Benefits, Payment and Performance Improvement Programs; and was awarded the Adam Yarmolinsky medal in 2007 for her contributions to the mission of the Institute of Medicine. She is a past president of the Academy Health (formerly AHSRHP) and an Academy Health distinguished fellow, a member of the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, and a former member of the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research National Advisory Committee. She also serves on the Panel of Health Advisors for the Congressional Budget Office. [source] An evaluation of the process and initial impact of disseminating a nursing e-thesisJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 5 2009Colin Macduff Abstract Title.,An evaluation of the process and initial impact of disseminating a nursing e-thesis. Aim., This paper is a report of a study conducted to evaluate product, process and outcome aspects of the dissemination of a nursing PhD thesis via an open-access electronic institutional repository. Background., Despite the growth of university institutional repositories which make theses easily accessible via the world wide web, nursing has been very slow to evaluate related processes and outcomes. Method., Drawing on Stake's evaluation research methods, a case study design was adopted. The case is described using a four-phase structure within which key aspects of process and impact are reflexively analysed. Findings., In the conceptualization/re-conceptualization phase, fundamental questions about the purpose, format and imagined readership for a published nursing PhD were considered. In the preparation phase, seven key practical processes were identified that are likely to be relevant to most e-theses. In the dissemination phase email invitations were primarily used to invite engagement. The evaluation phase involved quantitative indicators of initial impact, such as page viewing and download statistics and qualitative feedback on processes and product. Conclusion., Analysis of process and impact elements of e-thesis dissemination is likely to have more than intrinsic value. The advent of e-theses housed in web-based institutional repositories has the potential to transform thesis access and use. It also offers potential to transform the nature and scope of thesis production and dissemination. Nursing scholars can exploit and evaluate such opportunities. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||