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Particular Response (particular + response)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	50%

Selected Abstracts

Protein phosphorylation pathways involved during lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of CD14 in mouse bone marrow granulocytes

FEMS IMMUNOLOGY & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000
Thierry Pedron
Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria interacts with a CD14-independent receptor of mouse bone marrow granulocytes (BMC), and triggers in these cells the expression of CD14, an inducible type of LPS receptor (iLpsR). This particular response of BMC to LPS required the activation of protein tyrosine kinase and p38 MAP kinase. The inhibition of the LPS effect by the MEK inhibitor PD-98059 suggested that the ERK pathway was also involved. Unexpectedly, protein kinase C, myosin light chain kinase, cAMP-, cGMP-, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases, as well as ecto-protein kinases, were not required for iLpsR expression. However, other yet unidentified serine/threonine protein kinase(s) were implied since the BMC response to LPS was markedly reduced after exposure to three inhibitors of such kinases (K-252a, H-7, and KT-5823). The atypical kinase requirements observed in this study may be due either to a novel signaling LPS receptor complex present in BMC, or to the particular events involved in CD14 biosynthesis. [source]

Cardiovascular pharmacogenetics in the SNP era

JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 7 2003
V. Mooser
Summary., In the past pharmacological agents have contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted incidence of cardiovascular events. However, not all patients treated with these agents respond favorably, and some individuals may develop side-effects. With aging of the population and the growing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors worldwide, it is expected that the demand for cardiovascular drugs will increase in the future. Accordingly, there is a growing need to identify the ,good' responders as well as the persons at risk for developing adverse events. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that responses to drugs are at least partly under genetic control. As such, pharmacogenetics , the study of variability in drug responses attributed to hereditary factors in different populations , may significantly assist in providing answers toward meeting this challenge. Pharmacogenetics mostly relies on associations between a specific genetic marker like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), either alone or arranged in a specific linear order on a certain chromosomal region (haplotypes), and a particular response to drugs. Numerous associations have been reported between selected genotypes and specific responses to cardiovascular drugs. Recently, for instance, associations have been reported between specific alleles of the apoE gene and the lipid-lowering response to statins, or the lipid-elevating effect of isotretinoin. Thus far, these types of studies have been mostly limited to a priori selected candidate genes due to restricted genotyping and analytical capacities. Thanks to the large number of SNPs now available in the public domain through the SNP Consortium and the newly developed technologies (high throughput genotyping, bioinformatics software), it is now possible to interrogate more than 200 000 SNPs distributed over the entire human genome. One pharmacogenetic study using this approach has been launched by GlaxoSmithKline to identify the approximately 4% of patients who are predisposed to developing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, an anti-HIV agent. Data collected thus far on the HLA locus on chromosome 6 indicate that this approach is feasible. Extended linkage disequilibrium can be detected readily, even across several haplotype blocks, thus potentially reducing the number of SNPs for future whole-genome scans. Finally, a modest number of cases and controls appears to be sufficient to detect genetic associations. There is little doubt that this type of approach will have an impact on the way cardiovascular drugs will be developed and prescribed in the future. [source]

Knowledge, networks of cities and growth in regional urban systems*

PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007
Rafael Boix
Knowledge city; networks of cities; urban growth; external economies; spatial econometrics Abstract., Recent theories of regional growth and local development emphasise the roles of agglomeration and knowledge as the main determinants of growth, whereas the theories of the networks of cities remark that growth is a process not only within cities but also between cities. The objective of this paper is to measure the factors that affect the evolution of different intensities of knowledge in a region's cities. An adaptation of the OECD knowledge classification is used to divide the industries by knowledge intensity and to model the determinants of these intensities in a spatial context. Results suggest that higher growth rates are associated with higher levels of technology and knowledge. The growth of the different kinds of knowledge is related to local and spatial factors (agglomeration and network externalities) and each knowledge intensity show a particular response to these factors. [source]

Effects of marital conflict on children: recent advances and emerging themes in process-oriented research

THE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 1 2002
E. Mark Cummings
Background: The effects of marital conflict on children's adjustment are well documented. For the past decade research has increasingly focused on advancing a process-level understanding of these effects, that is, accounting for the particular responses and patterns embedded within specific contexts, histories, and developmental periods that account for children's outcomes over time. Methods: As a vehicle for presenting an update, this review follows the framework for process-oriented research initially proposed by Cummings and Cummings (1988), concentrating on recent research developments, and also considering new and emerging themes in this area of research. Results: In this regard, areas of advancement include (a) greater articulation of the effects of specific context/stimulus characteristics of marital conflict, (b) progress in identifying the psychological response processes in children (e.g., cognitive, emotional, social, physiological) that are affected and their possible role in accounting for relations between marital conflict and child outcomes, (c) greater understanding of the role of child characteristics, family history, and other contextual factors, including effects on children due to interrelations between marital conflict and parenting, and (d) advances in the conceptualization of children's outcomes, including that effects may be more productively viewed as dynamic processes of functioning rather than simply clinical diagnoses. Conclusions: Understanding of the impact of marital conflict on children as a function of time-related processes remains a gap in a process-oriented conceptualization of effects. Based on this review, a revised model for a process-oriented approach on the effects of marital discord on children is proposed and suggestions are made for future research directions. [source]