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Periodontal Probing Depth (periodontal + probing_depth)

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Medical Sciences	100%

Selected Abstracts

Periodontitis and incidence of cerebrovascular disease in men,

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Monik Jimenez SM
Objective To identify associations between periodontitis and incidence of cerebrovascular disease. Methods We analyzed data of 1,137 dentate men in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging and Dental Longitudinal Study who were followed with triennial medical/dental exams for up to 34 years (mean, 24 years). We evaluated incidence of cerebrovascular events consistent with stroke or transient ischemic attack in relation to mean radiographic alveolar bone loss (a measure of periodontitis history) and cumulative periodontal probing depth (a measure of current periodontal inflammation). Cox proportional hazards models were fit controlling for age, baseline socioeconomic status, and time-varying effects of established cardiovascular risk factors. Results Eighty incident cases of cerebrovascular disease occurred from 27,506 person-years. Periodontal bone loss was significantly associated with an increased hazard rate (HR) of cerebrovascular disease (HR, 3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59,7.81 comparing highest to lowest bone loss category; p for trend, <0.001). There was a stronger effect among men aged <65 years (HR, 5.81; 95% CI, 1.63,20.7) as compared with men aged ,65 years (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.91,6.25). Periodontal probing depth was not associated with a significantly increased rate of cerebrovascular disease in the combined or age-stratified analyses. Interpretation These results support an association between history of periodontitis,but not current periodontal inflammation,and incidence of cerebrovascular disease in men, independent of established cardiovascular risk factors, particularly among men aged <65 years. Ann Neurol 2009;66:505,512 [source]

Periodontal disease progression and glycaemic control among Gullah African Americans with type-2 diabetes

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2010
Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
Bandyopadhyay D, Marlow NM, Fernandes JK, Leite RS: Periodontal disease progression and glycaemic control among Gullah African Americans with type-2 diabetes. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 501,509. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01564.x. Abstract Aim: To evaluate associations between glycaemic control and periodontitis progression among Gullah African Americans with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: From an ongoing clinical trial among T2DM Gullah, we extracted a cohort previously in a cross-sectional study (N=88). Time from baseline (previous study) to follow-up (trial enrollment, before treatment interventions) ranged 1.93,4.08 years [mean=2.99, standard deviation (SD)=0.36]. We evaluated tooth site-level periodontitis progression [clinical attachment loss (CAL) worsening of 2 mm, periodontal probing depth (PPD) increases of 2 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) from none to present] by glycaemic control status (well-controlled=HbA1c<7%, poorly-controlled=HbA1c7%) using multivariable generalized estimating equations logistic regression, nesting tooth sites/person. Results: Poorly-controlled T2DM (68.18%) was more prevalent than well-controlled T2DM (31.82%). Proportions of tooth sites/person with CAL progression between baseline and follow-up ranged 0.00,0.59 (mean=0.12, SD=0.12), while PPD and BOP progression ranged 0.00,0.44 (mean=0.09, SD=0.11) and 0.00,0.96 (mean=0.24, SD=0.18), respectively. Site-level PPD at baseline was a significant effect modifier of associations between poorly-controlled T2DM and site-level CAL and PPD progression [adjusted odds ratios (OR) according to poorly-controlled T2DM among PPD at baseline=3, 5 and 7 mm, respectively: CAL progression=1.93, 2.64, and 3.62, PPD progression=1.98, 2.76, and 3.84; p<0.05 for all]. Odds of site-level BOP progression were increased (OR=1.24) for poorly-controlled T2DM, yet the results were not significant (p=0.32). Conclusions: These findings from a distinct, homogenous population further support the clinical relevance of identifying patients with poor glycaemic control and periodontitis, particularly among those with disparities for both diseases. [source]

Effectiveness of periodontal therapy on the severity of cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2005
Mario Aimetti
Abstract Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effects of aetiological periodontal treatment in a group of transplant patients medicated with cyclosporin A (CsA) who exhibited severe gingival overgrowth. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients received oral hygiene instructions, supra- and subgingival scaling and periodontal maintenance therapy and were monitored for 12 months. Full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS), periodontal probing depth and degree of gingival overgrowth (Seymour index GO) were recorded at baseline, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Results: Statistical evaluation revealed that all clinical variables significantly decreased compared with baseline. At baseline 18 out of 21 treated patients (85.71%) exhibited clinically significant overgrowth. Initial GO score of 2.38±1.92 in the anterior sextants and of 1.29±1.59 in the posterior segments were reduced to 0.56±0.83 and to 0.45±0.84 at 12 months (p<0.001). A difference of 1.82 and 0.84 in the severity of treated GO was accompained by a 42% and 34% decrease in FMPS and FMBS, respectively. Conclusions: Aetiological periodontal treatment and regular maintenance therapy were effective in resolving the inflammation and in eliminating the need for surgical treatment in patients receiving CsA. [source]

Occurrence and risk indicators of increased probing depth in an adult Brazilian population

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2005
Cristiano Susin
Abstract Background/Aims: There is little information about the occurrence and risk indicators for periodontal diseases in Latin America. The present study describes the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal probing depth (PPD) and assesses the association between demographic, behavioural and environmental risk indicators and the extent and severity of PPD in this population. Materials and Methods: The target population was urban adults aged 30 years in Rio Grande do Sul state in South Brazil. A representative sample was selected using a multi-stage, probability, cluster sampling strategy and included 853 dentate subjects 30,103 years of age. A full-mouth clinical examination was carried out at six sites per tooth on all permanent teeth, excluding third molars, and was conducted in a mobile examination centre. Results: Approximately 65% and 25% of the subjects and 19% and 5% teeth per subject had PPD 5 and 7 mm, respectively. 31.6%, 33.7% and 34.7% subjects had generalized, localized or no PPD 5 mm, respectively. Probing depth increased in prevalence with increasing age, and leveled off at around 50 years of age and beyond. PPD 5 mm was significantly higher in males than in females, and in non-Whites than in Whites. Cigarette smokers had a significantly higher occurrence of PPD 5 mm than non-smokers, and this relationship was dose dependent. A multivariate model showed that generalized PPD 5 mm was associated with subjects aged 40 years, males, non-Whites and moderate or heavy cigarette smokers (relative risk ratios: 2.0, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4 and 6.8, respectively). Conclusion: Moderate and deep probing depth was a common finding in this urban adult Brazilian population. Older age, male gender, non-White race and moderate and heavy cigarette smoking were significant risk indicators of increased PPD, and these may be useful indicators of periodontal disease high-risk groups. [source]

Meta-analysis of the effect of scaling and root planing, surgical treatment and antibiotic therapies on periodontal probing depth and attachment loss

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2002
Hsin-Chia Hung
Abstract Objective: This paper reports a meta-analysis of studies that have investigated the effect of scaling and root planing on periodontal probing depth and attachment loss. Material and methods: The criteria used for inclusion of studies were as follows: root planing and scaling alone was one of the primary treatment arms; patients or quadrants of each patient were randomly assigned to study groups; 80% of patients enrolled were included in first year follow-up examinations; periodontal probing depth and attachment loss were reported in mm; the sample size of each study and substudy was reported. Sample size was used to weight the relative contribution of each study since standard errors were not reported by many studies and sample size is highly correlated with standard error and therefore statistically able to explain a substantial portion of the standard error on studies that use similar measures. Results: The meta-analysis results show that periodontal probing depth and gain of attachment level do not improve significantly following root planing and scaling for patients with shallow initial periodontal probing depths. However, there was about a 1-mm reduction for medium initial periodontal probing depths and a 2-mm reduction for deep initial periodontal probing depths. Similarly, there was about a 0.50-mm gain in attachment for medium initial periodontal probing depth measurements and slightly more than a l-mm gain in attachment for deep initial periodontal probing depth measurements. Surgical therapy for patients with deep initial probing depths showed better results than scaling and root planing in reducing probing depths. When patients were followed up over 3 years or more, these differences were reduced to less than 0.4 mm. Antibiotic therapy showed similar results to scaling and root planing. However, a consistent improvement in periodontal probing depth and gain of attachment is demonstrated when local antibiotic therapy is combined with root planing and scaling. Zusammenfassung Metaanalyse des Effekts von Scaling und Wurzelglätten, chirurgischer Behandlung und Antibiotikatherapien auf parodontale Sondiertiefe und Attachment-Verlust Zielsetzung: Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt eine Metaanalyse von Studien, in denen die Wirkung von Scaling und Wurzelglätten auf parodontale Sondiertiefe und Attachment-Verlust untersucht wurden. Material und Methodik: Die Kriterien für die Aufnahme in die Studie waren wie folgt: 1) Wurzelglätten und Scaling allein war einer der primären Behandlungsverfahren; 2) Patienten oder Quadranten einzelner Patienten wurden auf Studiengruppen zufallsverteilt; 3) 80% der aufgenommenen Patienten waren in den Follow-up-Untersuchungen nach einem Jahr eingeschlossen; 4) parodontale Sondiertiefe und Attachment-Verlust wurden in mm berichtet; und 5) der Probenumfang jeder einzelnen Studie und Unterstudie wurde berichtet. Der Probenumfang wurde zur Gewichtung des relativen Beitrages jeder einzelnen Studie herangezogen, da von vielen Studien keine Standardabweichungen berichtet wurden und der Probenumfang mit der Standardabweichung stark korreliert ist. Daher lässt sich auf dem Weg über den Probenumfang ein wesentlicher Teil der Standardabweichung bei Studien mit ähnlichen Messparametern statistisch erklären. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der Metaanalyse zeigten, dass die parodontale Sondiertiefe und die Zunahme des Attachment-Niveaus nach Scaling und Wurzelglätten bei Patienten mit ursprünglich geringen Sondiertiefen keine signifikanten Verbesserungen liefern. Bei ursprünglich mittleren parodontalen Sondiertiefen konnte jedoch eine Reduktion von 1 mm, bei ursprünglich tiefen parodontalen Sondiertiefen eine Reduktion von 2 mm beobachtet werden. Dementsprechend wurde eine Zunahme des Attachment-Niveaus bei ursprünglich mittleren parodontalen Sondiertiefen von 0,5 mm eine sowie eine Zunahme von etwas mehr als 1 mm bei ursprünglich tiefen parodontalen Sondiertiefen verzeichnet. Die chirurgische Behandlung bei Patienten mit ursprünglich beträchtlicher Sondiertiefe lieferte bei der Reduktion der Sondiertiefe bessere Ergebnisse als Scaling und Wurzelglätten. Wenn sich Patienten über 3 Jahre oder länger einem Follow-up unterzogen, liessen sich diese Differenzen auf unter 0,4 mm reduzieren. Darüber hinaus kann jedoch eine konsistente Verbesserung der parodontalen Sondiertiefe und Zunahme des Attachment-Niveaus erreicht werden, wenn eine lokale Antibiotikatherapie mit Scaling und Wurzelglätten kombiniert wird. Résumé Méta-analyse de l'influence du détartrage et du surfaçage radiculaire, du traitement chirurgical et des traitements antibiotiques sur la profondeur de poche au sondage et la perte d'attache But: Ce rapport présente une méta-analyse des études qui ont porté sur l'influence du détartrage et du surfaçage radiculaire sur la profondeur de poche au sondage et la perte d'attache. Matériaux et méthodes: Les critères d'inclusion dans les études étaient les suivants: 1) le détartrage et le surfaçage radiculaire constituaient l'un des premiers moyens de traitement utilisés; 2) les patients ou les quadrants de chaque patient ont été répartis dans les groupes d'étude de façon aléatoire; 3) 80% des patients enrôlés ont fait l'objet d'examens de suivi durant un an; 4) la profondeur de poche au sondage et la perte d'attache ont été mesurés en mm; 5) la taille de l'échantillon a été relevée pour chaque étude et sous-étude. La taille de l'échantillon a été utilisée pour évaluer la contribution relative de chaque étude. En effet, de nombreuses études ne mentionnaient pas les erreurs standard, alors qu'il existe une corrélation étroite entre la taille de l'échantillon et l'erreur standard et qu'elle permet donc d'expliquer statistiquement une part substantielle de l'erreur standard dans les études qui se basent sur des mesures similaires. Résultats: Les résultats de la méta-analyse montrent que la profondeur de poche au sondage et le gain d'attache ne s'améliorent pas de façon significative suite au détartrage et surfaçage radiculaire chez les patients dont les profondeurs de poche au sondage initiales étaient faibles. Il y avait toutefois une réduction d'environ 1 mm des profondeurs de poche au sondage initiales moyennes, et une réduction de 2 mm des profondeurs de poche au sondage initiales élevées. De façon similaire, on a observé un gain d'attache d'environ 0,50 mm pour les mesures des profondeurs de poche au sondage initiales moyennes et un gain d'attache légèrement supérieur à 1 mm pour les mesures des profondeurs de poche au sondage initiales élevées. Chez les patients à profondeur de poche au sondage initiale élevée, le traitement par chirurgie s'est avéré plus efficace que le détartrage et le surfaçage radiculaire pour réduire la profondeur au sondage. Lorsque les patients faisaient l'objet d'un suivi durant trois ans ou plus, ces différences s'abaissaient jusqu'à moins de 0,4 mm. Le traitement antibiotique a donné des résultats similaires à ceux obtenus par détartrage et surfaçage radiculaire. Une amélioration régulière de la profondeur de poche au sondage et du gain d'attache a toutefois été observée lorsque le traitement antibiotique local est combiné au détartrage et surfaçage radiculaire. [source]

The outcome of a preventive dental care programme on the prevalence of localized aggressive periodontitis in Down's syndrome individuals

JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2006
M. Zigmond
Abstract Background Periodontal disease in Down's syndrome (DS) individuals develops earlier and is more rapid and extensive than in age-matched normal individuals. The present study evaluated a group of DS patients, who had been participating in a 10-year preventive dental programme, for the impact of the programme on their periodontal status. Methods Thirty DS patients (mean age 23.3 ± 4 years) were compared with 28 age-matched healthy controls (mean age 22.8 ± 5 years). The hygiene level, gingival condition and periodontal status (periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment level and radiographic alveolar bone loss) were determined. Results In spite of similar oral hygiene and gingival measures, DS patients, as opposed to the control ones, had a severe periodontal disease. The prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis in the DS group were significantly greater than in the control group. The teeth most commonly and severely affected were the lower central incisors and the upper first molars. DS patients lost significantly more teeth due to periodontitis. Conclusions The clinical and radiographic picture found in the present DS group is characteristic of localized aggressive periodontitis. Within the limitations of this study, it seems that the preventive dental programme had no effect on periodontal destruction progression of localized aggressive periodontitis in DS individuals and that impaired oral hygiene plays a relatively minor role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Future controlled studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of different preventive dental programmes in preventing the progression of periodontitis in DS patients. [source]

Quantitative analysis of association between herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens in periodontitis

JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008
I. Saygun
Background and Objective:, The development of human periodontitis may depend upon cooperative interactions among herpesviruses, specific pathogenic bacteria and tissue-destructive inflammatory mediators. This study sought to identify associations among human cytomegalovirus, Epstein,Barr virus and six putative periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis lesions. Material and Methods:, Fifteen periodontitis patients (nine with aggressive periodontitis and six with chronic periodontitis) and 15 periodontally normal subjects were included in the study. In each study subject, a microbiological sample was collected, using a curette, from the deepest periodontal probing depth of the dentition. A real-time TaqMan® polymerase chain reaction assay was employed to determine the subgingival counts of human cytomegalovirus, Epstein,Barr virus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Campylobacter rectus. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t -test, the Pearson correlation coefficient test and the single variable logistic regression test for odds ratio-based risk calculation. Results:, Human cytomegalovirus was detected in eight periodontitis lesions and in one normal periodontal site, Epstein,Barr virus was detected in nine periodontitis lesions and in two normal periodontal sites, and the study bacteria were detected in 6,15 periodontitis lesions and in 1,11 normal periodontal sites. Correlations were found between counts of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein,Barr virus, between counts of human cytomegalovirus and P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. rectus, and between counts of Epstein,Barr virus and P. gingivalis and T. forsythia. Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein,Barr virus counts were also positively associated with the level of periodontal attachment loss, probing pocket depth and gingival bleeding on probing. Conclusion:, This study confirmed that periodontal human cytomegalovirus and Epstein,Barr virus are associated with major periodontopathic bacteria and with the severity of periodontal disease. The finding of abundant herpesviruses in periodontitis lesions redefines the pathogenic paradigm of the disease. Understanding the interplay between herpesviruses and specific bacterial species in the pathogenesis of periodontitis may form the basis for new approaches to preventing, reducing or delaying tissue breakdown from periodontal infections. [source]