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Personal Need (personal + need)
Selected AbstractsEffects of the Interaction Between Reaction Component of Personal Need for Structure and Role Perceptions on Employee Attitudes in Long-Term Care for Elderly People,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Tarja Heponiemi This study examined the interaction of reaction component of personal need for structure (reaction to lack of structure, RLS) and role perceptions in predicting job satisfaction, job involvement, affective commitment, and occupational identity among employees working in long-term care for elderly people. High-RLS employees experienced more role conflict, had less job satisfaction, and experienced lower levels of occupational identity than did low-RLS employees. We found individual differences in how problems in roles affected employees' job attitudes. High-RLS employees experienced lower levels of job satisfaction, job involvement, and affective commitment, irrespective of role-conflict levels. Low-RLS employees experienced detrimental job attitudes only if role-conflict levels were high. Our results suggest that high-RLS people benefit less from low levels of experienced role conflicts. [source] Inter- and intrapersonal processes underlying authoritarianism: The role of social conformity and personal need for structureEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 7 2009Philipp Jugert Abstract Several personality constructs have been theorised to underlie right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). In samples from New Zealand and Germany (Ns,=,218, 259), we tested whether these constructs can account for specific variance in RWA. In both samples, social conformity and personal need for structure were independent predictors of RWA. In Sample 2, where also openness to experience was measured, social conformity and personal need for structure fully mediated the impact of the higher-order factor of openness on RWA. Our results contribute to the integration of current approaches to the personality basis of authoritarianism and suggest that two distinct personality processes contribute to RWA: An interpersonal process related to social conformity and an intrapersonal process related to rigid cognitive style. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Lay perceptions of ethnic prejudice: causes, solutions, and individual differencesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Gordon Hodson We assessed lay perceptions of the causes of and solutions to ethnic prejudice, and determined whether individual differences related to intergroup relations (social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism) and to cognitive style (personal need for structure, need for cognition) were predictive of these perceptions. Results revealed clear and coherent lay beliefs about the causes of and solutions to ethnic prejudice, and significant relations between perceived causes and solutions. Systematic relations between the intergroup-relevant individual differences and these perceptions also emerged, in ways that may serve to justify and legitimize ethnic bias. Implications for the justification and maintenance of ethnic bias and for intervention programmes are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Patients' attitudes to medicines and adherence to maintenance treatment in inflammatory bowel diseaseINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 6 2009Rob Horne PhD Abstract Background: Nonadherence has been reported in over 40% of patients taking maintenance therapies (MT) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Studies in other illness groups have shown that nonadherence is related to negative attitudes to treatment. The aim of this study was to assess patients' attitudes to MT for IBD (beliefs about personal need for MT and potential adverse effects) and to identify whether such beliefs are associated with adherence to MT. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in which 1871 members of the National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease (NACC) completed validated questionnaires assessing beliefs about MT and adherence to MT. Results: Low adherence to MT was reported by 29% of participants and was associated with doubts about personal need for MT (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48,0.64; P < 0.001) and concerns about potential adverse effects (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.42,1.94; P < 0.001). Attitudinal analysis showed that while almost half (48%) of the participants were "accepting" of MT (high necessity, low concerns), a large proportion of the sample (42%) were "ambivalent" about MT (high necessity, high concerns), 6% were "sceptical" (low necessity, high concerns) and 4% were "indifferent" (low necessity, low concerns). Compared to those who were "accepting" of MT, participants in all 3 other attitudinal groups were significantly more likely to be nonadherent. Conclusions: The way in which patients judge their personal need for MT relative to their concerns about MT can be a significant barrier to adherence. Interventions to facilitate optimal adherence to MT for IBD should address such perceptual barriers. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008) [source] Effects of the Interaction Between Reaction Component of Personal Need for Structure and Role Perceptions on Employee Attitudes in Long-Term Care for Elderly People,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Tarja Heponiemi This study examined the interaction of reaction component of personal need for structure (reaction to lack of structure, RLS) and role perceptions in predicting job satisfaction, job involvement, affective commitment, and occupational identity among employees working in long-term care for elderly people. High-RLS employees experienced more role conflict, had less job satisfaction, and experienced lower levels of occupational identity than did low-RLS employees. We found individual differences in how problems in roles affected employees' job attitudes. High-RLS employees experienced lower levels of job satisfaction, job involvement, and affective commitment, irrespective of role-conflict levels. Low-RLS employees experienced detrimental job attitudes only if role-conflict levels were high. Our results suggest that high-RLS people benefit less from low levels of experienced role conflicts. [source] Social Identity, Self-categorization, and Work Motivation: Rethinking the Contribution of the Group to Positive and Sustainable Organisational OutcomesAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2000S. Alexander Haslam Traditional needs theories centre around hierarchies ranging from ,lower-level' needs for security, existence, or hygiene through to ,higher-level' needs for self-actualisation, achievement, and growth. As applied to the organisational domain, such theories tend to assume that an employee's personal need for challenge and development is the best source of work motivation. Based on social identity and self-categorisation theories, this paper interprets needs hierarchies as reflections of the variable definition of self. It suggests that the motivational impact of different needs changes as a function of the salience of norms and goals associated with self-categories defined at varying levels of abstraction (personal, social, human). As a result, no one level of need is inherently more relevant to employee motivation than any other. This analysis also suggests that group-based needs will play an especially important motivational role in situations where an individual's social identity is salient. Following work by Tyler, data that support this argument are provided by a study in which employees' willingness to engage in citizenship behaviour increased following manipulations of group-based pride and respect. Results point to the productive and sustainable potential of self-actualisation at a collective rather than just a personal level. Les the´ories traditionnelles des besoins produisent des hie´rarchies allant des besoins de la base (se´curite´, survie ou hygie`ne) aux besoins supe´rieurs (actualisation de soi, succe`s et de´veloppement). Applique´es au monde des organisations, ces the´ories pre´supposent que le meilleur stimulant de la motivation au travail est un besoin personnel orientant vers le de´fi et le de´veloppement. En s'appuyant sur les the´ories de l'identite´ sociale et de l'autocate´gorisation, cet article de´fend l'ide´e que les hie´rarchies de besoins sont des reflets des de´finitions diversifie´es de soi (dans la ligne´e de Haslam, sous presse; Turner, 1985). L'impact sur la motivation des diffe´rents besoins serait fonction de la pre´gnance des normes et des objectifs relie´s aux cate´gories de soi renvoyant a` diffe´rents niveaux d'abstraction (personnel, social, humain). Il apparaît qu'aucun niveau de besoin n'est intrinse`quement plus en phase avec la motivation des salarie´s que n'importe quel autre. Notre analyse indique aussi que les besoins lie´s a` la vie en groupe joueront un roôle motivationnel particulie`rement important dans les situations ou` l'identite´ sociale de l'individu est pre´dominante. En accord avec le travail de Tyler (sous presse), les donne´es qui vont dans le sens de ce point de vue sont fournies par une e´tude ou` l'empressement des salarie´s a` adopter une conduite citoyenne augmente avec la manipulation de l'estime de soi ancre´e dans le groupe. Les re´sultats soulignent le potentiel fe´cond et durable de l'actualisation de soi a` un niveau collectif plutôt que personnel. [source] Programme-related stressors among part-time undergraduate nursing studentsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 1 2005Honor Nicholl BSc MEd RN RSCN RM RCT RNT PGDipG&C AdDip Teaching Studies Aim., The aim of this paper is to report a study exploring the perceived stressors identified by a group of 70 students who undertook a part-time degree at one Irish university. Background., In the literature on stress, part-time nursing students who are undertaking continuing education programmes appear to have received little attention. Stress amongst nurses is evident within the nursing literature but little information is available on the specific stressors that affect Registered Nurses who undertake further academic study. Anecdotally, students attending part-time programmes while working full-time report high levels of stress. Method., Quantitative methods were used. While many instruments exist to measure overall stress, this study aimed to explore student's perceptions of specific stressors associated with academic study. We used a questionnaire developed from the literature on the topic. Results., Factors related to writing assignments at degree level, fulfilling personal needs and academic demands, were perceived as major stressors by these students. Factors of little concern were financial issues and attendance on the programme. Individual items receiving highest mean scores were: trying to balance work commitments and the required study (mean 3·89, sd = 1) and the prospect of the final examination (mean 3·86, sd = 1). This study was limited by the use of convenience sampling and self-report methods. Larger studies are required to support the findings. In addition, student stress was not observed or measured. Conclusion., Those involved in the delivery of nurse education programmes to part-time students need to consider the impact of the workload on student welfare, and to prepare students for demands of the programme. [source] Managing infant feeding practices: the competing needs of bulimic mothers and their childrenJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 6 2009Helen Stapleton Aim., This paper seeks to explain how bulimic mothers accommodated infant feeding demands in conjunction with managing their disordered eating practices. Background., Eating disorders are chronic and disabling illnesses primarily affecting women. There are few qualitative studies describing bulimia in the context of motherhood. Design., The study employed an inductive qualitative approach. Methods., A purposive sample of childbearing women (n = 16), who self-defined as living with an eating disorder, were recruited. Data were generated from one-to-one interviews; a thematic analysis identified key issues. Results., Participants were primarily responsible for ensuring child/ren's socialisation processes, including modelling appropriate dietary behaviours and these demands often conflicted with their personal needs for food restraint. Pressures to participate in social activities with children were widely experienced as stressful especially when these events focused on food. Participants viewed early and repeated exposure to ,healthy' eating as protective against their children acquiring an eating disorder and in this respect commercial child-care facilities provided alternative environments for children to explore food-related activities. Conclusions., Participants employed a variety of strategies to ensure children's exposure to normalising influences and socialising processes. Concerns about personal competencies with respect to food preparation and storage were articulated by all participants. Relevance to clinical practice., Professionals involved with providing care to mothers and their infants are well placed to support bulimic clients and to foster confidence in their mothering skills. Early and appropriate intervention is key to effecting positive changes in bulimic patterns, with potential benefits to women's future health and well-being and that of their children. [source] Information needs of women with non-invasive breast cancerJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 5 2000Marina Brown BN ,,The purpose of this inquiry was to gain a better understanding of the experience of women who have had surgery for non-invasive breast cancer. In particular, issues surrounding information were explored. ,,Six women who had undergone surgery for a non-invasive breast cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ or DCIS) participated in the research and an interpretive approach was used to guide the research process. ,,In-depth interviews took place in the women's homes and the interviews were transcribed verbatim. ,,Through a process of familiarization with the tapes and transcripts, clusters of significant statements were assembled into individual stories of each woman's experience. ,,The findings highlight the individual nature of the experience of information, with the women wanting information that is tailored to their personal needs. ,,Nurses can provide care that is more responsive to the information needs of each woman by being aware of the diverse ways in which women experience information. ,,This small study contributes to the limited understanding of the experience of having surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ and the information needs of these women. [source] Authoritative Knowledge and Single Women's Unintentional Pregnancies, Abortions, Adoption, and Single Motherhood: Social Stigma and Structural ViolenceMEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2003Marcia A. Ellison This article explores the sources of authoritative knowledge that shaped single, white, middle-class women's unintentional pregnancies and childbearing decisions throughout five reproductive eras. Women who terminated a pregnancy were most influenced by their own personal needs and circumstances, birth mothers' decisions were based on external sources of knowledge, such as their mothers, social workers, and social pressures. In contrast, single mothers based their decision on instincts and their religious or moral beliefs. Reproductive policies further constrained and significantly shaped women's experiences. The social stigma associated with these forms of stratified maternity suggests that categorizing pregnant women by their marital status, or births as out-of-wedlock, reproduces the structural violence implicit to normative models of female sexuality and maternity. This mixed-method study included focus groups to determine the kinds of knowledge women considered authoritative, a mailed survey to quantify these identified sources, and one-on-one interviews to explore outcomes in depth, [authoritative knowledge, social stigma, abortion, birth mothers, single mothers, unintentional pregnancies] [source] Harnessing the Creative Potential among Users,THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2004Per Kristensson User involvement in the development of new products may offer a novel approach to improved methods of meeting customer needs. These users are considered to offer possibilities for generating original, valuable, and realizable ideas leading to successful innovation. However, the merit of users' ideas compared to ideas generated by the company itself has not been investigated empirically. In the present study, advanced users, ordinary users, and professional product developers were given the task of creating ideas for future mobile phone services. The main purpose was to examine the benefit of involving users in suggesting new product ideas in an innovation project. An experimental three-group design was used in order to assess the output in terms of its original, valuable, and realizable merit. The results indicated that ordinary users create significantly more original and valuable ideas than professional developers and advanced users. Professional developers and advanced users created more easily realizable ideas, and ordinary users created the most valuable ideas. The results were discussed from the viewpoint of divergent thinking. It was suggested that divergent thinking was facilitated through the opportunity to combine different information elements that appeared separate at the outset, such as personal needs coupled with the functionality of mobile phone services. [source] | |||||||||||||