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Pharmaceutical Industry (pharmaceutical + industry)
Selected AbstractsSPECIAL INTEREST POLITICS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STRENGTHENING PATENT PROTECTION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRYECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 2 2008ANGUS C. CHU Since the 1980s, the pharmaceutical industry has benefited substantially from a series of policy changes that have strengthened the patent protection for brand-name drugs as a result of the industry's political influence. This paper incorporates special interest politics into a quality-ladder model to analyze the policy-makers' tradeoff between the socially optimal patent length and campaign contributions. The welfare analysis suggests that the presence of a pharmaceutical lobby distorting patent protection is socially undesirable in a closed-economy setting but may improve social welfare in a multi-country setting, which features an additional efficiency tradeoff between monopolistic distortion and international free riding on innovations. [source] Microreactor Technology: A Revolution for the Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries?CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 3 2005D. M. Roberge Abstract 50,% of reactions in the fine chemical/pharmaceutical industry could benefit from a continuous process based mainly on microreactor technology. However, the frequent presence of a solid phase still hinders the widespread application of such a technology as a multi-purpose solution. For small scale and pilot productions, speed in process R&D, as well as the avoidance of scale-up issues, are the main drivers. On the other hand, for large scale productions, a gain in yield and safety are the main motivations for the use of micoreactor technology. The gain in yield must be significant in order to cope with the increase in capital expenditure associated with the development of a new technology. [source] Market Valuation of Successful versus Non-successful R&D Efforts in the Pharmaceutical IndustryJOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 9-10 2004Rebecca Toppe Shortridge Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between a non-financial measure of successful research and development (R&D) efforts in the pharmaceutical industry and R&D expenditures. I hypothesize that the R&D of successful producers will be valued more by the market than the R&D of non-successful producers. The regression results support the hypothesis. In the primary model, R&D is not associated with price; however, the coefficient on the interaction between R&D and successful developers is positively related to stock price. This implies that the market values the R&D expenditures of successful developers but not the expenditures of less-successful developers. [source] Statistical issues in first-in-man studiesJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES A (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY), Issue 3 2007Professor Stephen Senn Preface., In March 2006 a first-in-man trial took place using healthy volunteers involving the use of monoclonal antibodies. Within hours the subjects had suffered such adverse effects that they were admitted to intensive care at Northwick Park Hospital. In April 2006 the Secretary of State for Health announced the appointment of Professor (now Sir) Gordon Duff, who chairs the UK's Commission on Human Medicines, to chair a scientific expert group on phase 1 clinical trials. The group reported on December 7th, 2006 (Expert Scientific Group on Clinical Trials, 2006a). Clinical trials have a well-established regulatory basis both in the UK and worldwide. Trials have to be approved by the regulatory authority and are subject to a detailed protocol concerning, among other things, the study design and statistical analyses that will form the basis of the evaluation. In fact, a cornerstone of the regulatory framework is the statistical theory and methods that underpin clinical trials. As a result, the Royal Statistical Society established an expert group of its own to look in detail at the statistical issues that might be relevant to first-in-man studies. The group mainly comprised senior Fellows of the Society who had expert knowledge of the theory and application of statistics in clinical trials. However, the group also included an expert immunologist and clinicians to ensure that the interface between statistics and clinical disciplines was not overlooked. In addition, expert representation was sought from Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI), an organization with which the Royal Statistical Society has very close links. The output from the Society's expert group is contained in this report. It makes a number of recommendations directed towards the statistical aspects of clinical trials. As such it complements the report by Professor Duff's group and will, I trust, contribute to a safer framework for first-in-man trials in the future. Tim Holt (President, Royal Statistical Society) [source] Biomarker as a classifier in pharmacogenomics clinical trials: a tribute to 30th anniversary of PSI,,PHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICS: THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, Issue 4 2007Sue-Jane Wang Abstract Pharmacogenetics is one of many evolving sciences that have come to the fore since the formation of the Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI) 30 years ago. Following the completion of the human genome project and the HapMap in the early 21st century, pharmacogenetics has gradually focused on studies of whole-genome single-nucleotide-polymorphisms screening associating disease pathophysiology with potential therapeutic interventions. Around this time, transcription profiling aiming at similar objectives has also been actively pursued, known as pharmacogenomics. It has become increasingly apparent that treatment effects between different genomic patient subsets can be dissimilar, and the value and need for genomic biomarkers to help predict effects, particularly in cancer clinical studies, have become issues of paramount importance. Pharmacogenomics/pharmaogenetics has thus become intensely focused on the search for genomic biomarkers for use as classifiers to select patients in randomized-controlled trials. We highlight that the predictive utility of a genomic classifier has tremendous clinical appeal and that there will be growing examples in which use of a companion diagnostic will need to be considered and may become an integral part in the utilization of drugs in medical practice. The credible mechanism to test the clinical utility of a genomic classifier is to employ the study results from a prospective trial that recruits all patients. Such investigations, if well designed, will allow analysis of all relevant performance factors in the drug and diagnostic combination including the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the diagnostic test and the efficacy of the drug. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pros and Cons of the Pharmaceutical Industry and EducationPREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007William R. Lewis MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Quality assurance within the scope of Good Clinical Practice (GCP),what is the cost of GCP-related activities?QUALITY ASSURANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009A survey within the Swedish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry (LIF)'s members Abstract The bureaucracy that the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) system generates, due to industry over-interpretation of documentation requirements, clinical monitoring, data verifications etc. is substantial. The aim of this study was to estimate the percentage cost of all such GCP-related activities within phase III clinical trials performed in Sweden in 2005. Method: An electronic questionnaire on ICH GCP-activities and their related costs was sent to 47 of the 60 member companies of the Swedish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry (LIF). Results: The number of respondents was 29, giving a response rate of 62% and covering 97% (n=250) of phase III trials performed in Sweden in 2005. Approximately 50% of the total budget for a phase III study was reported to be GCP-related. 50% of the GCP-related cost was related to Source Data Verification (SDV). A vast majority (71%) of respondents did not support the notion that these GCP-related activities increase the scientific reliability of clinical trials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Linking Product Development Outcomes to Market Valuation of the Firm: The Case of the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry,THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2004Anurag Sharma The purpose of this research was to examine empirically the effects of new product development outcomes on overall firm performance. To do so, first product development and finance literature were connected to develop three testable hypotheses. Next, an event study was conducted in order to explore whether the changes in the stock market valuation of firms are influenced by the outcomes of efforts to develop new products. The pharmaceutical industry was chosen as the empirical context for the present study's analysis largely because the gate-keeping role played by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides a specific event date on which to focus the event study methodology. As such, this study's events were dates of public announcements of the FDA decisions to approve or to reject the New Drug Applications submitted by the sponsoring firms. Consistent with the efficient market hypothesis, this study's results show that market valuations are responsive strongly and cleanly to the success or failure of new product development efforts. Hence, one of this study's key results suggests that financial markets may be attuned sharply to product development outcomes in publicly traded firms. This study also finds that financial market losses from product development failures were much larger in magnitude than financial market gains from product development successes,indicating an asymmetry in the response of financial markets to the success and failure of new product development efforts. Hence, another implication of this study's results is that managers should factor in a substantial risk premium when considering substantial new development projects. The present study's results also imply that managers should refrain from hyping new products and perhaps even should restrain the enthusiasm that the financial community may build before the product fully is developed. The effect on firm value is severe when expectations about an anticipated new product are not fulfilled. Managers in effect should take care to build reasonable and realistic expectations about potential new products. [source] Effect of the TRIPS-Mandated Intellectual Property Rights on Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical IndustryTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5-6 2008Rajnish Kumar Rai The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights is the most important as well as the most controversial instrument to date concerning intellectual property protection. What is not clear is the impact it will have on developing countries and whether it will actually meet its objective in the ", promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology ,". The proponents of a strong patent regime vehemently argue that strengthening patent protection will lead to greater technology transfer in developing countries, and consequently inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) as it is the most important channel for technology transfer. This article takes the Indian pharmaceutical industry as an example to examine the above assertion, and argues that simply enhancing patent protection may not necessarily result in a corresponding increase in FDI in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. It shows that in addition to strong patent protection, there are equally or even more important factors that have a bearing on the inflow of FDI. [source] The Relevance of Genetic Resources to the Pharmaceutical IndustryTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 2 2005The Industry Viewpoint First page of article [source] Brazil, the Pharmaceutical Industry and the WtoTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 1 2002Daya Shanker First page of article [source] Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 3rd edition edited by BUNCHER, C. R. and TSAY, J.-Y.BIOMETRICS, Issue 1 2009Ralph B. D'Agostino Jr Article first published online: 17 MAR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Burroughs Wellcome & Co. Knowledge, Trust, Profit and the Transformation of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, 1880,1940BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Adam Cohen No abstract is available for this article. [source] Pharmaceutical marketing: a question of regulationJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2007Elinor Devlin In recent years, the marketing practices of the pharmaceutical industry have been subject to scrutiny and criticism. In the UK, prescription-only (PO) medicines cannot be marketed directly to the public, and marketing to health professionals is self-regulated by the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry's (ABPI) Code of Practice. This study uses internal document analyses to examine the effectiveness of this regulatory framework. Specifically, a qualitative analysis was conducted of internal marketing documents from five UK pharmaceutical companies which were obtained by the House of Commons Health Committee. This analysis suggests that major pharmaceutical companies are contravening the ABPI Code in four key areas. The authors conclude that the current system is not effectively regulating the marketing of PO medicines to the general public or health professionals in the UK and suggest that the Code and indeed the whole regulatory procedure needs a thorough review. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Microreactor Technology: A Revolution for the Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries?CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 3 2005D. M. Roberge Abstract 50,% of reactions in the fine chemical/pharmaceutical industry could benefit from a continuous process based mainly on microreactor technology. However, the frequent presence of a solid phase still hinders the widespread application of such a technology as a multi-purpose solution. For small scale and pilot productions, speed in process R&D, as well as the avoidance of scale-up issues, are the main drivers. On the other hand, for large scale productions, a gain in yield and safety are the main motivations for the use of micoreactor technology. The gain in yield must be significant in order to cope with the increase in capital expenditure associated with the development of a new technology. [source] Economic Production Lot Sizing with Periodic Costs and Overtime,DECISION SCIENCES, Issue 3 2001E. Powell Robinson Jr Abstract Traditional approaches for modeling economic production lot-sizing problems assume that a single, fixed equipment setup cost is incurred each time a product is run, regardless of the quantity manufactured. This permits multiple days of production from one production setup. In this paper, we extend the model to consider additional fixed charges, such as cleanup or inspection costs, that are associated with each time period's production. This manufacturing cost structure is common in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries, where process equipment must be sanitized between item changeovers and at the end of each day's production. We propose two mathematical problem formulations and optimization algorithms. The models' unique features include regular time production constraints, a fixed charge for each time period's production, and the availability of overtime production capacity. Experimental results indicate the conditions under which our algorithms' performance is superior to traditional approaches. We also test the procedures on a set of lot-sizing problems facing a national food processor and document their potential economic benefit. [source] Comparison of two glutaraldehyde immobilization techniques for solid-phase tryptic peptide mapping of human hemoglobin by capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometryELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 9 2004Isabelle Migneault Abstract Stabilization of proteolytic enzymes, especially by immobilization, is of considerable interest because of their potential applications in medicine and the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. We report here a detailed comparison of two procedures for trypsin immobilization using the same homobifunctional agent, glutaraldehyde, for the purpose of peptide mapping. These methods include covalent coupling either to controlled pore glass (solid support) or via a cross-linking reaction (without any solid support). The immobilized trypsin preparations were characterized by the determination of immobilization efficiency, which ranged from 68 to > 95%, and measurement of apparent kinetic parameters toward a synthetic peptide-like substrate. Batch digestions of whole denaturated human normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) were performed to obtain peptide maps by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Migration time reproducibility of the CZE maps was excellent, with a mean relative standard deviation of 1.5%. Moreover, the two immobilized enzyme preparations showed excellent reproducibility for repeated digestions. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry was also used for peptide mass mapping of denaturated HbA digested using the two immobilized trypsin preparations. Even though the two immobilized trypsin preparations do not behave identically, similar sequence coverages of 57% and 61% (for the two HbA chains merged) were achieved for the support-based and cross-linked trypsin preparations, respectively. [source] Optimization of culture conditions for glucose oxidase production by a Penicillium chrysogenum SRT 19 strainENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2010Ragini G. Bodade Abstract The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) has been used for a variety of biotechnological applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the optimization of extracellular GOD production was carried out in a Penicillium chrysogenum SRT 19 strain isolated from contaminated and decaying cheese samples. Maximum GOD production was attained at pH 6 and 20°C in fermentation broth after 72,h of incubation. The effects of metal ions and sugars were screened for the induction of higher GOD production. The results revealed that glucose and lactose give the highest production of enzyme (0.670 and 0.552,U/mL, respectively) as compared with other sugars (sucrose, cellulose, mannitol and fructose). Out of the seven metal ions studied, CaCO3 (1.123,U/mL) and FeSO4 (0.822,U/mL) act as modulators, while MgSO4 (0.535,U/mL), CuSO4 (0.498,U/mL), HgCl2 (0.476,U/mL), ZnSO4 (0.457,U/mL) and BaSO4 (0.422,U/mL) yield lower production. The study therefore suggests that a strain of P. chrysogenum SRT 19 can be used as a new strain for GOD production. [source] Enrichment of pomace olive oil in triterpenic acids during storage of "Alpeorujo" olive pasteEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Aranzazu García Abstract Triterpenic acids are natural compounds present in plants and foods with beneficial properties for human health and thus they are desirable in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Pomace olive is considered a good source of these substances. In this study, oleanolic and maslinic acids were found to be the main triterpenic acids identified in pomace olive oil obtained from stored "Alpeorujo". Determination of the two acids was achieved by a new procedure that consists of extracting the acids from the oil with a mixture of methanol/ethanol, and then separating and quantifying them by HPLC. Results showed that their concentration increased up to 16,g/kg of oil during storage of the pomace in large ponds for 7,months. The concentration of both triterpenic acids was similar in the pomace olive oil obtained by using the centrifugation system. By contrast, a much lower concentration of maslinic than oleanolic acid was detected in pomace olive oils obtained by solvent extraction from the previously centrifugated "Alpeorujo" paste. These triterpenic acids also contributed to the acidity of the crude oil. Likewise, the oil of the pomace paste was enriched in other substances such as 4-ethylphenol and aliphatic alcohols during the storage of the paste in large ponds. Consequently, crude pomace olive oil can be considered a good source of triterpenic acids when obtained from a stored olive paste. [source] Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Naturally Occurring Allylbenzenes as a Route to Valuable Fragrance and Pharmaceutical CompoundsADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2010Luciana Abstract A palladium-catalyzed, aerobic oxidation of naturally occurring allylbenzenes, i.e., eugenol, methyleugenol, safrole, and estragole, in dimethylacetamide/water solutions under mild conditions has been developed, in which palladium(II) chloride is used in the absence of co-catalysts or special stabilizing ligands as the sole and recyclable catalyst. Methyl ketones that are important for the flavour and pharmaceutical industries have been obtained in good to excellent yields with low catalyst loadings (1,2,mol%) and high average turnover frequencies. This simple catalytic method represents an ecologically benign and economically attractive route to industrially valuable compounds starting from renewable substrates easily available from essential oils. [source] Recent Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions in the Pharmaceutical, Agrochemical, and Fine Chemical IndustriesADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 18 2009Christian Torborg Abstract Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have become a central tool for the synthesis of biologically active compounds both in academia and industry. Most of these transformations make use of easily available substrates and allow for a shorter and more selective preparation of substituted arenes and heteroarenes compared to non-catalytic pathways. Notably, molecular-defined palladium catalysts offer high chemoselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. Considering these advantages, it is not surprising that several palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have been implemented in the last decade into the industrial manufacture of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In this review different examples from 2001,2008 are highlighted, which have been performed at least on a kilogram scale in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. [source] ESSENTIAL OIL AND OLEORESINS OF CINNAMOMUM TAMALA (TEJPAT) AS NATURAL FOOD PRESERVATIVES FOR PINEAPPLE FRUIT JUICEJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 5 2008I.P.S. KAPOOR ABSTRACT The essential oil and oleoresins (methanol, ethanol, isooctane and CCl4) from tejpat have been used as a natural food preservative for pineapple juice. The stored samples were studied for pH, total and reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, peroxide value, titrable acidity and microbiological count at fixed time intervals of 7 days. Significant changes were observed during the storage period. The essential oil showed better preservative effect than the oleoresins did. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Essential oils and oleoresins derived from spices are considered luxurious items because of their uses in aromatherapy, confectionary, beverages and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, they also possess antioxidant and antimicrobial efficiency. Essential oil and oleoresins extracted from tejpat are used in the preservation of pineapple juice, which is better and safer than synthetic conservers. This characteristic is of great interest for the food industries. [source] Stabilizing Smoked Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Tissue after Extraction of OilJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010Cindy Bower ABSTRACT:, Alaska salmon oils are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are highly valued by the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the tissue that remains after oil extraction does not have an established market. Discarded pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) tissues were preserved using a combination of smoke-processing and acidification with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). All samples were analyzed for moisture, protein, ash, and lipid contents. Bacterial cell counts, pH, and lactic acid concentrations were recorded as a measure of LAB viability. Neither raw nor smoked salmon were free from spoilage during 60 d of storage. Only fermented samples successfully stabilized below pH 4.7, while retaining lactic acid concentrations over 15 g/L during storage. When smoked, fermented salmon head tissues were dried, the pH of the resulting high-protein "cracker" was significantly lower than when crackers were prepared only from the smoked (but not fermented) salmon material. Both cracker varieties retained valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids. This research suggests that salmon-head tissues discarded after oil extraction represent a good source of protein and high-value fatty acids in a shelf-stable form. Practical Application: Alaska salmon oils are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are highly valued by the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the tissue that remains after oil extraction does not have an established market. Material produced from salmon tissue discarded after oil extraction may represent a valuable resource for preparing high-protein crackers and other fish-based food products. In addition to providing a unique smoke-flavoring, the smoked, fermented fish material may also impart antioxidant factors thereby extending the shelf life of the product. [source] Antioxidant Properties of Edible Basidiomycete,Phellinus igniarius,in Submerged CulturesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Ming Yeou Lung ABSTRACT:, Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths produced by submerged cultures of,Phellinus igniarius,under optimal culture conditions were extracted using methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) showed significant antioxidant properties for all EC50 values less than 10 mg/mL except for MEB in scavenging effects on DPPH radicals. Hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) were evidenced by their low EC50 values (<10 mg/mL) to be effective in reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, and scavenging effect on superoxide anions. ,-tocopherol was mainly found in MEM and ,-tocopherol in MEB. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoids were abundant in methanolic extracts (MEM + MEB), whereas total phenols were rich in HWEM. An excellent correlation between contents of total phenols and EC50 values was accomplished for antioxidant activity (R2= 0.996) and chelating ferrous ions ability (R2= 0.922). Practical Application: In our paper, the products by submerged culture of,Phellinus igniarius,exhibited powerful antioxidant properties. Results told that extracts from fermenting products by,P. igniarius,might be good sources for antioxidant-related functional foods and pharmaceutical industries. [source] Emulsion-Based Delivery Systems for Lipophilic Bioactive ComponentsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2007D.J. McClements ABSTRACT:, There is a pressing need for edible delivery systems to encapsulate, protect, and release bioactive lipids within the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. The fact that these delivery systems must be edible puts constraints on the type of ingredients and processing operations that can be used to create them. Emulsion technology is particularly suited for the design and fabrication of delivery systems for encapsulating bioactive lipids. This review provides a brief overview of the major bioactive lipids that need to be delivered within the food industry (for example, ,-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and phytosterols), highlighting the main challenges to their current incorporation into foods. We then provide an overview of a number of emulsion-based technologies that could be used as edible delivery systems by the food and other industries, including conventional emulsions, multiple emulsions, multilayer emulsions, solid lipid particles, and filled hydrogel particles. Each of these delivery systems could be produced from food-grade (GRAS) ingredients (for example, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, surfactants, and minerals) using simple processing operations (for example, mixing, homogenizing, and thermal processing). For each type of delivery system, we describe its structure, preparation, advantages, limitations, and potential applications. This knowledge can be used to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate emulsion-based delivery system for specific applications. [source] Nonlinear model predictive control for the polymorphic transformation of L -glutamic acid crystalsAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 10 2009Martin Wijaya Hermanto Abstract Polymorphism, a phenomenon where a substance can have more than one crystal forms, has recently become a major interest to the food, speciality chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. The different physical properties for polymorphs such as solubility, morphology, and dissolution rate may jeopardize operability or product quality, resulting in significant effort in controlling crystallization processes to ensure consistent production of the desired polymorph. Here, a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy is developed for the polymorphic transformation of L -glutamic acid from the metastable ,-form to the stable ,-form crystals. The robustness of the proposed NMPC strategy to parameter perturbations is compared with temperature control (T-control), concentration control (C-control), and quadratic matrix control with successive linearization (SL-QDMC). Simulation studies show that T-control is the least robust, whereas C-control performs very robustly but long batch times may be required. SL-QDMC performs rather poorly even when there is no plant-model mismatch due to the high process nonlinearity, rendering successive linearization inaccurate. The NMPC strategy shows good overall robustness for two different control objectives, which were both within 7% of their optimal values, while satisfying all constraints on manipulated and state variables within the specified batch time. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source] Effect of Taylor vortices on mass transfer from a rotating cylinderAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 11 2005R. Srinivasan Abstract Mass transfer from solids, which has important applications in a number of chemical and pharmaceutical industries, has been studied experimentally and semiempirically under turbulent flow conditions, and correlations are available in the literature to calculate the mass-transfer coefficients from pellets, rotating cylinders and disks etc. However, mass transfer under laminar flow has not been sufficiently addressed. One of the difficulties here is the strong Reynolds number dependence of the flow pattern, for example, due to the onset of Taylor vortices for the case of a rotating cylinder. This problem is circumvented by using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based solution of the governing equations for the case of a cylinder rotating inside a stationary cylindrical outer vessel filled with liquid. The parameters cover a range of Reynolds number (based on the cylinder diameter, and the tangential speed of the cylinder), Schmidt number and the ratio of the outer to inner cylinder diameters. The results confirm that the circumferential velocity profile is a strong function of the Reynolds number and varies from a nearly Couette-type flow at very low Reynolds numbers to a boundary layer-like profile at high Reynolds numbers. The onset of Taylor vortices has a strong effect on the flow field and the mass-transfer mode. The calculations show that the Sherwood number has a linear dependence on the Reynolds number in the Couette-flow regime, and roughly square-root dependence after the onset of Taylor vortices. Correlations have been proposed to calculate the Sherwood number taking account of these effects. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005 [source] The persisting challenge of selective and specific proteasome inhibition,JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009Michael Groll Abstract Since the discovery of the proteasome and its structure elucidation intensive research programs in academic institutions and pharmaceutical industries led to identification of a wide spectrum of synthetic and natural small proteasomal inhibitors. Activity studies with these small molecules helped to deeply understand the complex biochemical organization and functioning of the proteasome. The new structural and biochemical insights placed the proteasome as an important anti-cancer drug target, as revealed by the dipeptide boronate proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, which is currently used for treatment of multiple myeloma. Serious side effects and partial cell resistance against bortezomib demand creation and discovery of new improved generations of more specific and potent proteasomal inhibitors. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] THE USE OF NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROMETRY FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN ALGAL TISSUE,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Kyra B. Hay Measuring qualitative traits of plant tissue is important to understand how plants respond to environmental change and biotic interactions. Near infrared reflectance spectrometry (NIRS) is a cost-, time-, and sample-effective method of measuring chemical components in organic samples commonly used in the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. To assess the applicability of NIRS to measure the ecologically important tissue traits of carbon, nitrogen, and phlorotannins (secondary metabolites) in brown algae, we developed NIRS calibration models for these constituents in dried Sargassum flavicans (F. K. Mertens) C. Agardh tissue. We then tested if the developed NIRS models could detect changes in the tissue composition of S. flavicans induced by experimental manipulation of temperature and nutrient availability. To develop the NIRS models, we used partial least squares regression to determine the statistical relationship between trait values determined in laboratory assays and the NIRS spectral data of S. flavicans calibration samples. Models with high predictive power were developed for all three constituents that successfully detected changes in carbon, nitrogen, and phlorotannin content in the experimentally manipulated S. flavicans tissue. Phlorotannin content in S. flavicans was inversely related to nitrogen availability, and nitrogen, temperature, and tissue age interacted to significantly affect phlorotannin content, demonstrating the importance of studies that investigate these three variables simultaneously. Given the speed of analysis, accuracy, small tissue requirements, and ability to measure multiple traits simultaneously without consuming the sample tissue, NIRS is a valuable alternative to traditional methods for determining algal tissue traits, especially in studies where tissue is limited. [source] Emulsifying properties of gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium), a natural biopolymerJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 8 2009Ganga Modi Naidu Vegi Abstract BACKGROUND: Natural polymers are widely used as emulsifying agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of their low cost, biocompatibility and non-toxic nature. In the present study, emulsifying properties of the novel natural biopolymer gum kondagogu (GKG) were investigated. GKG solutions of different concentrations (0.1,0.6% w/v) were prepared in water and emulsified with liquid paraffin oil (40% v/v) in a high-speed homogeniser. Flow properties of the emulsions were measured using a rheometer. Emulsion stability and droplet size distribution were determined by visual observation, photomicrography and laser-scattering particle size distribution analysis. RESULTS: The emulsions prepared with GKG showed pseudoplastic behaviour. The size of oil droplets and the viscosity of emulsions at concentrations of 0.4,0.6% w/v showed little change over time (up to 30 days), indicating that the emulsions were stable. Measurements of the zeta potential of emulsions adjusted to different pH, with and without added electrolyte, showed that the stabilisation of emulsions with GKG was due to mutual repulsion between electrical double layers of particles and adsorption of macromolecules on oil droplets. CONCLUSION: The results of this experimental investigation show that GKG is a good emulsifying agent even at low concentrations, with many potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||