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Passive Movement (passive + movement)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	92%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Neurology	38%
Consumer Health General	15%

Selected Abstracts

The clinical and cultural factors in classifying low back pain patients within Greece: a qualitative exploration of Greek health professionals

JOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 3 2007
Evdokia V. Billis MSc
Abstract Rationale, aims and objectives, Identifying homogenous subgroups of low back pain (LBP) patients is considered a priority in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and is believed to enhance clinical outcomes. In order to achieve this, the specific features of each subgroup need to be identified. The aim of this study was to develop a list of clinical and cultural features that are included in the assessment of LBP patients in Greece, among health professionals. This ,list' will be, utilized in a clinical study for developing LBP subgroups. Methods, Three focus groups were conducted, each one comprising health professionals with homogenous characteristics and all coordinated by a single moderator. There were: 11 physiotherapists (PTs) with clinical experience in LBP patients, seven PTs specialized in LBP management, and five doctors with a particular spinal interest. The focus of discussions was to develop a list of clinical and cultural features that were important in the examination of LBP. Content analysis was performed by two researchers. Results, Clinicians and postgraduates developed five categories within the History (Present Symptoms, History of Symptoms, Function, Psychosocial, Medical History) and six categories within the Physical Examination (Observation, Neurological Examination, Active and Passive Movements, Muscle Features and Palpation). The doctors identified four categories in History (Symptomatology, Function, Psychosocial, Medical History) and an additional in Physical Examination (Special Tests). All groups identified three cultural categories; Attitudes of Health Professionals, Patients' Attitudes and Health System influences. Conclusion, An extensive Greek ,list' of clinical and cultural features was developed from the groups' analysis. Although similarities existed in most categories, there were several differences across the three focus groups which will be discussed. [source]

Simulation of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) recruitment with an individual-based model and comparison with field data

FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY, Issue 6 2004
J. Bartsch
Abstract An individual-based model (IBM) for the simulation of year-to-year survival during the early life-history stages of the north-east Atlantic stock of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) was developed within the EU funded Shelf-Edge Advection, Mortality and Recruitment (SEAMAR) programme. The IBM included transport, growth and survival and was used to track the passive movement of mackerel eggs, larvae and post-larvae and determine their distribution and abundance after approximately 2 months of drift. One of the main outputs from the IBM, namely distributions and numbers of surviving post-larvae, are compared with field data as recruit (age-0/age-1 juveniles) distribution and abundance for the years 1998, 1999 and 2000. The juvenile distributions show more inter-annual and spatial variability than the modelled distributions of survivors; this may be due to the restriction of using the same initial egg distribution for all 3 yr of simulation. The IBM simulations indicate two main recruitment areas for the north-east Atlantic stock of mackerel, these being Porcupine Bank and the south-eastern Bay of Biscay. These areas correspond to areas of high juvenile catches, although the juveniles generally have a more widespread distribution than the model simulations. The best agreement between modelled data and field data for distribution (juveniles and model survivors) is for the year 1998. The juvenile catches in different representative nursery areas are totalled to give a field abundance index (FAI). This index is compared with a model survivor index (MSI) which is calculated from the total of survivors for the whole spawning season. The MSI compares favourably with the FAI for 1998 and 1999 but not for 2000; in this year, juvenile catches dropped sharply compared with the previous years but there was no equivalent drop in modelled survivors. [source]

Hypertonia in childhood secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy is associated with reflex muscle activation,

MOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 7 2009
Johan van Doornik PhD
Abstract It is often assumed that co-contraction of antagonist muscles is responsible for increased resistance to passive movement in hypertonic dystonia. Although co-contraction may certainly contribute to hypertonia in some patients, the role of reflex activation has never been investigated. We measured joint torque and surface electromyographic activity during passive flexion and extension movements of the elbow in 8 children with hypertonic arm dystonia due to dyskinetic cerebral palsy. In all cases, we found significant phasic electromyographic activity in the lengthening muscle, consistent with reflex activity. By correlating activation with position or velocity of the limb, we determined that some children exhibit position-dependent activation, some exhibit velocity-dependent activation, and some exhibit a mixed pattern of activation. We conclude that involuntary or reflex muscle activation in response to stretch may be a significant contributor to increased tone in hypertonic dystonia, and we conjecture that this activation may be more important than co-contraction for determining the resistance to passive movement. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society [source]

Contribution of Jules Froment to the study of Parkinsonian rigidity

MOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 7 2007
Emmanuel Broussolle MD
Abstract Rigidity is commonly defined as a resistance to passive movement. In Parkinson's disease (PD), two types of rigidity are classically recognized which may coexist, "leadpipe " and "cogwheel". Charcot was the first to investigate parkinsonian rigidity during the second half of the nineteenth century, whereas Negro and Moyer described cogwheel rigidity at the beginning of the twentieth century. Jules Froment, a French neurologist from Lyon, contributed to the study of parkinsonian rigidity during the 1920s. He investigated rigidity of the wrist at rest in a sitting position as well as in stable and unstable standing postures, both clinically and with physiological recordings using a myograph. With Gardère, Froment described enhanced resistance to passive movements of a limb about a joint that can be detected specifically when there is a voluntary action of another contralateral body part. This has been designated in the literature as the "Froment's maneuver " and the activation or facilitation test. In addition, Froment showed that parkinsonian rigidity diminishes, vanishes, or enhances depending on the static posture of the body. He proposed that in PD "maintenance stabilization " of the body is impaired and that "reactive stabilization " becomes the operative mode of muscular tone control. He considered "rigidification " as compensatory against the forces of gravity. Froment also demonstrated that parkinsonian rigidity increases during the Romberg test, gaze deviation, and oriented attention. In their number, breadth, and originality, Froment's contributions to the study of parkinsonian rigidity remain currently relevant to clinical and neurophysiological issues of PD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society [source]

Repeatability of joint proprioception and muscle torque assessment in healthy children and in children diagnosed with hypermobility syndrome

MUSCULOSKELETAL CARE, Issue 2 2008
Francis A. Fatoye MSc
Abstract Background:,Impairment of joint proprioception in patients with hypermobility syndrome (HMS) has been well documented. Both joint proprioception and muscle torque are commonly assessed in patients with musculoskeletal complaints. It is unknown, however, if these measures change significantly on repeated application in healthy children and in children with HMS. Aim:,To investigate the between-days repeatability of joint proprioception and muscle torque in these groups. Methods:,Twenty children (10 healthy and 10 with HMS), aged eight to 15 years, were assessed on two separate occasions (one week apart) for joint kinaesthesia (JK), joint position sense (JPS), and the extensor and knee flexor muscle torque of the knee. JK was measured using threshold to detection of passive movement. JPS was measured using the absolute angular error (AAE; the absolute difference between the target and perceived angles). Knee extensor and flexor muscle torque was normalized to body weight. Results:,Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for JK, extensor and flexor muscle torque were excellent in both groups (range 0.83 to 0.98). However, ICC values for JPS tests were poor to moderate in the two groups (range 0.18 to 0.56). 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were narrow in both cohorts for JK and muscle torque (indicating low systematic error) but wide for the JPS tests. 95% LOA also demonstrated that the measuring instruments used in this study had low between-days systematic error. Conclusions:,Based on ICC and 95% LOA, the repeatability of JK and muscle torque measurements was excellent in both healthy children and those with HMS. The JPS test can only be assessed with poor to moderate repeatability. The use of the JPS test in these children should be undertaken with caution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Accuracy of reproducing hand position when using active compared with passive movement

PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2001
Yocheved Laufer PT PhD Head of Physical Therapy Department
Abstract Background and Purpose Evaluating proprioception is relevant to physical rehabilitation because of its significance in motor control. One method of proprioceptive testing involves having subjects either imitate or point at a joint position or movement which was presented via a passive movement. However, as the muscle spindles are subject to central fusimotor control, the proprioceptive system may be better-tuned to movements created by active muscular contraction than to passive movements. The objective of the present study was to determine whether accuracy of reproducing hand position is dependent on whether proprioceptive input is obtained via an active or a passive movement. Method Thirty-nine healthy volunteers (mean age (±SD) 24.6 (±3.6) years) participated in the study. Subjects' right hands, which were obscured from view, were acoustically guided to five targets on a digitizer tablet with either an active or passive upper extremity movement. Subjects were then asked to reproduce the targets' location by either reaching to them with the unseen hand or by use of a laser beam. Distance from target and angular deviations were calculated in both absolute and relative terms. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for each variable followed by predetermined contrasts. Results Comparison between the active and passive conditions when reconstruction of target location was guided kinaesthetically indicates significant differences in absolute distance, range and angular deviation. The comparison when reconstruction of target location was guided visually indicates significant differences in absolute distance, absolute angle and angular deviation. Conclusions The ability to reproduce hand position accurately is enhanced when position is encoded by active upper extremity movement compared with passive movement. The results have implications for the design of strategies for evaluating as well as treating patients with impaired proprioception and limited movement. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd. [source]

Three-dimensional arytenoid movement induced by vocal fold injections,

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 8 2010
Ted Mau MD
Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: To quantitatively characterize arytenoid movement induced by vocal fold injection augmentation in an excised larynx model. Study Design: Laboratory and computational. Methods: Vocal folds of human cadaveric larynges were injected with calcium hydroxylapatite. High-resolution computed tomography scans were obtained before and after injection. Densities corresponding to the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages were extracted and processed with custom MATLAB routines to generate selective three-dimensional reconstructions of the larynx. Pre- and postinjection positions of the arytenoid were compared. Results: Vocal fold injections resulted in predominantly small-magnitude medial rotation and medial translation of the arytenoid. Movements in other directions as would be expected in physiologic adduction were not observed. Conclusions: Vocal fold injection augmentation induced passive movement of the arytenoid that has not been described previously. This movement does not reproduce the trajectory of physiologic adduction. This finding has implications for the treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis without arytenoid repositioning maneuvers. Laryngoscope, 2010 [source]

Clinical assessment and management of spasticity: a review

ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2010
T. Rekand
Rekand T. Clinical assessment and management of spasticity: a review. Acta Neurol Scand: 2010: 122 (Suppl. 190): 62,66. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Spasticity is a sign of upper motor neurone lesion, which can be located in the cerebrum or the spinal cord, and be caused by stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, brain injury, cerebral paresis, or other neurological conditions. Management is dependent on clinical assessment. Positive and negative effects of spasticity should be considered. Ashworth score and the modified Ashworth score are the most used scales for assessment of spasticity. These and other spasticity scales are based on assessment of resistance during passive movement. The main goal of management is functional improvement. A novel 100-point score to assess disability, function related to spasticity (Rekand disability and spasticity score) is proposed. Management of spasticity should be multimodal and should always include physiotherapy or exercise. Oral medications such as baclofen and tizanidine have limited efficacy and considerable side effects, but are easiest to use. Botulinum toxin combined with physiotherapy and/or orthopaedic surgery is effective treatment of localized spasticity. Treatment with intrathecal baclofen via programmable implanted pump is effective in generalized spasticity, particularly in the lower extremities. Neurosurgical and orthopaedic procedures may be considered in intractable cases. [source]

Influence of cervical preflaring on apical file size determination

INTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2005
J. D. Pecora
Abstract Aim, To investigate the influence of cervical preflaring with different instruments (Gates-Glidden drills, Quantec Flare series instruments and LA Axxess burs) on the first file that binds at working length (WL) in maxillary central incisors. Methodology, Forty human maxillary central incisors with complete root formation were used. After standard access cavities, a size 06 K-file was inserted into each canal until the apical foramen was reached. The WL was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Group 1 received the initial apical instrument without previous preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the root canal. Group 2 had the cervical and middle portion of the root canals enlarged with Gates-Glidden drills sizes 90, 110 and 130. Group 3 had the cervical and middle thirds of the root canals enlarged with nickel-titanium Quantec Flare series instruments. Titanium-nitrite treated, stainless steel LA Axxess burs were used for preflaring the cervical and middle portions of root canals from group 4. Each canal was sized using manual K-files, starting with size 08 files with passive movements until the WL was reached. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL, and the instrument size was recorded for each tooth. The apical region was then observed under a stereoscopic magnifier, images were recorded digitally and the differences between root canal and maximum file diameters were evaluated for each sample. Results, Significant differences were found between experimental groups regarding anatomical diameter at the WL and the first file to bind in the canal (P < 0.01, 95% confidence interval). The major discrepancy was found when no preflaring was performed (0.151 mm average). The LA Axxess burs produced the smallest differences between anatomical diameter and first file to bind (0.016 mm average). Gates-Glidden drills and Flare instruments were ranked in an intermediary position, with no statistically significant differences between them (0.093 mm average). Conclusions, The instrument binding technique for determining anatomical diameter at WL is not precise. Preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the root canal improved anatomical diameter determination; the instrument used for preflaring played a major role in determining the anatomical diameter at the WL. Canals preflared with LA Axxess burs created a more accurate relationship between file size and anatomical diameter. [source]

Sonographic evaluation of the normal hypothenar compartment musculature

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 8 2001
Wolfgang Grechenig MD
Abstract Purpose We propose a standardized sonographic examination technique to evaluate the muscles of the hypothenar region and describe their normal sonographic appearance. Methods The hypothenar region was studied with sonography in 20 healthy volunteers using 5,12-MHz linear-array transducers. The assessment included dynamic testing. Results All hypothenar muscles could be identified in all subjects and their courses followed entirely. In addition, their function could be assessed by scanning during active and passive movements. Conclusions Knowledge of the normal sonographic anatomy of the hypothenar region is essential for evaluation of pathologic conditions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:441,448, 2001. [source]

Contribution of Jules Froment to the study of Parkinsonian rigidity

Is muscle spindle proprioceptive function spared in muscular dystrophies?

MUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 6 2004
A muscle tendon vibration study
Abstract Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are characterized by the degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles are also affected in MD. The functional integrity of muscle spindles was tested by analyzing their involvement in the perception of body segment movements and in the control of posture. Twenty MD patients (4 with dystrophinopathy, 5 with myotonic dystrophies, 5 with fascioscapulohumeral MD, and 6 with limb-girdle dystrophies) and 10 healthy subjects participated in the study. The MD patients perceived passive movements and experienced illusory movements similar to those perceived by healthy subjects in terms of their direction and velocity. Vibratory stimulation applied to the neck and ankle muscle tendons induced postural responses in MD patients with spatial and temporal characteristics similar to those produced by healthy subjects. These results suggest that the proprioceptive function of muscle spindles is spared in muscular dystrophies. Muscle Nerve 29: 861,866, 2004 [source]