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Periodontitis Subjects (periodontitis + subject)
Kinds of Periodontitis Subjects Selected AbstractsA study to evaluate the relationship between periodontitis, cardiovascular disease and serum lipid levelsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 2 2009R Sridhar Abstract:, Background:, The search for cellular mechanisms linking periodontitis to changes in systemic health has resulted in the evolution of a new area of lipid research. So far the causality and possible pathways of the association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease is obscure. Method:, A total of 120 subjects were included in the study with 30 subjects in each of the following groups: healthy group (A), chronic periodontitis group (B), coronary heart disease (CHD + periodontitis group) (C) and CHD , periodontitis group (D). All subjects underwent oral examination and their Gingival Index, Oral Hygiene Index, Periodontal Disease Index scores and attachment loss were recorded. Two millilitres of fasting venous blood sample was drawn and tested for the level of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride level. Results and Conclusion:, The results revealed no significant difference with respect to the lipid profile levels between the four groups. Interpreting the results of the study, periodontal disease did not cause an increase in total CHL, LDL or triglyceride levels or a decrease in the HDL levels in an otherwise systemically healthy individual or in a CHD patient. Periodontitis in a CHD patient did not seem to exacerbate the destruction of periodontal tissue. Higher triglyceride levels did not have any correlation with the severity of attachment loss in a periodontitis subject. [source] Severe periodontitis is associated with systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic status: a case,control studyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2007Luigi Nibali Abstract Background and Aim: A cluster of metabolic factors defines a syndrome that predisposes to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Chronic infections such as periodontitis might alter these individual metabolic factors and the systemic inflammatory burden. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between severe periodontitis and increase in inflammatory and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: We examined 302 patients with severe periodontitis and 183 healthy controls, and we collected a blood sample from each subject in order to investigate differences in inflammatory (leukocyte numbers and differential counts) and metabolic markers (lipids and glucose). Results: After correcting for differences in age, gender, smoking and ethnicity, periodontitis subjects exhibited a low-grade systemic inflammation (increased white cell counts, 1.10±1.02 × 109/l, 95%CI 1.05,1.15, p=0.0001), dyslipidemia [lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.14±1.03 mmol/l, 95%CI 1.08,1.20, p<0.0001 and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.12±1.03, 95%CI 1.05,1.19, p<0.0001) and increased non-fasting serum glucose levels (1.04±1.01 mmol/l, 95%CI 1.02,1.06, p=0.01) when compared with controls. The associations were confirmed in a subpopulation of Caucasian non-smokers. A trend for a dose dependent effect of the number of periodontal pockets on the tested inflammatory and metabolic markers was observed. Conclusions: These data suggest a possible link between severe generalized periodontitis, systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic state in otherwise healthy individuals. [source] Gingival crevicular fluid levels of RANKL and OPG in periodontal diseases: implications of their relative ratioJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Nagihan Bostanci Abstract Aim: Receptor activator of NF-,B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are a system of molecules that regulate bone resorption. This study aims to compare the levels of RANKL, OPG and their relative ratio in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of healthy and periodontal disease subjects. Material and Methods: GCF was obtained from healthy (n=21), gingivitis (n=22), chronic periodontitis (n=28), generalized aggressive periodontitis (n=25) and chronic periodontitis subjects under immunosuppressant therapy (n=11). RANKL and OPG concentrations in GCF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: RANKL levels were low in health and gingivitis groups, but increased in all three forms of periodontitis. OPG levels were higher in health than all three periodontitis, or gingivitis groups. There were no differences in RANKL and OPG levels between chronic and generalized aggressive periodontitis groups, whereas these were lower in the immunosuppressed chronic periodontitis group. The RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly elevated in all three periodontitis forms, compared with health or gingivitis, and positively correlated to probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. Conclusion: GCF RANKL and OPG levels were oppositely regulated in periodontitis, but not gingivitis, resulting in an enhanced RANKL/OPG ratio. This ratio was similar in all three periodontitis groups and may therefore predict disease occurrence. [source] Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis: response in aggressive periodontitis subjectsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Leonardo Trombelli Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to characterize the gingival inflammatory response to de novo plaque accumulation in subjects treated for aggressive periodontitis (AP). The gingival inflammatory response of the AP subjects was retrospectively compared with that of periodontally healthy individuals (PH) matched for exposure to plaque and of periodontally healthy subjects previously identified as "high responders" (HR) and "low responders" (LR). Materials and Methods: 13 AP subjects and 26 matched PH subjects participated in a 21-day experimental gingivitis trial. Plaque index (PlI), Gingival index (GI), gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF) and angulated bleeding score (AngBS) were recorded at days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Cumulative plaque exposure (CPE), i.e. PlI over time, was also calculated. Results: GCF was significantly higher in AP compared with PH group at each observation interval (p0.001). In addition, GCF was significantly higher in AP group compared with either LR or HR groups at each observation interval (p<0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that susceptibility to gingival inflammation in response to de novo plaque accumulation may be related to susceptibility to periodontitis. [source] Subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis subjects from different geographic locationsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2004A. D. Haffajee Abstract Background: Most clinical studies assume that the subgingival microbiota is similar from one geographic location to another. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the composition of the subgingival microbiota in chronic periodontitis subjects from four countries. Method: Subjects with chronic periodontitis (N, Sweden=101; USA=115; Brazil=58; Chile=26) were recruited. Subjects were measured at baseline for plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing (BOP), suppuration, pocket depth (PD) and attachment level (AL) at six sites per tooth. Subgingival plaque samples taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth at baseline were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA,DNA hybridization (total samples=6036). % DNA probe counts comprised by each species was determined for each site and averaged across sites in each subject. Significance of differences in proportions of each species among countries was determined using ancova adjusting for age, mean pocket depth, gender and smoking status. p- Values were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: On average, all species were detected in samples from subjects in the four countries. Thirteen species differed significantly in adjusted mean proportions among countries even after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Porphyromonas gingivalis, one species that differed in proportions among countries, comprised adjusted means of 7.5, 11.9, 1.6 and 6.6% of the microbiota in subjects from Brazil, Chile, Sweden and USA (p<0.001), while mean proportions of Treponema denticola were 6.7, 4.2, 0.8 and 2.3, respectively (p<0.001). In contrast, a key periodontal pathogen, Tannerella forsythensis, exhibited mean proportions ranging from 6.2,8.5% and did not differ significantly among countries. Besides these species, prominent species in Brazil were Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 (8.4%, 7.2%) and Prevotella intermedia (6.5%); in Chile, Prevotella melaninogenica (6.4%) and Neisseria mucosa (5.3%); in Sweden A. naeslundii genospecies 2 (8.4%), Capnocytophaga gingivalis (7.1%) and Peptostreptococcus micros (5.0%); in USA A. naeslundii genospecies 2 (7.5%), P. intermedia (6.8%) and C. gingivalis (6.1%). Conclusions: The microbial profiles of subgingival plaque samples from chronic periodontitis subjects in four countries showed surprisingly marked differences. These differences persisted after adjusting for age, mean pocket depth, gender and smoking status. [source] Antibiotic resistance profile of the subgingival microbiota following systemic or local tetracycline therapyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Rosa Maria J. Rodrigues Abstract Background: Tetracyclines have been extensively used as adjunctives to conventional periodontal therapy. Emergence of resistant strains, however, has been reported. This study evaluated longitudinally the tetracycline resistance patterns of the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis subjects treated with systemic or local tetracycline therapy+scaling and root planing (SRP). Methods: Thirty chronic periodontitis patients were randomly assigned to three groups: SRP+500 mg of systemic tetracycline twice/day for 14 days; SRP alone and SRP+tetracycline fibers (Actsite®) at four selected sites for 10 days. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from four sites with probing pocket depths (PPD)6 mm in each patient at baseline, 1 week, 3, 6 and 12 months post-therapy. Samples were dispersed and diluted in pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized Ringer's solution, plated on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA)+5% blood with or without 4 ,g/ml of tetracycline and incubated anaerobically for 10 days. The percentage of resistant microorganisms were determined and the isolates identified by DNA probes and the checkerboard method. Significance of differences among and within groups over time was sought using the Kruskal,Wallis and Friedman tests, respectively. Results: The percentage of resistant microorganisms increased significantly at 1 week in the tetracycline groups, but dropped to baseline levels over time. The SRP+Actsite® group presented the lowest proportions of resistant species at 6 and 12 months. No significant changes were observed in the SRP group. The predominant tetracycline-resistant species included Streptococcus spp., Veillonela parvula, Peptostreptococcus micros, Prevotella intermedia, Gemella morbillorum and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). A high percentage of sites with resistant Aa, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tanerella forsythensis was observed in all groups at baseline. However, T. forsythensis was not detected in any group and P. gingivalis was not present in the SRP+Actsite® group at 1 year post-therapy. Aa was still frequently detected in all groups after therapy. However, the greatest reduction was observed in the SRP+Actsite® group. Conclusion: Local or systemically administered tetracycline results in transitory selection of subgingival species intrinsically resistant to this drug. Although the percentage of sites harboring periodontal pathogens resistant to tetracycline were quite elevated in this population, both therapies were effective in reducing their prevalence over time. [source] Relationship between periodontal pocket sulfide levels and subgingival speciesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2003G. Torresyap Abstract Background: Many species implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). This investigation examined the relationship between levels of sulfide and subgingival bacterial species in the same periodontal pockets. Material and Methods: Twenty chronic periodontitis subjects were measured clinically at six sites per tooth for plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing, suppuration, pocket depth and attachment level. Subgingival plaque samples, taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth, were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA,DNA hybridization. Sulfide levels were measured at the same sites using a Diamond Probe/Perio 2000 system. Clinical and microbiological data were averaged for sulfide-positive and -negative sites separately in each subject and then averaged across subjects. Significance differences in clinical and microbial parameters between sulfide-positive and -negative sites were sought using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Results: Mean total DNA probe counts (×105, ±SEM) at sulfide-negative and -positive sites were 44.0±9.9 and 65.0±13.3, respectively (p<0.01). Seventeen species were found at significantly higher levels in sulfide-positive than -negative sites. These included abundant producers of VSC such as members of the genera Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Treponema and Eubacterium, and Bacteriodes forsythus, Selenomonas noxia and Propionibacterium acnes. Prevotella intermedia, Bacteriodes forsythus, Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincentii and Treponema denticola exhibited the greatest difference in mean counts between sulfide-negative and -positive sites. Orange and red complex species were at higher counts at shallow (<4 mm) sulfide-positive than shallow sulfide-negative sites. Although not statistically significant, mean clinical parameters were somewhat higher at sulfide-positive than sulfide-negative sites. Conclusions: Intra-pocket sulfide levels reflect the levels of sulfide-producing species and may provide useful diagnostic information. Zusammenfassung Grundlagen: Viele Spezies, die mit der Pathogenese der Parodontalerkrankung verbunden sind produzieren flüchtige Schwefelkomponenten (VSC). Diese Studie untersuchte die Verbindung zwischen dem Sulfid-Niveau und subgingivalen Spezies in den gleichen parodontalen Taschen. Methode: 20 Patienten mit chronischer Parodontitis wurden an 6 Stellen pro Zahn klinisch befundet hinsichtlich Plaque, Gingivitis, BOP, Eiterentleerung, Taschentiefe und Attachmentniveau. Unter Verwendung der Schachbrett-DNA,DNA-Hybridisierung wurden subgingivale Plaqueproben von der mesialen Stelle eines jeden Zahns individuell hinsichtlich des Vorkommens von 40 bakteriellen Spezies untersucht. An der gleichen Stelle wurde mittels des Diamond Probe/Perio 2000 Systems das Niveau des Sulfids gemessen. Von den klinischen und mikrobiologischen Daten wurden bei jedem Patienten getrennt für Sulfid-positiv und Sulfid-negativ ein Durchschnitt gebildet und anschließend der Durchschnitt für alle Patienten berechnet. Nach signifikanten Unterschieden in den klinischen und mikrobiologischen Parametern zwischen Sulfid-positiven und Sulfid-negativen Stellen wurde unter Verwendung des Wilcoxon signed ranks Test gesucht. Ergebnisse: Die mittlere Bakterienanzahl mit Gesamt-DNA-Sonden (× 105, ±SEM) betrug an den Sulfid-negativen Stellen und Sulfid-positiven Stellen 44.0±9.9 bzw. 65.0±13.3 (p<0.01). Bei 17 Spezies wurde ein signifikant höheres Niveau in den Sulfid-positiven Stellen vorgefunden. Die umfasste Bakterien die reichlich VSC produzieren, wie Mitglieder der Genera Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Treponema und Eubacterium und B. forsythus, S. noxia und P. acnes. P. intermedia, B. forsythus, P. nigrescens, F. nucleatum ssvincentii und T. denticola zeigten den größten Unterschied zwischen Sulfid-positiven und Sulfid-negativen Stellen in der durchschnittlichen Bakterienanzahl. Spezies des orangen und roten Komplexes lagen in höherer Anzahl in flachen (<4 mm) Sulfid-positiven, als in flachen Sulfid-negativen Taschen vor. Obwohl statistisch nicht signifikant, lagen die durchschnittlichen klinischen Parameter bei den Sulfid-positiven etwas höher als bei den Sulfid-negativen Taschen Schlussfolgerungen: Die innerhalb der Taschen gemessenen Sufiid-Niveaus spiegeln das Niveau der Sulfid-produzierenden Spezies wieder und könnten eine nützliche diagnostische Information liefern. Résumé Plusieurs espèces impliquées dans la pathogenèse de la maladie parodontale produisent des composés de sulfate volatiles (VSC). Cette étude examine la relation entre les niveaux de sulfate et les espèces bactériennes sous-gingivales dans les mêmes poches parodontales. Vingt sujets avec parodontite chronique ont subi un examen clinique au niveau de six sites par dent pour la plaque dentaire, la gingivite, la profondeur de poche au sondage (BOP), la suppuration, la profondeur de poche et le niveau d'attache. Des échantillons de plaque sous-gingivale prélevés en mésial de chaque dent ont été analysés individuellement pour leur contenu de 40 espèces bactériennes à l'aide de l'hybridisation ADN-ADN croisée. Les niveaux de sulfate ont été mesurés au niveau des mêmes sites par le système de sonde Diamond/Perio 2000. Les moyennes des données cliniques et microbiologiques ont étéétablies pour les sites sulfate positif et négatif chez chaque sujet et par sujet. Des différences significatives dans les paramètres cliniques et microbiologiques entre les sites sulfate positif et négatif ont été observées via le test de Wilcoxon. Les moyennes totales des comptes de la sonde ADN (x105,+/,ES) au niveau des sites sulfate négatif et positif étaient respectivement de 44,0 +/,9,9 et 65,0+/,13,3 (p<0,01). Dix sept espèces ont été trouvées à des niveaux hautement plus significatifs dans des sites sulfate positif que négatif. Ceux-ci comprennaient d'abondants producteurs de VSC tels que les Fusobacterium, Catnpylobacter, Prevotella, Treponema, Eubacterium, B. forsythus, S. noxia etP. acnes, P. intermedia, B. forsythus, P. nigrescens, F. nucleatum ss vincentii et T. denticola qui montraient la plus grande différence dans la moyenne des comptes entre les sites sulfate négatif et positif. Les espèces complexe orange et rouge étaient plus nombreuses dans les sites de faible profondeur (<4 mm) sulfate positif que dans les sites peu profonds sulfate négatif. Bien que statistiquement non significative la moyenne des paramètres cliniques a été quelque peu plus élevée au niveau des sites sulfate positif qu'au niveau des négatifs. Les niveaux de sulfate intrapoche reflètent les niveaux des espèces produisant du sulfate et pourraient apporter une information de diagnostic pratique. [source] Change in subgingival microbial profiles in adult periodontitis subjects receiving either systemically-administered amoxicillin or metronidazoleJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2001M. Feres Abstract Aim: The current investigation evaluated changes in levels and proportions of 40 bacterial species in subgingival plaque samples during, immediately after and up to 1 year after metronidazole or amoxicillin therapy combined with SRP. Method: After baseline clinical and microbiological monitoring, 17 adult periodontitis subjects received full mouth SRP and 14 days systemic administration of either metronidazole (250 mg, TID, n=8) or amoxicillin (500 mg, TID, n=9). Clinical measurements including % of sites with plaque, gingival redness, bleeding on probing and suppuration, pocket depth (PD) and attachment level (AL) were made at baseline, 90, 180 and 360 days. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial surface of all teeth in each subject at baseline, 90, 180 and 360 days and from 2 randomly selected posterior teeth at 3, 7, and 14 days during and after antibiotic administration. Counts of 40 subgingival species were determined using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Significance of differences over time was determined using the Quade test and between groups using ANCOVA. Results: Mean PD was reduced from 3.22±0.12 at baseline to 2.81±0.16 (p<0.01) at 360 days and from 3.38±0.23 mm to 2.80±0.14 mm (p<0.01) in the amoxicillin and metronidazole treated subjects respectively. Corresponding values for mean AL were 3.21±0.30 to 2.76±0.32 (p<0.05) and 3.23±0.28 mm to 2.94±0.23 mm (p<0.01). Levels and proportions of Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola were markedly reduced during antibiotic administration and were lower than baseline levels at 360 days. Counts (×105, ±SEM) of B. forsythus fell from baseline levels of 0.66±0.16 to 0.04±0.02, 0.13±0.04, 0.10±0.03 and 0.42±0.19 in the amoxicillin group at 14, 90, 180 and 360 days respectively (p<0.001). Corresponding values for metronidazole treated subjects were: 1.69±0.28 to 0.02±0.01, 0.20±0.08, 0.22±0.06 and 0.22±0.08 (p<0.001). Counts of Campylobacter species, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies, F. periodonticum and Prevotella nigrescens were also detected at lower mean levels during and immediately after therapy, but gradually increased after withdrawal of the antibiotics. Members of the genera Actinomyces, Streptococcus and Capnocytophaga were minimally affected by metronidazole. However, amoxicillin decreased the counts and proportions of Actinomyces species during and after therapy. Conclusions: The data suggest that metronidazole and amoxicillin are useful in rapidly lowering counts of putative periodontal pathogens, but must be accompanied by other procedures to bring about periodontal stability. Zusammenfassung Ziel: Die gegenwärtige Untersuchung evaluiert die Veränderungen in den Niveaus und Proportionen von 40 bakteriellen Spezies in subgingivalen Plaqueproben während, sofort nach und bis zu 1 Jahr nach Metronidazol- oder Amoxicillintherapie in Kombination mit SRP. Methoden: Nach der klinischen und mikrobiologischen Basisuntersuchung erhielten 17 erwachsene Personen mit Parodontitis eine vollständige SRP und 14 Tage eine systemische Gabe von entweder Metronidazol (250 mg, TID, n=8) oder Amoxicillin (500 mg, TID, n=9). Die klinischen Messungen schlossen die Prozentwerte der Flächen mit Plaque, der gingivalen Rötung, der Provokationsblutung und Suppuration, der Sondierungstiefe (PD) und des Stützgewebeniveaus (AL) ein. Die Messungen wurden zur Basis, am 90., am 180. und 360. Tag gemacht. Die subgingivalen Plaqueproben wurden von der mesialen Oberfläche aller Zähne zur Basis, zum 90., zum 180. und 360. Tag von jedem Probanden genommen sowie von 2 zufällig ausgesuchten posterioren Zähnen am Tag 3, 7 und 14 während und nach der Antibiotikaverordnung. Die Mengen von 40 subgingivalen Spezies wurden unter Nutzung einer checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridisation bestimmt. Die Signifikanzen der Differenzen über die Zeit wurden mit dem Quade-Test und zwischen den Gruppen mit der ANCOVA überprüft. Ergebnisse: Die mittleren PD reduzierten sich von 3.22±0.12 mm zur Basis zu 2.81±0.16 mm (p<0.01) zum 360. Tag und von 3.38±0.23 mm zu 2.80±0.14 mm (p<0.01) bei den mit Amoxicillin bzw. mit Metronidazol behandelten Patienten. Korrespondierende Werte für die mittleren AL waren 3.21±0.30 zu 2.76±0.32 (p<0.05) und 3.23±0.28 mm zu 2.94±0.23 mm (p<0.01). Die Niveaus und die Verteilung von Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis und Treponema denticola wurden während der Antibiotikabehandlung deutlich reduziert und waren am 360. Tag niedriger als zur Basis. Die Mengen (×105, ±SEM) von B. forsythus fielen von der Basis von 0.66±0.16 auf 0.04±0.02, 0.13±0.04, 0.10±0.03 und 0.42±0.19 in der Amoxicillin Gruppe an den Tagen 14, 90, 180 und 360 (p<0.001). Korrespondierende Werte für die mit Metronidazol behandelten Personen waren: 1.69±0.28 zu 0.02±0.01, 0.20±0.08, 0.22±0.06 und 0.22±0.08 (p<0.001). Die Mengen von Campylobacter sp., Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies, F. peridonticum und Prevotella nigrescens waren in den mittleren Niveaus während und sofort nach der Therapie auch niedriger, aber graduell erhöht nach Absetzen der Antibiotika. Mitglieder der Klassen Actinomyces, Streptococcus und Capnocytophaga wurden durch Metronidazol minimal beeinflußt. Jedoch verringerte Amoxicillin die Mengen und Verhältnisse von Actinomyces sp. während und nach der Therapie. Zusammenfassung: Die Daten suggerieren, daß Metronidazol und Amoxicillin in der schnellen Verringerung der Mengen von putativen parodontalen Pathogenen nützlich sind, daß dies aber durch andere Prozeduren begleitet wurden muß, um parodontale Stabilität zu erbringen. Résumé But: La présente recherche a évalué les modifications de niveaux et de proportions de 40 espèces bactériennes dans des prélèvements de plaque sous gingivale pendant, immédiatement après, et jusqu'à un an après un traitement par métronidazole ou amoxicilline associè avec le détartrage/surfaçage radiculaire. Méthode: Après avoir relevé les paramètres cliniques et microbiologiques initiaux, 17 sujets atteints de parodontite de l'adulte ont subi un détartrage/surfaçage radiculaire de toute la bouche et l'administration systémique pendant 14 jours de métronidazole (250 mg, 3× fois par jour, n=8) ou d'amoxicilline (500 mg, 3× par jour, n=9). Les mesures cliniques relevées initialement, à 90 jours, à 180 jours, et à 360 jours, étaient: le % de sites avec de la plaque, la rougeur gingivale, le saignement au sondage et la suppuration, la profondeur de poche (PD) et le niveau d'attache (AL). Des échantillons de plaque sous gingivale étaient prélevés sur la surface mésiale de toutes les dents, chez chaque sujet, initialement, à 90 jours, à 180 jours, et á 360 jours, et sur 2 dents postérieures choisies au hasard à 3, 7, et 14 jours pendant et après l'administration d'antibiotique. Le comptage de 40 expèces sous gingivales fut déterminé par la technique de l'hybridisation en damier DNA-DNA. La signification des différences au cours du temps fut déterminée par le test de Quade et entre les groupes par ANCOVA. Résultats: La profondeur moyenne des poches a étê réduite de 3.22±0.12 mm initialement à 2.81±0.16 mm (p<0.01) à 360 jours et de 3.38±0.28 mm à 2.80±0.14 mm (p<0.01) dans les groupes amoxicilline et metronidazole, respectivement. Les valeurs correspondantes pour AL étaient 3.21±0.30 à 2.76±0.32 (p<0.05) et 3.23±0.28 à 2.94±0.23 (p<0.01). Les niveau de B. forsythus, P. gingivalis et T. denticola, étaient fortement réduits pendant l'administration d'antibiotique et restaient plus bas à 360 jours qu'initialement. Les comptages (×105, ±SEM) de B. forsythus tombaient de niveaux initiaux de 0.66±0.16 à 0.04±0.02, 0.13±0.04, 0.10±0.03 et 0.42±0.19 dans le groupe amoxicilline à 14 jours, 90 jours, 180 jours, et 360 jours, respectivement (p<0.001). Les valeurs correspondantes pour les sujets traits par métronidazole étaient de: 1.69±0.28 à 0.02±0.01, 0.20±0.08, 0.22±0.06 et 0.22±0.08 (p<0.001). Les comptages des espèces Camopylobacter, Eubacterium nodatum, des espèces Fusobacterium nodatum, F. periodonticum et Prevotella nigrescensétaient également détectés à des niveaux moyens plus bas pendant, et immédiatement après traitement, mais augmentaient graduellement après cessation des antibiotiques. Les membres des genres Actinomyces, Streptococcus et Capnocytophagaétaient très peu affectés par le métronidazole. Par contre, l'amoxicilline diminuait les comptage et les proportions des Actinomyces pendant et après le traitement. Conclusions: Ces données suggèrent que le métronidazole et l'amoxicilline sont utiles pour diminuer rapidement les comptages des pathogènes parodontaux putatifs, mais qu'ils doivent être accompagnés d'autres procédés pour apporter une stabilité parodontale. [source] Microbial composition of supra- and subgingival plaque in subjects with adult periodontitisJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 10 2000Laurie Ann Ximénez-Fyvie Abstract Background, aims: The purpose of the present study was to compare and relate the microbial composition of supra and subgingival plaque in 23 adult periodontitis subjects (mean age 51±14 years). Methods: A total of 1,170 samples of supra and subgingival plaque were collected from the mesial aspect of every tooth (up to 28 supra and 28 subgingival samples) from each subject and evaluated for the presence and levels of 40 bacterial taxa using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Clinical assessments including dichotomous measures of gingival redness, bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation and suppuration, as well as duplicate measures of pocket depth and attachment level, were made at 6 sites per tooth. The counts (levels), % DNA probe count (proportion) and % of sites colonized (prevalence) of each species in supra and separately in subgingival plaque were computed for each subject. Significance of differences between supra and subgingival plaque for each species was sought using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test and adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: All 40 taxa were detected in both supra and subgingival plaque. Actinomyces species were the most prevalent taxa in both habitats. 75 to 100% of supra and 62 to 100% of subgingival sites were colonized by at least one of the 5 Actinomyces species. Supragingival samples exhibited significantly higher counts of Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Neisseria mucosa, Streptococcus gordonii, Capnocytophaga ochracea and Capnocytophaga sputigena when compared with mean counts in subgingival samples taken from the same tooth surfaces. Subgingival plaque samples presented significantly higher counts of Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Subgingival samples exhibited a significantly higher proportion of "red" and "orange complex" species, while supragingival plaque exhibited higher proportions of "green" and "purple" complex species as well as Actinomyces species. Suspected periodontal pathogens could be detected in supragingival plaque from sites where subgingival samples were negative for the same species. Conclusions: The data indicate that supragingival plaque can harbor putative periodontal pathogens, suggesting a possible rôle of this environment as a reservoir of such species for the spread or reinfection of subgingival sites. [source] Serum IgG reactivity to subgingival bacteria in initial periodontitis, gingivitis and healthy subjectsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2000A. C. R. Tanner Abstract Background/aims: Established periodontal diseases may be associated with antibody responses to periodontal pathogens, but it is not known at which stage of disease this antibody response is initiated. This study aimed to characterize the host systemic response in initial periodontitis, gingivitis, and periodontal health, to evaluate whether elevated serum antibodies to subgingival species could be detected in initial periodontitis. Method: Human systemic immune response were evaluated to 40 subgingival bacterial species in 16 healthy, 21 gingivitis, 11 initial periodontitis and 5 progressing recession adults. Subjects had minimal periodontal attachment level (AL) loss at baseline. Disease categories were determined after 12 months monitoring at three-month intervals. Increased AL loss 1.5 mm (disease activity) at interproximal sites defined initial periodontitis, recession was characterized by AL loss at buccal sites. Serum IgG antibodies were evaluated semi-quantitatively by immunoblot from blood taken at baseline, active and final visits. Results: No antibody was detected from 55% of reactions. When detected, levels were below those reported for advanced periodontitis subjects. There were no major differences in serum antibody levels between healthy, gingivitis and initial periodontitis subjects, despite differences in the subgingival microbiota. Serum antibodies for more species were detected in recession subjects, compared with the other study subjects. No changes in antibody levels were detected between baseline, active, and final visits. No systematic association between species colonization and presence of systemic antibody was observed. Conclusions: This study did not detect differential elevation of mean serum antibody levels in initial periodontitis subjects, suggesting that serum antibody levels are not sensitive risk markers for initial periodontitis. [source] Comparative analysis of putative periodontopathic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reactionJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008M. Morikawa Background and Objective:, The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied for the rapid and specific detection of periodontopathic bacteria in subgingival plaque and is potentially of clinical benefit in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis subjects. However, several technical points need to be modified before the conventional PCR detection system can be used by clinicians. Material and Methods:, To develop a PCR-based technique more applicable for clinical use than conventional PCR, we established a multiplex PCR for five putative periodontopathic (Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia) and two nonperiodontopathic (Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus salivarius) species of bacteria using whole-plaque suspension as templates, and detected bacteria in subgingival plaque taken from 85 subjects at the supportive periodontal therapy stage after active periodontal treatments. Results:, Among putative periodontopathic bacteria, the detection frequency of T. denticola and P. gingivalis was elevated in parallel with higher probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss, and had 4.2,14.1 times increasing odds of the clinical parameters tested. Detection of any of the five species of putative periodontopathic bacteria markedly increased the odds ratio of a higher probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing. Conclusion:, The multiplex PCR system developed in this study enabled the detection of all the bacteria under investigation in one reaction tube in a less time- and labor-intensive manner than conventional PCR. These results support the potential clinical use of multiplex PCR for detecting periodontopathic bacteria and for evaluating therapeutic strategies and predicting the prognosis for each subject. [source] Differential platelet-activating factor synthesis by monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitisJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2007C. R. Shin Background and Objective:, Platelet-activating factor is elevated in localized aggressive periodontitis. We previously demonstrated that the elevated level of platelet-activating factor in localized aggressive periodontitis is at least partially attributable to low levels of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, the enzyme that catabolizes platelet-activating factor. The objective of this study was to determine if platelet-activating factor synthesis was also elevated in localized aggressive periodontitis. To test this, platelet-activating factor synthesis was quantified in the monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils of periodontally healthy patients and of subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis. Material and Methods:, Cells were labeled with [3H]acetate and treated with vehicle or stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187. Platelet-activating factor was extracted and quantified by scintillation counting. Results:, For both subject groups, resting monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils produced platelet-activating factor, and calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated platelet-activating factor production in both cell types. However, calcium ionophore A23187-activated monocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis produced less platelet-activating factor than did activated periodontally healthy monocytes (p < 0.0001), suggesting an aberrant calcium ionophore A23187 response in monocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis. Indeed, when the data were expressed as fold induction of platelet-activating factor synthesis in response to calcium ionophore A23187, monocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis exhibited only a fourfold increase in platelet-activating factor synthesis, whereas calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated monocytes from periodontally healthy, chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects produced ,,12 times more platelet-activating factor than did resting monocytes. In contrast, both resting and activated localized aggressive periodontitis polymorphonuclear neutrophils synthesized more platelet-activating factor than did periodontally healthy polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Conclusion:, These data suggest that high levels of platelet-activating factor in subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis result from both increased synthesis and reduced catabolism. While localized aggressive periodontitis polymorphonuclear neutrophils contribute to increased platelet-activating factor mass through synthesis, the contribution of monocytes is probably the result of reduced catabolism by platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. [source] Granulocyte elastase activity in static and flow gingival crevicular fluidJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2003Lijian Jin Objectives:, This study aimed to evaluate the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and granulocyte elastase activity in static GCF (sGCF) and flow GCF (fGCF) from subjects with various periodontal conditions. Methods:, Eleven periodontally healthy, 10 gingivitis and 12 periodontitis subjects were recruited and the sites investigated consisted of healthy sites from healthy subjects (HH); healthy (HG) and gingivitis sites (GG) from gingivitis subjects; and healthy (HP), gingivitis (GP) and periodontitis sites (PP) from periodontitis subjects. fGCF samples were collected either 1 min or 5 min following sGCF collection by paper strip technique. GCF volume was determined by Periotron® 6000 and granulocyte elastase activity was assayed with a specific substrate [l -pyroglutamyl- l -prolyl- l -valine- p -nitroanilide(pGluProVal-pNA)]. Results:, At baseline, no significant differences existed in clinical and GCF parameters between the two matched sites for subsequent collection of fGCF samples either 1 min or 5 min after sGCF sampling in all subjects. The flow exudate in HG and HP sites quickly replenished to sGCF levels, while a delayed replenishment was found in HH sites, despite the similar sGCF volumes of these sites. The GCF volume and elastase levels in the fGCF at 1 min were higher in GP sites than in GG sites (P < 0.05). Overall, depletion of elastase levels in the fGCF at 1 min was observed in all subjects, whereas elastase levels in the fGCF at 5 min had replenished to sGCF levels in HP, GP, PP sites and GG sites, but had remained at a lower level in HH and HG sites. An overall positive correlation was found between sGCF and fGCF for GCF volume and elastase activity (P < 0.001); however, this correlation varied with GCF parameters and with site conditions of the subjects concerned. Conclusions:, This study shows that patterns of dynamic changes in GCF flow and elastase activity varied under different periodontal conditions. Assessment of both sGCF and fGCF may allow better insight into the dynamic change of the target components in GCF. [source] Use of checkerboard DNA,DNA hybridization to study complex microbial ecosystemsMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004S. S. Socransky It has been difficult to conduct large scale studies of microbiologically complex ecosystems using conventional microbiological techniques. Molecular identification techniques in new probe-target formats, such as checkerboard DNA,DNA hybridization, permit enumeration of large numbers of species in very large numbers of samples. Digoxigenin-labeled whole genomic probes to 40 common subgingival species were tested in a checkerboard hydridization format. Chemifluorescent signals resulting from the hybridization reactions were quantified using a Fluorimager and used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the probes. Sensitivity of the DNA probes was adjusted to detect 104 cells. In all, 93.5% of potential cross-reactions to 80 cultivable species exhibited signals <5% of that detected for the homologous probe signal. Competitive hybridization and probes prepared by subtraction hybridization and polymerase chain reaction were effective in minimizing cross-reactions for closely related taxa. To demonstrate utility, the technique was used to evaluate 8887 subgingival plaque samples from 79 periodontally healthy and 272 chronic periodontitis subjects and 8126 samples from 166 subjects taken prior to and after periodontal therapy. Significant differences were detected for many taxa for mean counts, proportion of total sample, and percentage of sites colonized between samples from periodontally healthy and periodontitis subjects. Further, significant reductions were observed post therapy for many subgingival species including periodontal pathogens. DNA probes used in the checkerboard DNA,DNA format provide a useful tool for the enumeration of bacterial species in microbiologically complex systems. [source] Distribution of Bacteroides forsythus genotypes in a Japanese periodontitis populationMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Y. Huang Bacteroides forsythus is an important pathogen in periodontal diseases and has been associated with advanced and refractory periodontitis. The difficulties associated with culturing this species have meant that the distribution and pathogenic mechanisms of B. forsythus remain unclear. In this study, the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) method was used to investigate the genotype distribution of B. forsythus in a Japanese periodontitis population, as well as the relationship between AP-PCR genotypes and periodontal status. B. forsythus reference strain, ATCC 43037T and 137 clinical bacterial isolates from 64 subjects were separated into 11 distinct AP-PCR genotypes using a single randomly-sequenced primer, 5,-CCGGCGGCG-3, (A-05). The majority (80.9%) of B. forsythus strains examined belonged to AP-PCR genotypes I, II, III and IV (accounting for 39.7%, 20.6%, 10.3% and 10.3%, respectively). Types I and III primarily consisted of isolates from chronic periodontitis subjects (80.8% and 85.7%, respectively), while Types II and IV consisted mainly of isolates from aggressive periodontitis subjects (85.7% and 100%, respectively). Except for three subjects who harbored two different B. forsythus genotypes in the oral cavity, all subjects only infected with one genotype intraindividually. These results demonstrate that the AP-PCR method is useful for genotypic analysis of B. forsythus. This species showed a genetic diversity among the investigated population. A clonal nature of B. forsythus infection is suggested. Furthermore, different AP-PCR genotypes of B. forsythus appear to be associated with different types of periodontitis. [source] Diversity of Veillonella spp. from subgingival plaque by polyphasic approachAPMIS, Issue 3 2010INGA LEUCKFELD Leuckfeld I, Paster BJ, Kristoffersen AK, Olsen I. Diversity of Veillonella spp. from subgingival plaque by polyphasic approach. APMIS 2010; 118: 230,42. In a biofilm such as the subgingival microflora, strain-specific properties or factors induced by the host may impart a survival advantage to some bacterial strains. Periodontal disease has been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and we previously found high amounts of Veillonella in the subgingival microflora of COPD subjects. Differentiation of Veillonella is difficult. The aims of this study were to identify subgingival Veillonella isolates by phenotypic, genetic typing and molecular genetic methods, and further, to assess if Veillonella strain properties or identity correlated with periodontal disease or COPD. From 22 subjects, 26 subgingival Veillonella isolates and one pulmonary isolate were analysed. The majority of the subgingival Veillonella isolates were identified as Veillonella parvula. Genotyping showed heterogeneity within strains of the same species. A subgingival and pulmonary isolate in one COPD subject was found to be genetically identical strains of V. parvula. Scanning electron microscopy of the lung biopsy confirmed single small cocci adhering or coaggregating with larger cocci on the airway epithelium. Apart from a variation in cellular fatty acid composition of six subgingival isolates from periodontitis subjects, no correlation between the subgingival Veillonella strains or genotypes and the presence of either periodontitis or COPD was found. In conclusion, V. parvula was the predominant subgingival Veillonella species with high genetic variability within strains of the same species. Subgingival V. parvula can translocate to the lungs; however, Veillonella identity or genotype did not correlate with periodontal disease or COPD. [source] Chemokines in human periodontal disease tissuesCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2001E. Gemmell An immunoperoxidase technique was used to examine IP-10 (interferon-gamma inducible protein 10), RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and MIP-1alpha (macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha) in gingival biopsies from 21 healthy/gingivitis and 26 periodontitis subjects. The samples were placed into 3 groups according to the size of infiltrate. MIP-1alpha+ cells were more abundant than the other chemokines with few MCP-1+ cells. The mean percent MIP-1alpha+ cells was higher than the percent MCP-1+ cells (P = 0·02) in group 2 (intermediate size infiltrates) lesions from periodontitis subjects, other differences not being significant due to the large variations between tissue samples. Analysis of positive cells in relation to CD4/CD8 ratios showed that with an increased proportion of CD8+ cells, the mean percent MIP-1alpha+ cells was significantly higher in comparison with the mean percent RANTES+ and MCP-1+ cells (P < 0·015). Endothelial cells were MCP-1+ although positive capillaries were found on the periphery of infiltrates only. Keratinocyte expression of chemokines was weak and while the numbers of healthy/gingivitis and periodontitis tissue sections positive for IP-10, RANTES and MCP-1 reduced with increasing inflammation, those positive for MIP-1alpha remained constant for all groups. In conclusion, fewer leucocytes expressed MCP-1 in gingival tissue sections, however, the percent MIP-1alpha+ cells was increased particularly in tissues with increased proportions of CD8 cells and B cells with increasing inflammation and also in tissues with higher numbers of macrophages with little inflammation. Further studies are required to determine the significance of MIP-1alpha in periodontal disease. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||