Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Persecution
Kinds of Persecution Selected AbstractsPersecution of Indian ChristiansDIALOG, Issue 2 2002Monica Melanchthon Christians are one among many minority religious groups in India that face "persecution.""Persecution" here relates to the unjust treatment of lower classes in the Hindu caste system; it is not only Christians that are persecuted, but all those who fall in the lower castes. Part of the animosity towards Christians, then, is due to the fact that many Christian schools have been built to educate the masses thereby upsetting the existing caste system; furthermore, Christianity preaches a classless gospel. Persecution of Christians in India takes place under the guise that Christian Missionaries are covertly trying to convert Hindu,Indian society to the western cult of individualism. Government propaganda, laws, and programs designed to thwart Christian efforts, feed off of this mentality. Unfortunately, there are certain Christian groups that feed off of the misery of people in an unjust caste,system, offering salvation through conversion. These groups do not help matters at all; in fact, they add fuel to the fire. [source] Persecution of Indian ChristiansDIALOG, Issue 2 2002Lancy Lobo This article gives an account of the empirical, quantitative, descriptive, and distributive nature of persecutions of Christians in India during the last four years. It outlines some of the contentions of the persecutors and scrutinizes their validity given the character of Indian Christianity, which is not a homogenous entity. It discusses what it means to live and share the Good News in today's multicultural and multi,religious India. It suggests ways in which worldwide Christianity can maintain solidarity with Christians in India. [source] Religious Persecution: And What To Do About ItDIALOG, Issue 2 2002John Hilary Martin Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and other religions can all be found in geographically diverse Indonesia. Adding to this layered society are many different ethnic groups, political groups, and socio,economic groups. The joining of all these factors led to different communities forming adats,religio,customary agreements. When talking about "religious persecution" in Indonesia, all of these factors must be taken into account. Even so, it would be extremely naive to think that religious belief is a peripheral motivation for violence. This article explores a method by which religious scholars, leaders, and communities can curtail religious persecution in Indonesia; the method includes: personal encounter; discussion of the scholarly agenda; a public engagement through dialogue that leads to commitment; and finally, the appeal of prayer and ritual. [source] Tribal Instinct and Religious Persecution: Why Do Western European States Behave So Badly?JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 2 2001J. Christopher Soper First page of article [source] Locke, Sincerity and the Rationality of PersecutionPOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 4 2003Paul Bou-Habib According to the most influential contemporary reading of John Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration (1689), his main argument against religious persecution is unsuccessful. That argument holds that coercion is ineffective as a means of instilling religious beliefs in its victims. I propose a different reading of the Letter. Locke's main consideration against persecution is not the unsuccessful belief-based argument just outlined, but what I call the sincerity argument. He believes that religious coercion is irrational because it is ineffective as a means of inculcating the right intentions in people. Once this alternative argument is placed at its centre, the Letter is seen to be a more fertile source of political argument than is suggested by alternative readings. In particular, the sincerity argument gives us a powerful reason for rejecting state moral paternalism, the doctrine that the state may use coercion to make people morally virtuous. If moral virtue depends upon people having the right intentions, and if coercion is ineffective as a means of instilling the right intentions in people, then state moral paternalism is ineffective and hence irrational. [source] Trauma in War and Political Persecution: Expanding the ConceptAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 1 2002Pilar Hernandez PhD A contextual understanding of the concept of trauma is proposed through a study of its meaning in a Latin American context facing war and political repression. This article explores the contributions of narrative and liberation psychology to understanding politically based trauma. It critiques the relationship between the concept of trauma and the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. It analyzes how Colombian human rights activists make sense of the political persecution and trauma in their work. The author argues that the kind of experiences that these activists have endured go beyond the category of stress and can best be understood as traumatic within the context of the current medium-intensity war in Colombia. [source] Histories of Heresy in Early Modern Europe: For, Against, and Beyond Persecution and Toleration.THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Edited by John Christian Laursen No abstract is available for this article. [source] From Persecution to Toleration in the West Country, 1672,1692THE HISTORIAN, Issue 3 2006Stephen A. Timmons First page of article [source] Collective Baha'i Identity Through Embodied Persecution: "Be ye the fingers of one hand, the members of one body"ANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, Issue 1-2 2000Curtis Humes Members of the Baha'i Faith have been subject to persecution in Iran since the mid-nineteenth century. Our investigation considers how collective identity among a Pacific Northwest Community has been constructed through the contexts of continued persecution in Iran and the development of religious texts, which helped to define the religious community. The texts found within the Baha'i Faith utilize metaphors of the body to construct religious identity. Many anthropologists have theorized on the usefulness of the body as a unit of study; in addition, recent attention by scholars has illustrated the intersection of the body and religion. A model is developed linking identity, consciousness, the body and experience that explains how collective identity is constructed. When considering the situation of the Baha'i community, this model has proven particularly useful in understanding how geographically disassociated people manage to construct social kinship within the context of religious persecution. In particular, American Baha'is describe the persecution of Baha'is in Iran as a collective experience, especially since the direct experience of persecution is far removed from their everyday living. Preliminary analysis of interviews with an American Baha'i, and an ex-patriot Iranian Baha'i reveal differences in constructions of identity. [source] Changing the Subject: Conversation in SupermaxCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Lorna A. Rhodes Although supermaximum prisons in the United States impose an extreme social exclusion designed to prevent interaction among inmates, some do find ways to talk with one another. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Washington State, I describe conversation in supermax and focus on a theme of persecution of child sex criminals that emerges from prisoners' accounts. I suggest that these facilities constitute a hidden and problematic public sphere in which a discourse of excluded citizenship develops around the figure of the victimized child. In conclusion, I offer a brief "to-do" list for considering the politics of bare life in the supermax prison. [source] A young woman with visual hallucinations, delusions of persecution and a history of performing arson with possible three-generation Fahr diseaseACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2010M. Shirahama Objective:, Fahr disease (FD) is a rare neurological and psychiatric disorder. The disease is classified by intracranial calcification of the basal ganglia with the globus pallidus region being particularly affected. We examined a young woman with visual hallucinations, delusions of persecution and a history of performing arson with possible third-generation FD. Method:, Case report of third-generation FD. Results:, A 23-year-old woman was arrested for two arsons: i) The patient exhibited progressive psychotic symptoms, including visual hallucinations, delusion of injury, irritability, lability of mood, mental retardation and visual disorders and ii) Computed tomography (CT) imaging demonstrated bilateral calcifications of the basal ganglia (globus pallidus) in the patient, her mother and her grandmother. Conclusion:, We found a family with a three-generation history of FD who exhibited calcification in the brain and mental retardation. Compared to her mother, the patient described here displayed anticipation of disease onset. [source] A comparison of risk factors for habitual violence in pre-trial subjectsACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2002S. Z. Kaliski Objective: Pre-trial referrals to the Valkenberg Hospital forensic unit over a 6-month period were studied. Habitually violent offenders were compared with those with no history of violence. Methods:, Risk factors known to be associated with violent behaviour were elicited, i.e. demographics, behaviour during index offence (such as impulsivity, identity of victim, use of weapon, accomplices, intoxication, psychotic symptoms), psychiatric and family histories, history of suicide attempts, past child abuse, head injury, criminal record, psychiatric diagnosis and presence of medical disorders. EEG's, Barratt's Impulsivity, Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking and Mini-Mental Scales were administered. Behaviour in the ward during the 30 days was also appraised. Logistic regression models were used to determine relative risks. Results:, There were 155 subjects; 89.7% were male, 71.6% were single and 58.7% were unemployed. For 44.5% the index offence was violent, and 9.7% had committed sexual offences; 61.9% had histories of habitual violence. A psychotic disorder was diagnosed in 32.3% and a personality disorder in 48.4%. Habitually violent subjects were distin- guished by a history of issuing threats (OR=3.68; CI=3.19,4.16; P= 0.000), delusions of persecution (OR=3.43; CI=2.67,4.17; P=0.001), history of conduct disorder (OR=1.95; CI=1.70,2.19; P=0.006), alcohol/substance abuse (OR=2.08; CI=1.53,2.61; P=0.008) and violent index offence (OR=1.66; CI=1.54,2.61; P=0.035). Conclusion: This seems to confirm the relationship between threats, feeling threatened, psychosis, a history of antisocial behaviour and alcohol abuse. [source] Religious Persecution: And What To Do About ItDIALOG, Issue 2 2002John Hilary Martin Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and other religions can all be found in geographically diverse Indonesia. Adding to this layered society are many different ethnic groups, political groups, and socio,economic groups. The joining of all these factors led to different communities forming adats,religio,customary agreements. When talking about "religious persecution" in Indonesia, all of these factors must be taken into account. Even so, it would be extremely naive to think that religious belief is a peripheral motivation for violence. This article explores a method by which religious scholars, leaders, and communities can curtail religious persecution in Indonesia; the method includes: personal encounter; discussion of the scholarly agenda; a public engagement through dialogue that leads to commitment; and finally, the appeal of prayer and ritual. [source] After the Black Death: labour legislation and attitudes towards labour in late-medieval western EuropeECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2007SAMUEL COHN The Black Death spurred monarchies and city-states across much of Western Europe to formulate new wage and price legislation. These legislative acts splintered in a multitude of directions that to date defy any obvious patterns of economic or political rationality. A comparison of labour laws in England, France, Provence, Aragon, Castile, the Low Countries, and the city-states of Italy shows that these laws did not flow logically from new post-plague demographics and economics,the realities of the supply and demand for labour. Instead, the new municipal and royal efforts to control labour and artisans' prices emerged from fears of the greed and supposed new powers of subaltern classes and are better understood in the contexts of anxiety that sprung forth from the Black Death's new horrors of mass mortality and destruction, resulting in social behaviour such as the flagellant movement and the persecution of Jews, Catalans, and beggars. [source] Chronological Changes of Plasma Homovanillic Acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) Levels in 4 Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy who Developed Psychosis-Like Symptoms (Hallucination and Delusion) During Zonisamide (ZNS) Administration.EPILEPSIA, Issue 2000Takuya Ueno Purpose: Zonisamide (ZNS) is a relatively new antiepileptic drug with an extensive therapeutic spectrum. However, ZNS can produce psychiatric side effects. In this study, we serially measured plasma hoinovaniliic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) levels in 4 patients with epilepsy who developed psychosis-like symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) during ZNS administration. Methods: Subjects comprised 4 patients (3 males and 1 female) with temporal lobe epilepsy ranging in age from 18 to 28 years. Intervals from the start of ZNS administration to the appearance of psychiatric symptoms ranged from 36 to 707 days. Intervals from achievement of the maximal dose to the appearance of psychiatric symptoms ranged from 2 to 240 days. In these 4 patients, the maximal doses of ZNS ranged from 300 to 600 mg/day. In 3 cases, serum ZNS levels were within the effective therapeutic concentration range wlicn syinptoms appeared. However, in 1 case, the serum ZNS level exceeded thc therapeutic level. In all cases, psychiatric symptoms disappeared after ZNS was switched to other antiepileptic drugs and anti-psychotic agents (2-5 mg/day of haloperidol or 10 mg/day of thioridazine) were added. In these cases, we serially measured plasma HVA and MHPG concentrations. Results: Case 1 was a 28-year-old male. Delusions of persecution appeared 190 days after ZNS administration was started. HVA levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 12.7 ng/ml and HVA levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 7.4 ng/ml. MHPG levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 14.5 ng/ml and MHPG levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 6. I ng/ml. When psychiatric symptoms appeared, the plasma HVA level was increased, whereas the MHPG level was slightly increased. Case 2 was an 18-year-old female. Auditory hallucinations appeared 320 days after ZNS first was administered. HVA levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 9.6- 10.0 nghl and HVA levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 5.3,6.1 ng/ml. MHPG levcls at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 4.14.2 ng/ml and MHPG levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 3.1 ng/ml. When psychiatric symptoms appeared, the plasma HVA level was increased, but there was no increase in MHPG. Case 3 was an 18-year-old male. Delusion of persecution appeared 707 days after ZNS administration was started. HVA levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 10.6 ng/ml and HVA levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 7.2 ngiml. MHPG levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 5.3 ng/ml and MHPG levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 3.9 ng/ml. When psychiatric symptoms appeared, plasma HVA level was increased, while the MHPG level was slightly increased. Case 4 was a 20-year-old male. Auditory hallucination appeared 36 days after ZNS was administered. HVA levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 13.6 ng/ml and HVA levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 7.2 ng/ml. MHPG levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms were 5.4 ng/ml and MHPG levels at the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms were 6. I ng/ml. When psychiatric symptoms appeared, the plasma HVA level was increased, but there was no increase in MHPG. Conclusions: In all patients, the plasma HVA levels at the appearance of psychiatric symptoms was higher than the corresponding level at time of disappearance of psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatric symptoms may have been associated with activation of dopaniine by ZNS. MHPG levels were slightly increased in 2 cases. However, in thc other 2 cases, there were no changes in MHPG. The influence of ZNS on neurotransmitter metabolites should be further investigated in a larger nuniber of patients. [source] Gendering the History of Women's HealthcareGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 3 2008Monica H. Green This essay examines the genesis and continuing influence of certain core narratives in the history of western women's healthcare. Some derive from first-wave feminism's search for models of female medical practice, an agenda that paid little attention to historical context. Second-wave feminism, identifying a rift between pre-modern and modern times in terms of women's medical practices, saw the pre-modern European female healer as an exceptionally knowledgeable empiricist, uniquely responsible for women's healthcare and (particularly because of her knowledge of mechanisms to limit fertility) a victim of male persecution. Aspects of this second narrative continue subtly to effect scholarly discourse and research agendas on the history of healthcare both by and for women. This essay argues that, by seeing medical knowledge as a cultural product , something that is not static but continually re-created and sometimes contested , we can create an epistemology of how such knowledge is gendered in its genesis, dissemination and implementation. Non-western narratives drawn from history and medical anthropology are employed to show both the larger impact of the western feminist narratives and ways to reframe them. [source] The Mystery of Feilenhauer Torgelow: Fontane's Elusive Social DemocratGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 3 2004Scott Tatchell As Günter Grass (among others) has highlighted, Theodor Fontane's Der Stechlin is one of the first German novels to feature a social-democratic politician. This article examines the character of Torgelow, who is elected to the Reichstag. Anything we learn about Torgelow is always at one remove, by way of other characters. He never features directly in the narrative, and remains a mysterious figure. After summarising the political backdrop against which the novel is set and providing a brief overview of Fontane's own attitude to the SPD, the article argues that pragmatic concerns and Fontane's burgeoning interest in the party combine to explain Torgelow's inclusion. Subsequently, Torgelow's abstract characterisation is explained as a consequence of Fontane's desire to portray the fear, loathing and ignorance inherent in bourgeois and aristocratic attitudes towards the party. The argument that Torgelow is a mere cipher for the party is rejected. Instead, Torgelow should be seen in the wider context of Fontane's depiction of the SPD as a whole. Overall, the article argues that the character of Torgelow provides a means for Fontane to acknowledge the SPD's rise, to suggest that its predominance will be of finite duration, and to oppose the party's persecution. [source] Cardinal Pole's Special Agent: Michael Throckmorton, c.1503,1558HISTORY, Issue 315 2009ANNE OVERELL Michael Throckmorton is best known for his peripatetic career as Cardinal Pole's agent. This article underlines the anxieties and dangers of that role, undertaken amidst fears that English agents would assassinate the cardinal. It also investigates Throckmorton's private life as a student in Italy in the 1530s and as a family man, one of a large clan divided by religion. Using the new evidence of his book inventory, it suggests that Throckmorton was a humanist, in whose library editions of the classics were outnumbered by medical texts. His ownership of banned or suspect religious works is set in the context of his friendship with the spirituali in Pole's household at Viterbo, especially the reformer-poet Marcantonio Flaminio. In 1553 Throckmorton carried to Queen Mary the papal bull making Pole the legate responsible for England's reconciliation. After delicate negotiations in England, Throckmorton returned to Mantua and died there in 1558, partly protected from the religious and political turmoil which afflicted Pole's last years. The article concludes by relating Throckmorton's life to wider contemporary experience: European perceptions of English religious change, the ,medical renaissance', Marian persecution, and the complexities faced by erstwhile spirituali. [source] SUCCESS, TRUTH, AND MODERNISM IN HOLOCAUST HISTORIOGRAPHY: READING SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER THE PUBLICATION OF METAHISTORY,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 2 2009WULF KANSTEINER ABSTRACT This essay provides a close reading of Saul Friedländer's exceptionally successful comprehensive history of the Holocaust from the theoretical perspective of Hayden White's philosophy of history. Friedländer's The Years of Extermination has been celebrated as the first synthetic history of the "Final Solution" that acknowledges the experiences of the victims of Nazi genocide. But Friedländer has not simply added the voices of the victims to a conventional historical account of the Holocaust. Instead, by displacing linear notions of time and space and subtly deconstructing conventional concepts of causality, he has invented a new type of historical prose that performs rather than analyzes the victims' point of view. Friedländer's innovation has particularly radical consequences for the construction of historical explanations. On the one hand, Friedländer explicitly argues that anti-Semitism was the single most important cause of the Holocaust. On the other hand, his transnational, multifaceted history of the "Final Solution" provides a wealth of data that escapes the conceptual grasp of his explicit model of causation. Friedländer chooses this radically self-reflexive strategy of historical representation to impress on the reader the existential sense of disbelief with which the victims experienced Nazi persecution. To Friedländer, that sense of disbelief constitutes the most appropriate ethical response to the Holocaust. Thus the narratological analysis of The Years of Extermination reveals that the exceptional quality of the book, as well as presumably its success, is the result of an extraordinarily creative act of narrative imagination. Or, put into terms developed by White, who shares Friedländer's appreciation of modernist forms of writing, The Years of Extermination is the first modernist history of the Holocaust that captures, through literary figuration, an important and long neglected reality of the "Final Solution." [source] The Devil's Insatiable Sex: A Genealogy of Evil IncarnateHYPATIA, Issue 1 2003MARGARET DENIKE This paper traces the political economy of the Christian concept of "evil" incarnate and its concomitant operations of sexual abjection and the repudiation of femininity, beginning with the early church's inaugural struggles to impose its monotheistic Law against maternal paganism. With attention to how "evil" has been deployed to sanction and sanctify the persecution of scapegoats, and particularly of heretics and witches, I examine the masculinist struggles for jurisdiction and control over women. [source] Costs and benefits of breeding in human-altered landscapes for the Eagle Owl Bubo buboIBIS, Issue 4 2002Luigi Marchesi We studied a population of 23,25 Eagle Owl Bubo bubo pairs between 1994 and 2000 in a 1330-km2 study plot in the central-eastern Italian Alps. Compared to random sites, territories were located at lower elevation and closer to intensively cultivated-urbanized valley floors. Early laying was associated with low elevation and negatively affected productivity. Diet was dominated by rats, hedgehogs and dormice (n = 978 prey items), all of them typical of low-elevation habitats. Higher productivity was associated with a higher proportion of rats in the diet of individual pairs. Low availability of rats resulted in a more diverse diet, in turn associated with low productivity. Territories were occupied every year in a non-random fashion, and those most occupied were characterized by higher productivity and higher occurrence of the favoured prey types in the diet, suggesting they were of superior quality. Eagle Owls also paid a cost associated with nesting near human-altered habitats: the main cause of mortality reported to local authorities was electrocution. This is an increasing cause of death for many European populations and may be a cause for conservation concern. Human persecution is also an important cause of mortality in some parts of the European range. Apart from such costs, the study population appeared to have adapted well to the proximity of humans: estimates of density and productivity were comparable to those recorded elsewhere in Europe. The pattern found in our population also held at higher spatial scales: data from 17 European populations showed density to be highest in low-elevation, human-altered landscapes. [source] Hunger: The Silent Epidemic Among Asylum Seekers and Resettled RefugeesINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 1 2008Linda Piwowarczyk Refugees and asylum seekers face challenges after arriving in a host country. They carry the trauma that they may have experienced in their countries of origin, during fight, and in countries of asylum. Other stressors impact on their adjustment after arriving in the United States including basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. This is a retrospective review of data collected as part of a needs assessment by a program, which serves survivors of torture and refugee trauma. Asylum seekers (n=65) and refugees were compared (n=30). Asylum seekers were more apt to be from Africa (p<.001), need family reunification (p=.027), speak more languages (p<.001), suffer from political persecution (p<.001), move from place to place due to not having a permanent place to live (p=.031), and be unable to contribute to the rent (p<.001). Unadjusted, asylum seekers were also more likely than refugees to have gone to bed hungry in the previous two weeks (p<.001) or since arriving in the United States (p<.001). Refugees were more likely to be eating more food now than before feeing, and asylum seekers the opposite (p<.001). Being an asylum seeker made one 3.7 times more likely to suffer from food insecurity than being a refugee, and 5.3 times more likely to not have work authorization. Among asylum seekers, adjusting for gender, age, education, lack of permanent housing, English fluency, and self-reported health status, not having work authorization made one 5.6 times more likely to suffer from hunger. Independently, being a torture survivor made one 10.4 times more likely to suffer from hunger. Asylum seekers must wait 150 days before applying for asylum in the United States. For humanitarian reasons, mandatory-waiting periods for work authorization for asylum seekers should be eliminated. Les réfugiés et les demandeurs d'asile se heurtent à différentes diffcultés à leur arrivée dans le pays d'accueil. Ils sont porteurs des traumatismes qu'ils peuvent avoir vécus dans leur pays d'origine, durant leur déplacement ou dans des pays d'asile. D'autres facteurs de stress compliquent encore leur acclimatation sur le territoire des Etats-Unis, parmi lesquels la satisfaction de besoins fondamentaux tels que le gîte, le couvert et l'habillement. La présente étude constitue un examen rétrospectif des données recueillies dans le cadre d'une évaluation des besoins, pour un programme destinéà aider des personnes ayant subi la torture et des réfugiés victimes de traumatismes. Elle établit ainsi une comparaison entre les demandeurs d'asile et les réfugiés. Les demandeurs d'asile sont le plus souvent originaires d'Afrique, en attente de regroupement familial, s'expriment dans plus d'une seule langue, se disent victimes de persécutions politiques, semblent avoir du mal à fixer leur résidence en un point précis et ne pas être en mesure de contribuer au paiement d'un loyer. S'ils n'ont pas encore accompli leur adaptation, ils sont en outre plus susceptibles que les réfugiés de s'être couché le ventre vide au cours des deux semaines précédentes ou depuis leur arrivée aux Etats-Unis. Pour leur part, les réfugiés sont plus susceptibles de manger davantage qu'avant leur départ, au contraire des demandeurs d'asile. Le fait d'être demandeur d'asile signife être 3,7 fois plus exposé qu'un réfugié au risque d'insécurité alimentaire, et 5,3 fois plus à celui de ne pas obtenir une autorisation de travail. Parmi les demandeurs d'asile qui rencontrent des diffcultés d'adaptation liées au sexe, à l'âge, au niveau d'éducation, à l'absence de logement durable, à l'incapacité de communiquer facilement en anglais et à un état de santé défaillant, la non-obtention d'une autorisation de travail fait courir un risque de souffrir de la faim 5,6 fois supérieur. Indépendamment de ce qui précède, une personne ayant subi des actes de torture est 10,4 fois plus susceptible de souffrir de la faim. Aux Etats-Unis, les demandeurs d'asile doivent attendre 150 jours avant de pouvoir déposer une demande d'asile. Pour des raisons humanitaires, les périodes d'attente obligatoire de permis de travail devraient être supprimées pour les demandeurs d'asile. Los refugiados y solicitantes de asilo tienen que hacer frente a toda una serie de retos cuando llegan a un país de acogida. Traen consigo el trauma que han experimentado en sus países de origen, en su huída y en los países de asilo. Otros factores de estrés repercuten en su adaptación tras la llegada en los Estados Unidos, a saber, en necesidades tan elementales como los alimentos, la ropa y el albergue. Este recuento retrospectivo de los datos acopiados forma parte de una evaluación de necesidades de un programa que sirve a los sobrevivientes a torturas y a refugiados traumatizados. En este estudio se compararon solicitantes de asilo (n= 65) con refugiados (n= 30). Los solicitantes de asilo provenían mayormente de África (p<.001), venían por razones de reunifcación familiar (p=.027), fueron objeto de persecución (p<.001), se desplazaron de un lugar a otro sin tener un lugar permanente de residencia (p=.031), y no podían pagar un alquiler (p<.001). Los solicitantes de asilo inadaptados eran mayormente refugiados que habían pasado hambre durante los últimos quince días (p<.001) o desde que llegaron a los Estados Unidos (p<.001). Se observó que los refugiados comían más alimentos que antes de huir, mientras que el fenómeno inverso se produjo con los solicitantes de asilo (p<.001). El solicitante de asilo tenía 3,7 veces más probabilidades de sufrir de inseguridad alimenticia que el refugiado, y tenía 5,3 veces más probabilidades de no contar con un permiso de trabajo. Los solicitantes de asilo, clasifcados por sexo, edad, educación, falta de vivienda permanente, conocimientos de inglés y situación sanitaria autosufciente, que no contaban con autorización de trabajo eran 5,6 veces más propensos a sufrir de la hambruna. Independientemente, el ser un sobreviviente a la tortura hacía que se fuera 10,4 veces más propenso a sufrir de la hambruna. Los solicitantes de asilo tienen que aguardar por lo menos 150 días antes de solicitar el asilo en los Estados Unidos. Por razones humanitarias, convendría suprimir estos periodos de espera obligatorios para que los solicitantes de asilo obtengan permisos de trabajo. [source] Refugee Women in Europe: Some Aspects of the Legal and Policy DimensionsINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 2 2000Alice Bloch This article presents an overview of the legal and policy issues affecting refugee and asylum-seeking women in European host societies. First, it explores the unique types of persecution experienced by women and shows that the asylum determination process, along with the status of women relative to men, mitigates against the effective protection of women. The legal basis for asylum, the evidential requirements and the procedural norms all reduce the protection which is likely to be conferred upon asylum-seeking women. Second, the article provides an overview of responses to female refugees and asylum-seekers in European countries of asylum. Although there are differences between countries, there is also a large degree of uniformity. For example, there is a lack of recognition and understanding of the diversity and the range of experiences which refugees bring with them, including different social and cultural norms. Moreover, European policies do not provide special provisions to facilitate the settlement of refugee women and instead place barriers to their social and economic participation. Third, the article examines policies for family reunion in different countries and shows that such unfavourable and unsympathetic policies mitigate against the settlement of refugee women. Finally, the article argues that if refugee and asylum-seeking women are to have their cases recognized and to be successfully settled, then there needs to be a complete rethink of legislation and policy in Europe. [source] Young People of Migrant Origin in SwedenINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 4 2003Charles Westin This article surveys immigration during the second part of the twentieth century with the aim of determining the origins of the immigrant population and the socioeconomic position of the second generation. It focuses on migration from Turkey from the 1960s onward. Originally, migration from Turkey was within the framework of labor recruitment. These migrants were predominantly ethnic Turks of rural origin. A second wave of migrants from Turkey was composed of Syriani/Assyrians, a Christian minority from eastern Turkey seeking asylum in the 1970s on the grounds of religious persecution. Since the 1980s, the main intake of migrants from Turkey has been Kurds seeking protection on the grounds of political persecution. Immigration of ethnic Turks and Syriani/Assyrians is restricted to family reunification and family formation; the numbers are low. Kurds, on the other hand, are accepted both on the grounds of refugee claims and family reunification/family formation. The article looks at conditions of growing up in Sweden, with a particular focus on education, mother-tongue classes and instruction in Swedish. Second-generation youth distinguish themselves by an overrepresentation among dropouts from school, but also by an overrepresentation among those who do well academically in comparison with native Swedes. This applies to second-generation youth with family roots in Turkey. Though very few under the age of 18 hold regular employment, the article also discusses the prospects of entering the labor market, based on information from the regular labor market surveys. Unemployment rates are consistently higher for second-generation migrants than for native-born Swedish youth. The article closes with a discussion about the developing multicultural society in Sweden and the niches that second-generation youth tend to occupy. [source] New evidence for the occurrence of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in medieval Britain,JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006David A. Hetherington Abstract The presence of Eurasian lynx as a former native species in Britain during the Holocene is known from bones recovered from several sites. AMS radiocarbon dating of lynx bone recovered from two sites in the Craven area of northern England gave 1842,±,35 14C,yr,BP and 1550,±,24 14C,yr,BP, together representing the youngest dates for lynx from England, and in the case of the latter, the youngest for Britain as a whole. These dates support the view that the game animal whose occurrence in the nearby Lake District is described in the early 7th century Cumbric text Pais Dinogad, and whose translation to date has been problematic, is a lynx. The occurrence of lynx in early medieval Britain shows that earlier periods of climate change, previously blamed for the species' extinction in Britain, were not responsible. Instead, anthropogenic factors such as severe deforestation, declining deer populations, and persecution, are likely to have caused the extirpation of lynx in Britain. Consequently, the lynx qualifies as a candidate for reintroduction. Large-scale reafforestation, the growth of deer populations, and more positive attitudes towards carnivores in modern society, could permit the restoration of lynx to Britain, particularly in Scotland. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Genetic structure of the European polecat (Mustela putorius) and its implication for conservation strategiesJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 1 2006C. Pertoldi Abstract During the last century, the European polecat Mustela putorius populations in most of Europe declined and survived in fragmented patches, because of habitat alterations and direct persecution. To assess the genetic consequences of the demographic decline and to describe the spatial pattern of genetic diversity, 250 polecats sampled at seven localities from five European countries , Poland, Denmark (southern Denmark and northern Denmark), Spain, Belgium (eastern and western) and the Netherlands , were screened by means of nine microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity estimated by mean expected heterozygosity (HE) and allelic richness (AR) were moderately high within populations [range: 0.50 (northern Denmark) ,HE,0.64 (Poland) and 1.33,AR,7.80] as compared with other carnivores and mustelids. Bottleneck tests suggested that polecat populations in southern Denmark and Poland have declined recently and populations from northern Denmark and the Netherlands have expanded recently, whereas the remaining populations did not show any sign of demographic change. Recent demographic changes could suggest that some of the populations are still not in equilibrium, which could partly explain the relatively high genetic variability observed in polecat populations despite the drastic decline in population size observed in several European countries. A significant heterozygote deficiency [FIS=0.19; 0.01,95% confidence interval (CI),0.32] suggests substructuring within the total European sample. Partitioning of the genetic variation among sampling locations (FST=0.14; 0.06,95% CI,0.23) and pairwise FST between localities (range: 0.01,FST,0.37) without any correlation with the geographic distances between localities were found, suggesting a recent divergence and a restriction of gene flow between populations and the action of genetic drift. An assignment test showed that the Polish and the northern Danish populations were the most unique, whereas the other populations were partially admixed. Factorial component analysis tests indicate a subdivision of the total sample into two distinct groups: one including the samples from Poland and the two Danish localities and the second group comprising the remaining localities investigated. The observed pattern of genetic differentiation is suggested to be due to two main routes of recolonization after the last glacial period. To compare the results obtained with microsatellite data, the most variable region of the mitochondrial DNA (d-loop) was sequenced and different phylogenetic reconstructions and genetic diversity analyses based on nucleotide (,) and haplotype diversity (h) measures within populations were performed using a subsample of populations. The lack of well-defined geographical structure, as well as the reduced level of mitochondrial DNA variability (,: 0.00274±0.00038; h: 0.876±0.028) that was found, has been previously reported in several studies on different carnivores and supports the hypothesis of post-glacial recolonization from southern or eastern refugees of Europe as suggested by the microsatellite data. Implications for conservation strategies of the polecat at the European level are discussed. [source] Wolves in the Great Lakes region: a phylogeographic puzzleMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 20 2010ETTORE RANDI Empirical studies demonstrate that natural hybridization in animals is more common than thought so far (Mallet 2005), particularly among species that originated recently through cycles of population contraction,expansion arising from climate changes over the last glacial period, the Pleistocene. In addition, the post-glacial global growth of human populations has fostered anthropogenic hybridization events, mediated by habitat changes, the persecution of large predators and the introduction of alien species (Allendorf et al. 2001). The Canis lineage shows cases of both natural and anthropogenic hybridization, exacerbating the controversy about the number of species that should be formally validated in the taxonomic lists, the evolutionary role of genetic introgression and the ways to manage hybrids with invading wild or domesticated populations. The study by Wheeldon et al. (2010), published in this issue of Molecular Ecology, adds a new piece to the intricate puzzle of evolution and taxonomy of Canis in North America. They show that sympatric wolves (C. lupus) and coyotes (C. latrans) are not (extensively) hybridizing in the western North American Great Lakes region (GLR). Widespread hybridization between coyotes and a genetically distinct, but closely related, wolf-like population (the eastern wolf) occurred in the northeastern regions of North America. In Wheeldon et al.'s (2010) opinion, these data should prove definitely that two different species of wolf (the western gray wolf C. lupus and the eastern wolf C. lycaon) and their hybrids are distributed across the GLR. [source] Human Rights Guarantees, Constitutional Law, and The Military Commissions Act of 2006PEACE & CHANGE, Issue 1 2008Leonard Cutler In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the U.S. government in conjunction with NATO allies conducted a military campaign in Afghanistan that deposed the Taliban, destroyed Al-Qaida camps, and took 700 suspected terrorists into custody for internment and trial by military commission at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Six years later about 355 detainees remained in Guantanamo amid reports of persecution, ill treatment, mental and physical health breaches, rape, and torture. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights Working Group on Arbitrary Detention recommended closure of the Guantanamo Bay facility, as have many foreign governments and prominent current and former U.S. officials. For its part, the Bush administration has denied committing any acts of torture against the detainees and has insisted that its approach to the trial and punishment of the alleged terrorists is legal and consistent with the principles of international humanitarian laws. This article focuses on the Military Commissions Act of 2006 and the extent to which the President, Congress, and the United States Supreme Court have addressed human rights guarantees consistent with the rule of law and principles of justice. [source] Locke, Sincerity and the Rationality of PersecutionPOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 4 2003Paul Bou-Habib According to the most influential contemporary reading of John Locke's Letter Concerning Toleration (1689), his main argument against religious persecution is unsuccessful. That argument holds that coercion is ineffective as a means of instilling religious beliefs in its victims. I propose a different reading of the Letter. Locke's main consideration against persecution is not the unsuccessful belief-based argument just outlined, but what I call the sincerity argument. He believes that religious coercion is irrational because it is ineffective as a means of inculcating the right intentions in people. Once this alternative argument is placed at its centre, the Letter is seen to be a more fertile source of political argument than is suggested by alternative readings. In particular, the sincerity argument gives us a powerful reason for rejecting state moral paternalism, the doctrine that the state may use coercion to make people morally virtuous. If moral virtue depends upon people having the right intentions, and if coercion is ineffective as a means of instilling the right intentions in people, then state moral paternalism is ineffective and hence irrational. [source] Quality of Care After Early Childhood Trauma and Well-Being in Later Life: Child Holocaust Survivors Reaching Old AgeAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 4 2007Elisheva van der Hal-van Raalte PhD The link between deprivation and trauma during earliest childhood and psychosocial functioning and health in later life was investigated in a group of child Holocaust survivors. In a nonconvenience sample 203 survivors, born between 1935 and 1944, completed questionnaires on Holocaust survival experience and several inventories on current health, depression, posttraumatic stress, loneliness, and attachment style. Quality of postwar care arrangements and current physical health independently predicted lack of well-being in old age. Loss of parents during the persecution, year of birth of the survivors (being born before or during the war), and memories of the Holocaust did not significantly affect present well-being. Lack of adequate care after the end of World War II is associated with lower well-being of the youngest Holocaust child survivors, even after an intervening period of 60 years. Our study validates Keilson's (1992) concept of "sequential traumatization," and points to the importance of aftertrauma care in decreasing the impact of early childhood trauma. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||