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Perennial Species (perennial + species)
Selected AbstractsA contribution to the phylogeny of annual species of Astragalus (Fabaceae) in the Old World using hair micromorphology and other morphological charactersFEDDES REPERTORIUM, Issue 5-6 2007F. Taeb A cladistic analysis including 32 annual and nine perennial species of Astragalus along with four outgroups from related genera is performed using characters from hair micromorphology, floral morphology and some other morphological sources. The hair characters show the similar evolutionary trends as known earlier for the genus Astragalus, but they exhibit lower variability in comparison with other major subgroups of Astragalus. The obtained data was compared with the data from molecular systematics. The most important results of this study are: 1) medifixed hairs are developed at least two times among annual Astragalus, 2) fruit morphology, does not provide strong evidence in delimitation of the sections within annual Astragalus, 3) presence of long and thick hairs with largely tuberculate base should be considered as an advanced character, and can be regarded as an important synapomorphy among annual Astragalus, 4) the position of some species of the large and heterogeneous sect. Sesamei, e.g. A. persepolitanus and A. coronilla, and their possible close relationship with the species of the sect. Oxyglottis should be re-assessed, 5) the species of the sect. Ankylotus show close relationship to sect. Platyglottis, based on floral morphology and hair characters, 6) there are not enough supports from hair, floral morphology and biogeography for considering A. annularis, A. epiglottis (as Glottis epiglottis), A. pelecinus (as Biserrula pelecinus) and A. vogelii (as Podlechiella vogelii) as separated from Astragalus (as suggested by molecular data). Moreover, the inclusion of Barnebyella calycina again in Astragalus is well supported by morphological data. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Zur Phylogenie annueller Arten von Astragalus (Fabaceae) in der Alten Welt auf der Basis der Haar-Mikromorphologie und anderer morphologischer Merkmale Eine kladistische Analyse, umfassend 32 annuelle und neun perennierende Arten von Astragalus mit vier Nebengruppen verwandter Gattungen, wurde auf der Basis von Mikromorphologie, Blütenmorphologie und einiger anderer morphologischer Quellen vorgenommen. Die Merkmale der Haare zeigen ähnliche evolutionäre Tendenzen wie sie bereits früher von der Gattung Astragalus bekannt waren, doch zeigen sie im Vergleich zu anderen, umfassenderen Untergruppen von Astragalus, eine geringere Variabilität. Die so gewonnenen Daten werden mit Daten der molekularen Systematik verglichen. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind: 1. Die im mittleren Bereich fixierten Haare entwickelten sich innerhalb der annuellen Astragalus zweimal; 2. Die Morphologie der Früchte liefert keinen eindeutigen Beweis zur Abgrenzung der Sektionen innerhalb der annuellen Astragalus -Arten; 3. Die Anwesenheit langer, dicker Haare mit einer großen tuberkularen Basis ist als abgeleitetes Merkmal zu betrachten und kann als wichtige Synapomorphie innerhalb annueller Astragalus -Arten betrachtet werden; 4. Die Stellung einiger Arten der großen, heterogenen Sekt. Sesamei, z. B. A. persepolitanus und A. coronilla und ihre möglicherweise enge Verwandtschaft mit den Arten der Sekt. Oxyglottis sollte neu beurteilt werden. 5. Die Arten der Sekt. Ankylotus zeigen aufgrund ihrer Blütenmorphologie und der Merk- male ihrer Haare enge Verwandtschaft zur Sekt. Platyglottis; 6. Es gibt nicht genügend Hinweise bezüglich Haare, Blütenmorphologie und Biogeographie um A. annularis, A. epiglottis (als Glottis epiglottis), A. pelecinus (als Biserrula pelecinus) und A. vogelii (als Podlechiella vogelii) von Astragalus abzutrennen (wie es die molekularen Daten aussagen). Dagegen ist die Wiedereingliederung von Barnebyella calycina in die Gattung Astragalus gut durch die morphologischen Daten gestützt. [source] Convergence towards higher leaf mass per area in dry and nutrient-poor habitats has different consequences for leaf life spanJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Ian J. Wright Summary 1,Leaf life span (LL) and leaf mass per area (LMA) are fundamental traits in the carbon economy of plants, representing the investment required per unit leaf area (LMA) and the duration of the resulting benefit (LL). Species on dry and infertile soils converge towards higher LMA. It has been generally assumed that this allows species from low-resource habitats to achieve longer average leaf life spans, as LMA and LL are often correlated. 2,Leaf life span and LMA were measured for 75 perennial species from eastern Australia. Species were sampled from nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor sites within high and low rainfall regions. LL and LMA were positively correlated across species within each site. In addition, evolutionary divergences in LL and LMA were correlated within each site, indicating that cross-species relationships were not simply driven by differences between higher taxonomic groups. 3,Within a rainfall zone, LL,LMA combinations shifted as expected along common axes of variation such that species on poorer soils had higher LMA and longer LL, but significantly so only at high rainfall. 4,Low rainfall species were expected to have shorter LL at a given LMA or, equally, require higher LMA to achieve a given LL, i.e. shift to a parallel axis of variation, and this was observed on both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soils. On average, 30% higher LMA was seemingly required at dry sites to achieve a given LL. Thus, convergence towards higher LMA has different consequences for leaf life span in dry and nutrient-poor habitats. 5,The broad shifts in LL,LMA combinations between site types were also seen when comparing closely related species-pairs (phylogenetically independent contrasts) occurring on nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soils (within each rainfall zone), and at high- and low-rainfall sites (at each soil nutrient level). [source] Grazing history versus current grazing: leaf demography and compensatory growth of three alpine plants in response to a native herbivore (Ochotona collaris)JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Eliot J. B. McIntire Summary 1 We measured leaf births, leaf deaths and leaf length of three alpine perennial species, Kobresia myosuroides, Erigeron humilis and Oxytropis nigrescens, from sites with different grazing histories (strong or weak) in response to two levels of current season grazing (present or absent) by collared pikas (Ochotona collaris), a small lagomorph, in the south-west Yukon. 2 All three species appeared to tolerate the removal of 58,61% of summer leaf production under natural conditions. Grazing history, which was defined by the location of plants located either < 2 m or > 6 m from boulderfields with a history of occupation by pikas, was the most significant factor determining shifts in leaf births and leaf deaths following herbivory. 3 The only detectable influence of current season herbivory for any measured species was a reduction of leaf length of Kobresia. 4 A comparison of historically grazed with historically ungrazed plants indicated several changes in leaf demography and morphology. Kobresia leaves were generally shorter and had higher rates of production of new leaves. Oxytropis had higher rates of new leaf production. Erigeron had fewer leaf births throughout the summer, but showed a large and highly significant delay in the timing of leaf senescence. 5 These responses can be largely understood as strategies to avoid the predictable intensive late season foraging that is characteristic of pikas. Morphological mechanisms allow these species to tolerate and, more importantly for the herbivore, persist under heavy and chronic grazing. [source] Exploring spatiotemporal patterns in early stages of primary succession on former lignite mining sitesJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Birgit Felinks Abstract Questions: 1. Does random colonization predominate in early stages of primary succession? 2. Do pioneer species facilitate the establishment of later arriving species? 3. Does an initially random distribution change to an aggregated pattern with ongoing succession? Location: Lignite mining region of Lower Lusatia, eastern Germany. Methods: Individual plants were mapped along a 2 m × 28 m transect during three successive years and classified into two groups (1) the pioneer Corynephorus canescens and (2),all other species'. Using the pair-correlation function, univariate point pattern analysis was carried out by applying a heterogeneous Poisson process as null model. Bivariate analysis and a toroidal shift null model were applied to test for independence between the spatial patterns of the two groups separately for each year, as well by exploring spatiotemporal patterns from different years. Results: In the first year Corynephorus and ,all other species' showed an aggregated pattern on a spatial scale > 40 cm and in the second and third years a significant attraction for distances between 4 and 12 cm, with an increasing radius in the third year. The analyses of interspecific spatiotemporal dynamics revealed a change from independence to attraction between distances of 4 cm and 16 cm when using Corynephorus as focal species. However, applying ,all other species' as focal points results in a significant attraction at distances up to 60 cm in the first year and a diminishing attraction in the second and third years with distances , 6 cm. Conclusions: Facilitative species-species interactions are present in early stages of primary succession, resulting mainly from pioneer species acting as physical barriers and their ability to capture diaspores being drifted by secondary dispersal along the substrate surface. However, due to gradual establishment of perennial species and their ability of lateral extension by vegetative dispersal, facilitation may influence spatial pattern formation predominantly on short temporal and fine spatial scales. [source] Nucleation and facilitation in salt pans in Mediterranean salt marshesJOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 6 2001A.E. Rubio-Casal Tutin et al. (1992) Abstract. Arthrocnemum macrostachyum is a perennial species acting as a primary colonizer of salt pans in Mediterranean high salt marshes. Salicornia ramosissima, an annual, occurs in salt pans under Arthrocnemum canopies and in open areas. The aim of this study was to analyse, in wild populations and a transplant experiment, how S. ramosissima population dynamics and growth are affected by A. macrostachyum. The environmental conditions within the patches of Arthrocnemum were less stressful than in the open areas, with lower radiation levels and salinity concentrations. In the inner areas of A. macrostachyum patches, density-dependent mortality processes of S. ramosissima seedlings led to low densities of adult individuals with greater morphological development and reproductive success than in open areas. However, at the edges of Arthrocnemum patches facilitation of seedling survival favoured high densities. Environmental stress hindered development, decreased reproduction and premature death. These results are in agreement with the general theory of factors controlling vegetation distribution that biotic interactions dominate in low stress environments, while abiotic interactions dominate under harsher environmental conditions. A. macrostachyum plays an essential role in the succession in these salt pans, facilitating seed production and stimulating nucleation processes in S. ramosissima. [source] Similarity between the soil seed bank and the standing vegetation in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South AfricaLAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2003A. J. de Villiers Abstract The similarity in species composition and abundance between the soil seed bank and its associated vegetation was studied in six vegetation units of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa. A total of 103 taxa were recorded in the vegetation, of which 34 taxa were also present in the seed bank. Five taxa were unique to the soil seed bank. In general, the taxa most abundant in the vegetation were also recorded in the seed bank and vice versa. Mean seed bank density varied between different plant types. Perennial taxa were most abundant in the vegetation, while annual taxa were most abundant in the seed bank. Annual taxa (excluding grasses) yielded the highest similarity between vegetation and seed bank (67,9 per cent), while that of perennial (excluding grasses) and grass taxa were 34,2 per cent and 40,0 per cent respectively. An overall similarity of 47,0 per cent between the seed bank and its associated vegetation was obtained for this part of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo. The seed bank of the study site will be a good source of future annual vegetation, but not of perennial vegetation. Topsoil replacement, sowing and transplanting of selected species will be essential for the success of post-mining revegetation efforts following complete destruction of the existing vegetation. Annual species may be recruited from the soil stored seed bank, while many perennial species will have to be reintroduced by means of sowing and/or transplanting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Saponaria officinalis karyology and karyotype by means of image analyzer and atomic force microscopyMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 10 2008S. Di Bucchianico Abstract The aim of this work was to offer a contribution to the characterization of taxonomic entity of Saponaria officinalis (2n = 28; an herbaceous perennial species; saporin, a type 1 Ribosome Inactivating Protein, is present in leaves and seeds) by a cytogenetic and karyomorphological approach. We investigated the karyotype's morphometry correlated with Stebbin's symmetric index; the same information has been used for computing the indices resemblance between chromosomes (REC), symmetric indices (SYI), and total form (TF%) which allow the comparison between species and evaluation of karyological evolution. Fluorescence intensities of the stained nuclei were measured by a flow cytometer and, for the first time, values for nuclear DNA content were estimated by comparing nuclei fluorescence intensities of the test population with those of appropriate internal DNA standards. Our study is also aimed to introduce chromosomal volumes, which were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), as novel karyomorphological parameter which could allow for chromosome discrimination especially when tiny ones are present. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Distribution of the anther-smut pathogen Microbotryum on species of the CaryophyllaceaeNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 1 2010Michael E. Hood Summary ,Understanding disease distributions is of fundamental and applied importance, yet few studies benefit from integrating broad sampling with ecological and phylogenetic data. Here, anther-smut disease, caused by the fungus Microbotryum, was assessed using herbarium specimens of Silene and allied genera of the Caryophyllaceae. ,A total of 42 000 herbarium specimens were examined, and plant geographical distributions and morphological and life history characteristics were tested as correlates of disease occurrence. Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to determine the association between disease and plant life-span. ,Disease was found on 391 herbarium specimens from 114 species and all continents with native Silene. Anther smut occurred exclusively on perennial plants, consistent with the pathogen requiring living hosts to overwinter. The disease was estimated to occur in 80% of perennial species of Silene and allied genera. The correlation between plant life-span and disease was highly significant while controlling for the plant phylogeny, but the disease was not correlated with differences in floral morphology. ,Using resources available in natural history collections, this study illustrates how disease distribution can be determined, not by restriction to a clade of susceptible hosts or to a limited geographical region, but by association with host life-span, a trait that has undergone frequent evolutionary transitions. [source] Heterologous expression of Arabidopsis H+ -pyrophosphatase enhances salt tolerance in transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.)PLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 2 2010ZHIGANG LI ABSTRACT The Arabidopsis vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase (AVP1), when over-expressed in transgenic (TG) plants, regulates root and shoot development via facilitation of auxin flux, and enhances plant resistance to salt and drought stresses. Here, we report that TG perennial creeping bentgrass plants over-expressing AVP1 exhibited improved resistance to salinity than wild-type (WT) controls. Compared to WT plants, TGs grew well in the presence of 100 mm NaCl, and exhibited higher tolerance and faster recovery from damages from exposure to 200 and 300 mm NaCl. The improved performance of the TG plants was associated with higher relative water content (RWC), higher Na+ uptake and lower solute leakage in leaf tissues, and with higher concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl - and total phosphorus in root tissues. Under salt stress, proline content was increased in both WT and TG plants, but more significantly in TGs. Moreover, TG plants exhibited greater biomass production than WT controls under both normal and elevated salinity conditions. When subjected to salt stress, fresh (FW) and dry weights (DW) of both leaves and roots decreased more significantly in WT than in TG plants. Our results demonstrated the great potential of genetic manipulation of vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase expression in TG perennial species for improvement of plant abiotic stress resistance. [source] Behavior of queen bumblebee pollinators on Primula sieboldii (Primulaceae) in response to different patch sizes and spacingPLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007FUMIKO ISHIHAMA Abstract Pollinator visitation patterns are strongly affected by the spatial structure of a plant population. We assessed the effects of the size and spacing of patches on the foraging behavior of queens of Bombus diversus tersatus on a heterostylous perennial species, Primula sieboldii, using an experimental population. We compared Akaike's information criterion (AIC) among candidate statistical models, and models with patch size had the lowest AIC in various aspects of visitation behavior. Visitation frequency per patch increased with increasing patch size, but the proportion of visited flowers decreased. As a result of this combination of visitation patterns, visitation frequency per flower was only slightly affected by patch size. This result indicates that the bumblebees came close to an ideal free distribution for the use of resources in terms of the patch size within a population. From the plant's point of view, increasing the number, but decreasing the proportion, of flowers visited in larger patches would maximize reproductive success by minimizing inbreeding. Although patch size strongly affected visitation frequencies, patch spacing had a moderate effect only on the visitation frequency per patch. Visitation frequency per patch was higher with closer spacing between patches. No evidence for an interaction between patch size and spacing was detected. [source] Interannual and interpopulation variation in Helichrysum stoechas (Asteraceae), a species of disturbed habitats in the Mediterranean regionPLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Arnaud Martin Abstract This study examines the interpopulation, interannual and individual variation in Helichrysum stoechas L., a perennial species that colonizes disturbed habitats in the Mediterranean region. The phenotypic variation in five populations was studied. Characters such as plant height and volume, numbers of capitula and flowers, weight of achenes and germination parameters were recorded in situ and in the laboratory for the same individuals for two consecutive years. The data were analyzed to examine the differences between populations and years compared to within-population variation. Results show that the germination rate, the average weight of achenes and the average number of capitula per stem varied considerably from one year to another, independently of population. This year-to-year variation suggests that these traits exhibit phenotypic plasticity. The substantial variation in precipitation during the 2 year study may account for the observed temporal variation. There was some weak correlations between the different characters studied within each population. Significant positive correlations were observed between mean achene weight and the total number of achenes produced per plant and with plant size. [source] Seedling Establishment and Survival on Restored Campsites in Subalpine ForestRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2007David N. Cole Abstract This study experimented with common restoration techniques (scarification, soil amendments, mulch, and seeding) on six closed wilderness campsites in subalpine forests in Oregon. Effectiveness in encouraging seedling establishment, growth, and survival was assessed every year for the first 7 years following treatment. Closure and restoration of the campsites increased the density of plants established from seed. Despite an original density of virtually zero, mean density of perennial plants was 55 plants/m2 7 years after closure. All the treatments, with the exception of the biodegradable mulch mat, increased plant density. Seven years after treatment, seeding had increased plant density 5-fold, whereas scarification and soil amendments (organic matter, compost, and soil inoculum) had each increased density 3-fold. The organic and compost amendments also had the positive benefit of increasing growth rates and shortening the time-to-reproductive maturity. Results suggest that restoration of the herbaceous cover on these campsites can occur rapidly using the techniques employed. All but one of the species we seeded established in substantial quantities and survived at densities exceeding their density in the naturally sparse herbaceous cover on these sites. Thirty-six perennial species volunteered on these sites. The remaining challenge is reestablishment of the shrub species that comprise much of the ground cover in these forests. These species seldom establish from seed. [source] Plant colonization windows in a mesic old field successionAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 2 2003Sándor Bartha Abstract. Closed canopy vegetation often prevents the colonization of plant species. Therefore the majority of plant species are expected to appear at the initial phase of post-agricultural succession in mesic forest environment with moderate levels of resources. This hypothesis was tested with data from the Buell-Small Successional Study, NJ, USA, one of the longest continuous fine-scale studies of old-field succession. The study started in 1958, including old fields with different agricultural histories, landscape contexts, and times of abandonment. In each year of the study, the cover values of plant species were recorded in 48 permanent plots of 1 m2 in each field. We analysed the temporal patterns of colonization at plot scale and related these to precipitation data and other community characteristics. The number of colonizing species decreased significantly after ca. 5 yr, coinciding with the development of a continuous canopy of perennial species. However, species turnover remained high throughout the whole successional sequence. The most remarkable phenomenon is the high inter-annual variation of all studied characteristics. We found considerable temporal collapses of vegetation cover that were synchronized among fields despite their different developmental stages and distinctive species compositions. Declines of total cover were correlated with drought events. These events were associated with peaks of local species extinctions and were followed by increased colonization rates. The transitions of major successional stages were often connected to these events. We suggest that plant colonization windows opened by extreme weather events during succession offer optimum periods for intervention in restoration practice. [source] Resilience of a high-conservation-value, semi-arid grassland on fertile clay soils to burning, mowing and ploughingAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2010TOM LEWIS Abstract In grassland reserves, managed disturbance is often necessary to maintain plant species diversity. We carried out experiments to determine the impact of fire, kangaroo grazing, mowing and disc ploughing on grassland species richness and composition in a nature reserve in semi-arid eastern Australia. Vegetation response was influenced by winter,spring drought after establishment of the experiments, but moderate rainfall followed in late summer,autumn. Species composition varied greatly between sampling times, and the variability due to rainfall differences between seasons and years was greater than the effects of fire, kangaroo grazing, mowing or disc ploughing. In the fire experiment, species richness and composition recovered more rapidly after spring than autumn burning. Species richness and composition were similar to control sites within 12 months of burning and mowing, suggesting that removal of the dominant grass canopy is unnecessary to enhance plant diversity. Two fires (separated by 3 years) and post-fire kangaroo grazing had only minor influence on species richness and composition. Even disc ploughing caused only a small reduction in native richness. The minor impact of ploughing was explained by the small areas that were ploughed, the once-off nature of the treatment, and the high degree of natural movement and cracking in these shrink-swell soils. Recovery of the composition and richness of these grasslands was rapid because of the high proportion of perennial species that resprout vegetatively after fire and mowing. There appears to be little conservation benefit from fire, mowing or ploughing ungrazed areas, as we could identify no native plant species dependent on frequent disturbance for persistence in this grassland community. However, the ability of the Astrebla- and Dichanthium -dominated grasslands to recover quickly after disturbance, given favourable seasonal conditions, suggests that they are well adapted to natural disturbances (e.g. droughts, fire, flooding and native grazing). [source] How did an annual plant react to Pleistocene glaciations?BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2009Postglacial history of Rhinanthus angustifolius in Europe The impact of climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene on the geographic structure of genetic variation in plant populations is well documented, but there is a lack of studies of annual species at the European scale. The present study aimed to infer the history of the widespread European annual Rhinanthus angustifolius C. C. Gmelin (Orobanchaceae). We explored variation in chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in twenty-nine populations covering the entire distribution area of the species. Five AFLP groups were identified, suggesting at least two glacial refugial areas: one area in southwestern Europe and one large eastern area in the Balkan/Caucasus. Recolonization of previously glaciated areas mainly took place from the east of Europe. Despite the difference in life-history traits, the patterns found for the annual R. angustifolius show similarities with those of perennial species in terms of genetic diversity and geographic organization of genetic variation. Although organelle markers have typically been preferred in phylogeographic studies, the cpDNA variation in R. angustifolius did not show any clear geographic structure. The absence of geographic structure in the cpDNA variation may reflect persistence of ancestral polymorphisms or hybridization and introgression with closely-related species. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 1,13. [source] Morphometric differentiation between populations of Papaver radicatum (Papaveraceae) in northern ScandinaviaBOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 3 2000EVA SELIN The pattern of morphological variation was investigated in isolated northern Scandinavian populations of Papaucr radicatum, a perennial species with a disjunct distribution in the Scandinavian mountain range, Iceland and the Farces. Canonical variates analysis and Ward's clustering were applied to data sets from wild-collected seed and capsule material, and from cultivated leaf mated from seven populations of P. radicatum in northern Scandinavia, usually assigned to the sspp. subglobosum, hyperboreum and macrostigma. Automatized image acquisition and shape description techniques were used to describe variation in seed shape. The present study supports the multivariate analyses obtained with the southern Norwegian P. radicatum populations in that some of the assumed subspecies show inter-population variation and are not well delimited. In the analyses of capsule and seed morphology as well as leaf morphology, the populations of the sspp. hyperboreum and macrostigma are grouped together. Previous studies of chromosomal and morphological variation in southern Norwegian P. radicatum suggested that the degree of interracial differentiation was similar between all races regardless of their degree of geographic separation. The pattern of differentiation has been taken as a support of in Situ refugial survival during the Weichselian glaciation. As in similar multivariate analyses of southem Norwegian P. radicatum, the multivariate analyses of northern Scandinavian P. radicatum do not confirm such a scenario. The results rather point to the possibility that populations from the sspp. hyperboreum and macrostigna complex were separated during the post-glacial hypsithemal. The morphologically distinct ssp. subglobosum could have been isolated at an earlier stage. [source] | |||||||||||||