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Personality Style (personality + style)
Selected AbstractsEffects of Personality Style, Anxiety, and Depression on Reported Reasons for Smoking,JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002Raquel R. Scheitrum This study examined the effects of personality style, anxiety, and depression on the reasons for smoking reported by active smokers. Type A individuals with high trait anxiety viewed smoking as a way to stimulate themselves, whereas Type B individuals claimed that they smoked in order to relax. No such relationship was found for smokers who were not anxious. Smokers who had a high degree of depressive symptomatology were more likely to smoke for stimulation than were smokers with a low degree of depressive symptomatology. These results support Warburton's theory (1988) that smoking is an active coping strategy maintained through nicotine's psychological benefits. [source] Personality style, psychological adaptation and expectations of trainee clinical psychologistsCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 4 2002Jeni Brooks The literature suggests that personality affects how individuals experience stress, cope, utilize social support and psychologically adapt. This study examined the personality style, psychological adaptation and expectations of 364 UK trainee clinical psychologists. Personality traits characterizing the sample were: enhancing, modifying, extraversing, outgoing, and agreeing. Mean overall personality adjustment was significantly better than the normal population. The sample scored significantly poorer on self-esteem, anxiety and depression, but well outside the defined range for poor adaptation. A small percentage (8%, n = 31) had ,poor' personality adjustment scores, scored worse on indicators of psychological adaptation and reported greater shortfall of course aspects compared with expectations. However, 41% scored as having a significant problem on one or more of: anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and work adjustment. About one-third had a probable substance use problem. In regression analyses, poor personality adjustment, and different areas of expectation-shortfall, especially impact of training on life variously predicted anxiety, depression, and poor work adjustment. Satisfaction with social support was not predictive of adaptation after personality adjustment was accounted for. Implications for clinical psychology training include the need for enhanced expectation-management through pre-course marketing, and better attention to trainees' personal and professional development throughout training. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Structuring the Classroom for Performance: Cooperative Learning with Instructor-Assigned Teams*DECISION SCIENCES JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE EDUCATION, Issue 1 2003Gary D. Koppenhaver ABSTRACT The main concern is a longstanding one in classroom instruction,the determinants of effective team performance. The paper explicitly examines the effect of teacher-controlled factors on the use and functioning of student teams. From a sample of 500 undergraduate students, data are obtained on aptitude, diversity, instability, motivation, personality style, size, and performance. The regression results suggest that team motivation and instability, which are both partly controlled by the instructor, are particularly important in determining a team's performance. An implication is that instructor decisions about team make-up and incentives can have a significant impact on student achievement. [source] Progressing a spectrum model for defining non-melancholic depressionACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2005G. Parker Objective:, To further develop a ,spectrum model' for non-melancholic disorders that encompasses underlying personality styles and clinical patterning. Method:, In a sample of patients with non-melancholic depression, we studied four personality constructs influencing risk to depression, assessing associational strength and specificity between personality scores and symptom and coping response patterns. Results:, Analyses refined four personality dimensions (anxious worrying, irritability, social inhibition, and self-centredness) for testing the model. For all dimensions, personality style was specifically linked with a mirroring ,coping' response. Quantification of specific links allowed development of a spectrum model for the non-melancholic depressive disorders in which underpinning personality style showed some specific links with the clinical ,pattern' of symptoms and coping repertoires. Conclusion:, The model has the capacity to assist clinical assessment, identify aetiological personality influences and allow specific treatment effects for the heterogeneous non-melancholic depressive disorders to be determined. [source] Personality pathology and substance abuse in eating disorders: A longitudinal studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 3 2008Heather Thompson-Brenner PhD Abstract Objective: Substance abuse has been shown to predict poor outcome in eating disorder (ED) samples, and prior cross-sectional data on personality subtypes of EDs suggest that substance abuse is associated with dysregulated and possibly avoidant-insecure subtypes. This study investigates longitudinal associations between personality and substance use. Method: Personality pathology and substance use were assessed in 213 individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa at baseline; substance use was assessed at regular follow-up intervals over a 9-year period. Results: Of the five personality factors identified, the obsessional-sensitive and high-functioning types were negatively associated with substance abuse at baseline, while the behaviorally dysregulated type was positively associated with substance abuse at baseline. Longitudinal associations were observed, suggesting that obsessional-sensitive personality type was protective against the development of substance abuse. Longitudinal associations between the other personality types and substance abuse were nonsignificant after baseline substance abuse history was included as a covariate in the model. Conclusion: Substance use demonstrates cross-sectional associations with personality style, but substance abuse history appears to be the most important predictor of future substance abuse in women with eating disorders. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008 [source] Effects of Personality Style, Anxiety, and Depression on Reported Reasons for Smoking,JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002Raquel R. Scheitrum This study examined the effects of personality style, anxiety, and depression on the reasons for smoking reported by active smokers. Type A individuals with high trait anxiety viewed smoking as a way to stimulate themselves, whereas Type B individuals claimed that they smoked in order to relax. No such relationship was found for smokers who were not anxious. Smokers who had a high degree of depressive symptomatology were more likely to smoke for stimulation than were smokers with a low degree of depressive symptomatology. These results support Warburton's theory (1988) that smoking is an active coping strategy maintained through nicotine's psychological benefits. [source] Social-cognition and the broad autism phenotype: identifying genetically meaningful phenotypesTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 1 2007Molly Losh Background:, Strong evidence from twin and family studies suggests that the genetic liability to autism may be expressed through personality and language characteristics qualitatively similar, but more subtly expressed than those defining the full syndrome. This study examined behavioral features of this ,broad autism phenotype' (BAP) in relation to performance on a measure of social-cognition in an attempt to tease out this complex clinical picture and identify markers of underlying neuropsychological systems of genetic significance to autism. We hypothesized that mild social-cognitive impairment would be associated with clinically defined social characteristics of the BAP (aloof personality style, lower quality social relationships, and impaired pragmatic language use). Method:, Forty-eight parents of individuals with autism (13 of whom were identified as ,aloof'), and 22 control parents, were administered the ,Eyes Test', a social-cognitive measure that taps the ability to read complex psychological states from viewing only the eye region of faces. Results:, Whereas social-cognitive ability was unimpaired among parents of autistic children in general, the subgroup of parents defined as ,aloof' displayed significant social-cognitive deficits on the ,Eyes Test'. Impaired social-cognitive ability was associated with low quality of friendships and problems with pragmatic language use, associations which mirror those documented in autism. Conclusions: Findings suggest that social-cognitive impairments co-segregate with conceptually related personality, social, and language features that constitute the BAP, and point towards performance on the Eyes Test as a genetically meaningful endophenotype. [source] Personality style, psychological adaptation and expectations of trainee clinical psychologistsCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 4 2002Jeni Brooks The literature suggests that personality affects how individuals experience stress, cope, utilize social support and psychologically adapt. This study examined the personality style, psychological adaptation and expectations of 364 UK trainee clinical psychologists. Personality traits characterizing the sample were: enhancing, modifying, extraversing, outgoing, and agreeing. Mean overall personality adjustment was significantly better than the normal population. The sample scored significantly poorer on self-esteem, anxiety and depression, but well outside the defined range for poor adaptation. A small percentage (8%, n = 31) had ,poor' personality adjustment scores, scored worse on indicators of psychological adaptation and reported greater shortfall of course aspects compared with expectations. However, 41% scored as having a significant problem on one or more of: anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and work adjustment. About one-third had a probable substance use problem. In regression analyses, poor personality adjustment, and different areas of expectation-shortfall, especially impact of training on life variously predicted anxiety, depression, and poor work adjustment. Satisfaction with social support was not predictive of adaptation after personality adjustment was accounted for. Implications for clinical psychology training include the need for enhanced expectation-management through pre-course marketing, and better attention to trainees' personal and professional development throughout training. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Progressing a spectrum model for defining non-melancholic depressionACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2005G. Parker Objective:, To further develop a ,spectrum model' for non-melancholic disorders that encompasses underlying personality styles and clinical patterning. Method:, In a sample of patients with non-melancholic depression, we studied four personality constructs influencing risk to depression, assessing associational strength and specificity between personality scores and symptom and coping response patterns. Results:, Analyses refined four personality dimensions (anxious worrying, irritability, social inhibition, and self-centredness) for testing the model. For all dimensions, personality style was specifically linked with a mirroring ,coping' response. Quantification of specific links allowed development of a spectrum model for the non-melancholic depressive disorders in which underpinning personality style showed some specific links with the clinical ,pattern' of symptoms and coping repertoires. Conclusion:, The model has the capacity to assist clinical assessment, identify aetiological personality influences and allow specific treatment effects for the heterogeneous non-melancholic depressive disorders to be determined. [source] Personality types of dental school applicantsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2000David O. Morris A questionnaire-based prospective study was carried out to measure the personality styles of students being interviewed for a place on the 1997/98 dental undergraduate course in Leeds, England. A total of 334 applicants attended for interview between November 1997 and March 1998, of which 311 anonymously and voluntarily completed a personality questionnaire. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter was used to measure the strength and nature of preferences along four dimensions: extroversion-introversion (E-I), sensing-intuition (S-N), thinking-feeling (T-F) and judging-perceiving (J-P). 4 personality types accounted for 79% of the students, 21% were divided among nine personality types with no type comprising more than 6.7% of the students. The remaining 3 possible personality types were not represented in this student population. Further comparisons revealed significant differences between this student sample and the general population in the judging-perceiving preference and also an intra-group gender difference with regard to the thinking-feeling (T-F) preference. A predominance of the S-J (sensing with judging) temperament type was also confirmed. Personality questionnaires may be a useful adjunct in the selection process of dental school applicants. The identification of a student's working and learning style preference has implications for both the dental undergraduate curriculum and the teaching methods employed by dental school staff. [source] Self-criticism is a key predictor of eating disorder dimensions among inpatient adolescent femalesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 8 2008Silvana Fennig MD Abstract Objective: Although the unipolar depression-eating disorder comorbidity is adequately documented, examination of the role of depressive personality styles in eating disorders is relatively scarce. Method: Associations between depressive symptoms, depressive risk and resilience (i.e., dependency, self-criticism, and sense of efficacy), and eating disorder symptoms (as measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory-2) were examinedin inpatient adolescent females (N = 81). Results: Self-criticism emerged as independent, robust, and strong predictor of eating disorder symptoms. Conclusion: Patients self-criticism should be targeted in psychotherapy and might serve as an obstacle for successful inpatient treatment. The role of self-derogation in eating disorders should be examined further. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008 [source] | |||||||||||||