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PC Program (pc + program)
Selected AbstractsStudy of subjectivity in the perception of cesarean birthNURSING & HEALTH SCIENCES, Issue 1 2005Chai Soon Park rn Abstract This study defined the structural patterns of subjectivity in the perception of cesarean birth. Q methodology was used on 71 statements collected through interviews with seven persons and a literature review followed. Twenty-nine Q samples were selected and administered to 22 persons, and four types of subjectivity were revealed by the QUANL PC Program. Type 1, or the ,naturalist', is characterized by a passive tendency and dislikes artificial methods, feeling that they are performed for hospital income and the trend for social preference. Type 2, ,logical thinker', thinks that cesarean birth should be selected if there are obstetric complications and severe anxiety about labor, even though it results in low intimacy with the baby. Type 3, ,maternal instinctivism', values the maternal-baby relationship and the sense of accomplishment from childbirth. Type 4, ,egocentric', thinks that cesarean section should be chosen when the woman has severe anxiety about labor or when the obstetric condition becomes dangerous. Before commencement of the patient's labor pains, the nurses and medical personnel who are participating in the delivery should assess the structural pattern on parturient woman's subjectivity in the perception of cesarean section. As a further step, they should encourage the woman and her family to participate in the decision-making process for considering the type of delivery the mother wants. [source] Modeling and Optimizing Dynamic Dial-a-Ride ProblemsINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2001Alberto Colorni Dial-a-ride is an emerging alternative to traditional public transportation systems. The aim of this paper is to reduce the gap between the models studied in optimization literature and the requirements of practical applications. We also describe the algorithms implemented in DARIA, a PC program for the optimization of static and dynamic dial-a-ride problems. We briefly illustrate two case studies and future developments of the DARIA project. [source] VOID: a PC program for the location and display of voids in crystal structuresJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 3-2 2000P. McArdle First page of article [source] Population pharmacokinetic modelling of carbamazepine in epileptic elderly patients: implications for dosageJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2006I. B. Bondareva PhD Summary Background:, Proper use of antiepileptic drugs in the elderly involves knowledge of their pharmacokinetics to ensure a patient-specific balance between efficacy and toxicity. However, populations of epileptic patients on chronic carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy which have been studied have included data of relatively few elderly patients. Aims:, The aim of the present study was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of CBZ in elderly patients on chronic monotherapy. Methods:, We have used the non-parametric expectation maximization (NPEM) program in the USC*PACK collection of PC programs to estimate individual and population post-induction pharmacokinetics of CBZ in epileptic elderly patients who received chronic CBZ monotherapy. Age-related changes of CBZ population pharmacokinetics were evaluated from routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data of 37 elderly and 35 younger patients with epilepsy. As a ,historical control' we used previously published population modelling results from 99 young epileptic patients on chronic CBZ monotherapy. In that control group, TDM was performed in the same pharmacokinetic (PK) laboratory, using the same sampling strategy as in the present study, and the same PK population modelling software was used for data analysis. Results and conclusions:, A poor correlation was found between daily CBZ dose and serum concentrations in the elderly patients (r = 0·2, P = 0·25). Probably statistically significant difference in the median values of the CBZ metabolic rate constant (P < 0·001) between elderly and relatively young epileptic patients was found. Our results showed that age-related influences in CBZ pharmacokinetics in elderly patients should be considered in the optimal planning of CBZ dosage regimens. Most elderly patients with epilepsy will usually need CBZ dosages lower than those based on the median population PK parameter values obtained from younger patients. The present population model is also uniquely well suited for the new ,multiple model' design of dosage regimens to hit target therapeutic goals with maximum precision. [source] | ||||||||||