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Person's Level (person + level)
Selected AbstractsProactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully-victimsAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 1 2002Christina Salmivalli Abstract Bullies, victims, bully-victims, and control children were identified from a sample of 1062 children (530 girls and 532 boys), aged 10 to 12 years, participating in the study. Their reactive and proactive aggression was measured by means of peer and teacher reports. Peer and teacher reports were more concordant with respect to reactive than proactive aggression. Comparing the children in different bullying roles in terms of their reactive and proactive aggression, bully-victims were found to be the most aggressive group of all. For this group, it was typical to be highly aggressive both reactively and proactively. Although bullies were significantly less aggressive than bully-victims, they scored higher than victims and controls on both reactive and proactive aggression. However, observations at the person level, i.e., cross-tabulational analyses, indicated that bullies were not only overrepresented among children who were both reactively and procatively aggressive but also among the only reactively aggressive as well as the only proactively aggressive groups. Victims scored higher than control children on reactive aggression, but they were not proactively aggressive. Furthermore, even their reactive aggression was at a significantly lower level than that of bullies and bully-victims. Aggr. Behav. 28:30,44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Bringing Everyday Mind Reading Into Everyday Life: Assessing Empathic Accuracy With Daily Diary DataJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 5 2010Maryhope Howland ABSTRACT Individual differences in empathic accuracy (EA) can be assessed using daily diary methods as a complement to more commonly used lab-based behavioral observations. Using electronic dyadic diaries, we distinguished among elements of EA (i.e., accuracy in levels, scatter, and pattern, regarding both positive and negative moods) and examined them as phenomena at both the day and the person level. In a 3-week diary study of cohabiting partners, we found support for differentiating these elements. The proposed indices reflect differing aspects of accuracy, with considerable similarity among same-valenced accuracy indices. Overall there was greater accuracy regarding negative target moods than positive target moods. These methods and findings take the phenomenon of "everyday mindreading" (Ickes, 2003) into everyday life. We conclude by discussing empathic accuracies as a family of capacities for, or tendencies toward, accurate interpersonal sensitivity. Members of this family may have distinct associations with the perceiver's, target's, and relationship's well-being. [source] Twelve-month Sealant Retention in a School-based Program Using a Self-etching Primer/AdhesiveJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2004Daniel J. Venker DDS ABSTRACT Objectives: Very little independent research has been done on the new self-etching primer/adhesives in dentistry. A recent clinical study compared two sealant application techniques involving self-etching primer adhesives and the traditional phosphoric acid etch. The purpose of this study was to compare these two techniques in an Iowa school-based sealant program. Methods: Twelvemonth sealant retention data on 208 students from the Des Moines, Iowa, school-based sealant program were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Sealant retention reported at the person level showed that 60 percent of the students who received sealants at the five schools had to be recalled at one year to have one or more surfaces reseated. A logistic regression model at the person level demonstrated that the phosphoric acid technique was six times as likely to have retention of all the sealed tooth surfaces as those sealed with Prompt-L-Pop®. Conclusions: In this study, many students had to be recalled to the chair 12 months after sealant application due to incomplete retention. Though sealants were retained in larger numbers with phosphoric acid, overall sealant retention at the tooth level was lower than previously published for clinical studies and school-based programs. Examining retention data at the person level, however, allows program administrators to plan resources more effectively and reevaluate sealant protocol to ensure as few children return for sealant reapplication. [source] The Anatomy of Anger: An Integrative Cognitive Model of Trait Anger and Reactive AggressionJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 1 2010Benjamin M. Wilkowski ABSTRACT This paper presents an integrative cognitive model, according to which individual differences in 3 cognitive processes jointly contribute to a person's level of trait anger and reactive aggression. An automatic tendency to attribute hostile traits to others is the first of these cognitive processes, and this process is proposed to be responsible for the more frequent elicitation of anger, particularly when hostile intent is ambiguous. Rumination on hostile thoughts is the second cognitive process proposed, which is likely to be responsible for prolonging and intensifying angry emotional states. The authors finally propose that low trait anger individuals use effortful control resources to self-regulate the influence of their hostile thoughts, whereas those high in trait anger do not. A particular emphasis of this review is implicit cognitive sources of evidence for the proposed mechanisms. The authors conclude with a discussion of important future directions, including how the proposed model can be further verified, broadened to take into account motivational factors, and applied to help understand anger-related social problems. [source] Human Variation in Alcohol Response Is Influenced by Variation in Neuronal Signaling GenesALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2010Geoff Joslyn Background:, Alcohol use disorders (AUD) exhibit the properties shared by common conditions and diseases classified as genetically complex. The etiology of AUDs is heterogeneous involving mostly unknown interactions of environmental and heritable factors. A person's level of response (LR) to alcohol is inversely correlated with a family history and the development of AUDs. As an AUD endophenotype, alcohol LR is hypothesized to be less genetically complex and closer to the primary etiology of AUDs. Methods:, A genome wide association study (GWAS) was performed on subjects characterized for alcohol LR phenotypes. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the GWAS data was performed to determine whether, as a group, genes that participate in a common biological function (a gene set) demonstrate greater genetic association than would be randomly expected. Results:, The GSEA analysis implicated variation in neuronal signaling genes, especially glutamate signaling, as being involved in alcohol LR variability in the human population. Conclusions:, These data, coupled with cell and animal model data implicating neuronal signaling in alcohol response, support the conclusion that neuronal signaling is mechanistically involved in alcohol's cellular and behavioral effects. Further, these data suggest that genetic variation in these signaling pathways contribute to human variation in alcohol response. Finally, this concordance of the cell, animal, and human findings supports neuronal signaling, particularly glutamate signaling, as a prime target for translational studies to understand and eventually modulate alcohol's effects. [source] A Need for a Taxonomy for Profound Intellectual and Multiple DisabilitiesJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2007H. Nakken Abstract, There is extensive discussion on the quality of education and support for individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) in relation to inclusion and full citizenship. The discussions are complicated because of differences or lack of clarity in the description of the variations and types of PIMD. A description of the core group is offered, but it is also argued that there cannot be an absolute separation of this specific target group from other adjoining groups. The authors propose a multi-axial model-based taxonomy that distinguishes visual and/or auditory impairments, other physical impairments, and mental health problems, in addition to the two key defining characteristics (limited intellect and compromised physical functions). The authors also propose that assessment of people with PIMD be structured toward ascertainment of diagnostic objectives (e.g., confirming or disconfirming the person's level of intellectual disability) and the determination of a starting point and direction for support of the individual. They conclude that, to prevent misunderstanding in comparison of results of educational programs and interventions, it is recommended that workers describe individuals (or subgroups) with PIMD in publications in detail,using operational definitions. In addition, they propose that an international effort be undertaken to develop and use generally agreed assessment procedures. [source] The Overlap in Predicting Alcohol Outcome for Two Measures of the Level of Response to AlcoholALCOHOLISM, Issue 3 2009Marc A. Schuckit Background:, Two different measures have been used to establish a person's level of response (LR) to alcohol as a risk factor for alcohol use disorders. LR values established by the alcohol challenge protocol and the Self-Report of the Effects of Ethanol (SRE) questionnaire usually correlate at 0.3 to 0.4, up to 0.6. However, it is not clear how this correlation relates to the ability of each measure to predict alcohol outcomes. This paper evaluates that overlap. Methods:, Sixty-six Caucasian males (mean age = 22 years) from 2 protocols participated in alcohol challenges with 0.75 ml/kg of ethanol, filled out the SRE, and were followed with a structured interview ,5 years later. The relationship between the subjective feelings of intoxication at the time of peak breath alcohol levels from the alcohol challenge and the SRE score for a time early in the drinking career were evaluated regarding predicting the drinks per occasion in the 6 months prior to follow-up. Results:, Cross-sectional correlations between alcohol challenge and SRE LR's ranged from ,0.25 (p < 0.05) to ,0.32 (p = 0.02) for the full sample, and the 2 LR measures correlated with drinking at follow-up (,0.26 and 0.41, respectively). The SRE measure was more robust than the challenge in a regression analysis predicting the outcome in the context of other baseline predictors (e.g., drinking at baseline). As much as 60% of the ability of the more well established (gold standard) alcohol challenge LR to predict outcome was shared with the SRE. The alcohol challenge accounted for as much as 44% of the ability of the SRE to predict outcome. Conclusions:, The SRE-generated LR overlapped considerably with the alcohol challenge LR in the ability to predict future heavier drinking. [source] Anxiety as a factor influencing satisfaction with emergency department care: perspectives of accompanying personsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 24 2009Anna Ekwall Aim., To measure levels of anxiety among people accompanying consumers to the emergency department and to explore how anxiety influences satisfaction with care. Background., When people seek treatment in an emergency department they are often accompanied by a next-of-kin, family member or friend. While the accompanying person plays a vital role in providing psycho-social support to consumers, little is known about how they perceive the quality of care. Learning more about how accompanying persons perceive care may inform the development of strategies to enhance communication processes between staff, consumers and accompanying persons. Design., A prospective cross-sectional survey design. Methods., Data were collected from a consecutive sample of accompanying persons at one Australian metropolitan teaching hospital. Of all eligible individuals approached, 128/153 (83·7%) returned completed questionnaires. The questionnaire comprised a series of open- and close-ended questions about perceptions of medical need, urgency and satisfaction with the overall visit. Anxiety was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A). Results., There was a significant association between the accompanying person's levels of anxiety and satisfaction at point of discharge. In the satisfied group, mean VAS-A scores were 17·4 (SD 17·5) compared to 42·9 (SD 26·6) in the not satisfied group (p = 0·011). Moreover, those participants who were not satisfied with the visit did not show a significant reduction in VAS-A scores from triage to point of discharge. Conclusion., The lower the level of anxiety reported by accompanying persons when leaving the emergency department, the more satisfied they are likely to be with their emergency department visit. Ultimately, well informed and confident accompanying persons are beneficial for ensuring quality patient support. Relevance to clinical practice., Asking accompanying persons about their anxiety level before discharge gives them the opportunity to pose clarifying questions and is, therefore, an effective way of improving their satisfaction with the emergency department visit. [source] | |||||||||||||