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Particular Kind (particular + kind)
Selected AbstractsUnion and Communion: Calvin's Theology of Word and SacramentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2009MICHAEL S. HORTON Some scholars consider Calvin's teaching on the sacraments to be an integral part of his theology. Others have challenged the Reformer's consistency in this area, regarding Calvin's eucharistic teaching in particular as a ,foreign, uncongenial element' in his work. My argument in this article is that Calvin's eucharistic teaching, particularly in its ,more nearly patristic' emphases, is neither inimical nor secondary to his system but is in fact an essential and promising outworking of his theology. As with other perspectives, Calvin's understanding of Word and sacrament generates a particular kind of ecclesiology with emphases that remain ecumenically significant and vital for the life and mission of the church. [source] Multi-attribute value theory as a framework for conflict resolution in river rehabilitationJOURNAL OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS, Issue 2-3 2005Markus Hostmann Abstract Decision making in environmental projects is usually complex because of heterogeneous stakeholder interests, multiple objectives, long planning and implementation processes, and uncertain outcomes. Conflicting stakeholder interests in particular are often an important impediment to the realization and success of projects. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods are potentially useful for facilitating conflict resolution among stakeholder groups. However, some studies that have applied MCDA methods indicate that users are often skeptical about the value of MCDA methods and prefer the freedom of unaided decision making. We examine whether and how multi-attribute value theory (MAVT), a particular kind of MCDA, facilitates conflict resolution in environmental projects. Therefore, the MAVT method is applied to a specific river rehabilitation project in Switzerland (Thur River). The main questions are: (1) Can the MAVT method predict the final preferences of stakeholders and therefore anticipate conflicts at an early stage? (2) Do stakeholders reconsider and change their preferences after using the MAVT method? (3) If they do, does this result in more consensus-oriented decisions? We find that the principal advantage of the method in our case was not the prediction of stakeholders' final preferences, but rather the methods' ability to facilitate more consensus-oriented decisions. The paper discusses possible reasons for this finding and concludes with recommendations for future applications of the MAVT method in environmental decision making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Platonic Dialogue, Maieutic Method and Critical ThinkingJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 3 2007FIONA LEIGH In this paper I offer a reading of one of Plato's later works, the Sophist, that reveals it to be informed by principles comparable on the face of it with those that have emerged recently in the field of critical thinking. As a development of the famous Socratic method of his teacher, I argue, Plato deployed his own pedagogical method, a ,mid-wifely' or ,maieutic' method, in the Sophist. In contrast to the Socratic method, the sole aim of this method is not to disabuse the reader or learner of her false opinions. Rather, its purpose is to supply her with the skills and dispositions as well as the claims and counter-claims she needs to critically evaluate a view, and so facilitate knowledge acquisition, for herself. But the text does not merely teach critical thinking in this indirect manner. One of the strategies its author employed was to encourage the reader/learner to consider under what conditions a claim or idea would be false. To the extent that it achieves this, the Sophist provides both a model and an application of that particular kind of critical thinking in the learning environment that Jonathan Baron has described as ,active open-mindedness'. [source] Experiencing psychiatric diagnosis: client perspectives on being named mentally ill,JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 6 2003Y. M. HAYNE rn phd In this article is reported result of a phenomenological study whereby privileged view was gained into the lives of persons who had experienced receiving a diagnosis which named ,severe and enduring mental illness'. Thematic analysis yielded the four essential themes of diagnosis as the experience of ,a knowledge that knows', ,destructive (gift) of difference', ,making visible the invisible' and ,making knowledge knowledgeable'. Each of the themes is discussed under its own heading in this paper as a means for describing the nature of ,experiencing psychiatric diagnosis'. Effort is made to provide glimpse into the ,lifeworld' of being diagnosed mentally ill, and the reader's attention is directed to a particular kind of power that exists in the medical language of diagnoses. Discernment is highlighted as most consequential to an ,action sensitive practice' and a case is made for care-providers in psychiatric-mental health care to be sensitized to how medical terminology is experienced and the need to strive for balance within the ,economy of power' contained in these specialized words. [source] Differing Perceptions of EFL Writing among Readers in JapanMODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2001Carol Rinnert This quantitative and qualitative study investigated perceptions of English compositions among four groups of readers (N= 465) in Japan. Analyses of evaluative criteria and readers' comments yielded the following clear parallel results: Whereas inexperienced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students attended predominantly to content in both judging and commenting on compositions, more experienced EFL students and nonnative English teachers showed greater concern than the inexperienced students did for clarity, logical connections, and organization. The experienced groups' perceptions tended to be more similar to the perceptions of native English-speaking teachers than those of the inexperienced EFL students. This tendency suggests that there is a gradual change in Japanese readers' perceptions of English composition from preferring the writing features of their first language (L1) to preferring many of the writing features of the second language (L2). The results imply that the particular kind of evaluation and feedback students are asked to provide on their peers' writing should vary according to the amount of L2 writing awareness and experience they have acquired. [source] Fighting like a girl fighting like a guy: Gender identity, ideology, and girls at early adolescenceNEW DIRECTIONS FOR CHILD & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT, Issue 120 2008Lyn Mikel Brown In this chapter we explore the phenomenon of "girls fighting like guys" by listening to adolescent girls' justification for physical fighting with other girls. We argue that physical girlfighting is a particular kind of gendered performance,a performance of identity that expresses, at least in part, an answer to the question, "Who am I?",that both perpetuates and challenges the usual notions of masculinity and femininity and the differential power associated with these discourses. We present a sociocultural approach to identity that we believe not only holds promise for helping us to understand girl-fighting behavior but also highlights the clear interrelationship between social identity and personal identity. We conclude by highlighting several implications of this analysis for those who work with girls (and boys) in educational and clinical settings. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Anticipating and inhabiting institutional identitiesAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 2 2009SUMMERSON CARR ABSTRACT Rather than simply silencing or excluding actors, contemporary U.S. institutions commonly assign ways of speaking to the identities they forge and, therefore, preestablish ways of hearing the people who have come to inhabit them. Although institutional power is thereby reinscribed when "subalterns speak," people can also inhabit such identities, and speak from these designated locales, in politically efficacious ways. Examining the rhetorical practices of clients and social workers at one institutional site, I highlight the process of anticipatory interpellation,reading how one is hailed as a particular kind of institutional subject and responding as such. [anticipatory interpellation, language, performativity, politics, representation, social work] [source] THE SPECIAL COMPOSITION QUESTION IN ACTIONPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2006SARA RACHEL CHANT In the material objects literature, this question is known as the "special composition question," and I take it that there is a similar question to be asked of collections of actions. I will call that question the "special composition question in action," and argue that the correct answer to this question depends on a particular kind of consequence produced by the individual constituent actions. [source] Kierkegaard's Conception of GodPHILOSOPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2010Paul K. Moser Philosophers have often misunderstood Kierkegaard's views on the nature and purposes of God due to a fascination with his earlier, pseudonymous works. We examine many of Kierkegaard's later works with the aim of setting forth an accurate view on this matter. The portrait of God that emerges is a personal and fiercely loving God with whom humans can and should enter into relationship. Far from advocating a fideistic faith or a cognitively unrestrained leap in the dark, we argue that Kierkegaard connects this God-relationship to (a particular kind of) evidence and even knowledge. However, such evidence and knowledge , and hence God himself , may remain hidden from many individuals due to misconceptions of God and misuses of the human will. [source] Preface: phys. stat. sol. (b) 245/3PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 3 2008Christopher W. Smith This is the third Special Issue of physica status solidi (b) focusing on materials with a negative Poisson's ratio or other ,anomalous' physical properties. This issue contains selected papers from the First International Conference on Auxetics and Anomalous Systems held at the University of Exeter, UK, on 4,6 September 2006. Around 50 participants from all over the world as well as from a wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines contributed to what was a highly successful conference. This conference follows in the footsteps of two previous workshops held at the Mathematical Research and Conference Centre in B,dlewo near Pozna,, Poland, in 2004 and 2005 [1, 2]. The papers selected for this issue publish recent results obtained for ,anomalous systems' in experiment, theory and computer simulations. In the following we summarize very briefly their contents. Alderson and Coenen compare the performance of auxetic composites to similar systems with conventional positive Poisson's ratios. They find that there are indeed differences which appear to arise from the change of the overall Poisson's ratio of the composite, some beneficial like a rise in impact tolerance at low impact rates, and others deleterious such as the reduced tolerance at higher impact rates. This is one of the first investigations of possible applications for auxetic materials. The two papers by Gaspar and Koenders both examine the effects of disorder upon anomalous properties, especially negative Poisson's ratio. In the first one Gaspar demonstrates how a mean strain estimate fails to predict negative values of Poisson's ratio because of an inability to account for local fluctuations in elastic properties. For instance it is shown that the volume fraction of auxetic regions in an globally auxetic material (measured experimentally) are smaller than a mean strain homogenisation would require. Koenders and Gaspar explore the elastic properties, and especially Poisson's ratio, of a heterogeneous 2D network of bending beams. They predict auxetic behaviour arising from localised disorder in the packing, and therefore effective locally aggregated elastic properties of the beams. In the three articles by Gatt et al. and Grima et al. models based on simple geometry are used to explain the behaviour of seemingly disparate systems, i.e. 2D honeycombs systems and zeolite SiO2 networks. Two papers concerning honeycombs demonstrate relationships between elastic properties and structure and the bounds for auxetic behaviour. The paper concerning the zeolite Natrolite uses numerical force field based energy minimisation methods to simulate the response of this particular zeolite to applied forces and then simplifies the predicted properties even further by considering structural units as rigid 2D polyhedra linked by flexible hinges. In a similar vein, though using a different approach and concerning a very different form of matter, Heyes shows how the heterogeneity in an assembly of particles in a liquid can affect the elastic properties of a liquid and notably the infinite frequency Poisson's ratio. Heyes uses the Molecular Dynamics approach to simulate a Lennard,Jones fluid under various pressures, notably comparing behaviour under positive and negative pressures. In their first paper Jasiukiewicz and co-authors derive elastic constants of 2D crystals for all four classes of 2D crystalline solids: hexagonal (isotropic), quadratic, rectangular, and oblique systems. In their second paper they demonstrate conditions required for auxetic behaviour of 2D crystals. Auxetic solids are further divided into those with some negative Poisson's ratios (auxetic), all negative Poisson's ratios (completely auxetic) and no negative Poisson's ratios (non-auxetic). Lakes and Wojciechowski consider counterintuitive properties of matter, like negative compressibility, negative Poisson's ratio, negative thermal expansion, negative specific heat, and negative pressure. They present and interpret experimental observations of negative bulk modulus in pre-strained foams. They propose also a constrained microscopic model which exhibits negative compressibility. Finally, they solve a very simple thermodynamic model with negative thermal expansion. Martin et al. take a long stride toward a real world application of auxetic materials with a wide ranging study starting with numerical modelling of a wingbox section to experimental testing in a wind tunnel. They show that an auxetic core in a wing box section can allow a passive aero-elastic response which can be tailored by careful design of the core so that camber, and thus drag, is reduced with increasing airspeed but without sacrificing structural integrity. Miller et al. consider another anomalous physical property, negative thermal expansivity, and its application in the form of particulate composites for amelioration of stresses arising from thermal mismatch. They show via experiments that particles with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion may be used as a composite reinforcer to reduce overall thermal expansion and behave according to the standard volume fraction based models. Narojczyk and Wojciechowski examine the effects of disorder upon the bulk elastic properties of 3D fcc soft sphere systems in terms of particle size. Systems, such as colloids, can be thought of in such terms. The study shows that higher order moments of probability distribution do not influence the bulk elastic properties much, but that lower moments such as the standard deviation of particle size influence the elastic properties greatly. The "hardness" of the particle interaction potential is also important in this context. In general, it is shown that the effect of increasing polydispersity is to increase the Poisson's ratio, except the [110] [10] directions. Scarpa and Malischewsky in their paper on Rayleigh waves in auxetic materials show how the Rayleigh wave speed is affected by the Poisson's ratio. The behaviour is complex and depends upon the homogeneity within the material, for instance slowing with decreasing Poisson's ratio in isotropic solids, but showing the reverse trend and increased sensitivity to Poisson's ratio in laminate composites. Scarpa et al. explore the buckling behaviour of auxetic tubes via three types of model, a simple beam mechanics and Eulerian buckling model, a 3D linear elastic FE model and a bespoke non-linear continuum model. The more sophisticated models provide increasing insight into the buckling behaviour though the simple beam model predicts reasonably well in the pre-buckling linear region. Some unexpected and interesting behaviour is predicted by the continuum model as the Poisson's ratio approaches the isotropic limit of ,1, including increasing sensitivity to Poisson's ratio and rapid mode jumping between integer wave numbers. The paper by Shilko et al. presents an analysis of a particular kind of friction joint, a double lap joint, and explores the effects of altering the elastic properties of one component, in particular it's Poisson's ratio. The manuscript introduces the evolution of smart materials from monolithic materials, and the classification of composites exhibiting negative Poisson's ratios. The paper then presents the case of a double lap joint and performs a sensitivity type study, via a 2D FE model, of the effects of changing the elastic properties and degree of anisotropy of one section of the model on various parameters defining the limits of functionality of the joint. The main finding is that an enhanced shear modulus, via a negative Poisson's ratio, can endow such a friction joint with superior performance. Manufacturing of auxetic materials on a commercial scale has proved to be the largest obstacle to their fuller exploitation. The paper by Simkins et al. explores one route for post processing of auxetic polymers fibres produced by a conventional melt extrusion route. Simkins et al. showed that a post process thermal annealing treatment, with carefully optimised parameters, was able to even out otherwise inhomogenous auxetic properties, and moreover improve other elastic and fracture properties often sacrificed for auxetic behaviour. We gratefully acknowledge the support given by the sponsors of the conference, namely the EPSRC of the UK and Auxetic Technologies Ltd. (UK). We also thank the Scientific Committee, the Organising Committee, and all the participants of the conference. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Power cut in the countertransferenceTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Alessandra Cavalli Abstract:, This paper is an attempt to describe and understand a certain type of defence that I shall call a ,power cut' because of its crippling and anti-relational nature. I will take extracts from a baby observation to show how this type of defence can be adopted from the beginning of life, followed by vignettes from my work with a young child and an adult patient which addresses the particular kind of difficulty the analyst has to face with patients who resort to such a defence. I am arguing that while defending from another, the patient is able to destabilize not only the connection between himself and this other, the analyst, but also that between the analyst and the analyst's internal world. I understand this as the violent re-enactment of the patient's uncontained and split off primitive experience. I see recovery from ,power cuts' as the main challenge for the analyst who is helping the patient to recover from an early failure in containment which has led to defective splitting. Only when the unthinkable experience of ,power cut' can become an experience that can be lived through and converted into a deintegrate, may integration be achieved. Translations of Abstract Cet article est une tentative de décrire et de comprendre un certain type de défenses que je nommerai « courts-circuits», du fait de leur nature invalidante et anti-relationnelle. Je présenterai des extraits d'une observation de nourrisson pour montrer comment ce type de défenses peut être adopté dès le début de la vie. Je poursuivrai par des vignettes de mon travail avec un jeune enfant et un patient adulte révélatrices du type de difficultés auxquelles est confronté l'analyste avec des patients relevant de ce type de défenses. Je montre que, tandis qu'il se défend d'un autre, l'individu est capable de déstabiliser non seulement le lien qui le relie à cet autre, l'analyste en l'occurrence, mais également le lien de l'analyste avec son propre monde interne. Je comprends cela comme une violente remise en acte de l'expérience primaire de clivage et d'absence de contenant. J'envisage la guérison des « courts-circuits» comme le défi majeur de l'analyste qui aide le patient à réparer la faille précoce du contenant primaire génératrice du clivage. Ce n'est que lorsque l'expérience impensable du « court-circuit » est devenue une expérience vivable pour le patient, que celle-ci peut se transformer en un dé-intégrat et ouvrir la voie à l'intégration. Dieser Text ist ein Versuch, einen bestimmten Abwehrtypus zu beschreiben und zu verstehen, den ich wegen seiner lähmenden und antibeziehungshaften Natur ,Stromsperre' nennen werde. Ich werde Auszüge aus einer Babybeobachtung heranziehen um zu zeigen, wie dieser Abwehrmodus vom Beginn des Lebens an aufgebaut werden kann. Es folgen Vignetten aus meiner Arbeit mit einem Kleinkind und einem erwachsenen Patienten die sich auf die bestimmte Art von Schwierigkeiten beziehen, die dem Analytiker bei Patienten begegnen, die sich in solcherart Abwehr flüchten. Ich zeige auf, daß, während er sich vor dem anderen schützt, der Patient nicht nur in die Lage gerät, die Verbindung zwischen ihm selbst und diesem anderen, dem Analytiker, zu destabilisieren, sondern auch jene zwischen dem Analytiker und des Analytikers innerer Welt. Ich verstehe dies als die gewaltsame Reinszenierung einer nicht eingebundenen und abgespaltenen primitiven Erfahrung des Patienten. Ich sehe die Behebung von ,Stromsperren' als Hauptherausforderung für den Analytiker an, der dem Patienten hilft, von einem frühen Versagen des Gehaltenwerdens zu genesen, daß zur Spaltung geführt hat. Nur wenn die undenkbare Erfahrung ,Stromsperre' zu einer Erfahrung werden kann, die durchlebt und in ein Nichtintegriertes überführt werden kann, mag Integration erreicht werden. Questo lavoro è un tentativo di descrivere e comprendere un certo tipo di difesa che chiamerò,corto circuito' per via della sua natura mutilante e antirelazionale. Presenterò estratti dall'osservazione del neonato per mostrare come questo tipo di difesa può essere adottata fin dagli inizi della vita seguiti da vignette del mio lavoro con un bambino e con un paziente adulto che indicano il particolare tipo di difficoltà che l'analista deve affrontare con pazienti che si aggrappano a tale difesa. Sostengo che mentre si difende dall'altro il paziente è capace di destabilizzare non solo le connessioni tra se stesso e questo altro, ma anche tra l'analista e il mondo interno dell'analista. Intendo con ciò il violento ripresentarsi della esperienza primaria del paziente non contenuta e scissa. Considero il riprendersi dalla ,corto circuito' come la sfida principale petr l'analista che sta aiutando il paziente a guarire dal precoce fallimento del contenimento che ha portato alla scissione. L'integrazione può essere raggiunta solo quando l'esperienza impensabile della ,corto circuito' può diventare una esperienza che si può attraversare e convertire in una reintegrazione. Este trabajo es una intento por de describir y comprender un cierto tipo de defensa que llamaré un ,corte de energía' a causa de su efecto paralizador y su naturaleza anti-relacional. Tomaré extractos de una observación de un bebé para mostrar cómo este tipo de defensa puede surgir al principio de la vida, seguido por viñetas de mi trabajo con un niño y un paciente adulto para explorar el tipo de dificultad que el analista tiene que encarar con pacientes que recurren a tal defensa. Discuto que al defenderse del otro, el paciente puede desestabilizar no sólo la conexión con él mismo y este otro, el analista, sino también entre el analista y el mundo interno del analista. Entiendo esto como la reconstrucción violenta sin contención y disociadora de la experiencia primitiva del paciente. ,Considero a ,estos cortes de energía' como el principal desafío para el analista que ayuda al paciente a recuperarse de un fracaso temprano en la contención que lo ha llevado a la disociación. Sólo cuando la experiencia inconcebible de ,corte de energía' pueda ser revivida y convertida en una desintegración, se puede lograr la integración. [source] Actin-Based Motility in the Net Slime Mould Labyrinthula: Evidence for the Role of Myosin in Gliding MovementTHE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005TERENCE M. PRESTON Abstract. In contrast to crawling movement (e.g. in amoebae and tissue cells) the other major class of substratum-associated motility in eukaryotes, gliding, has received relatively little attention. The net slime mold Labyrinthula provides a useful laboratory model for studying this process since it exhibits a particular kind of gliding in its plasmodial stage. Here nucleated spindle cells glide along self-established cytoplasmic trackways in a predominantly unidirectional manner, at 1,2 ,m/s. These trackways, upon which gliding is dependent, are held by filopodial tethers some distance off the well-developed reticulopodial mesh anchoring the plasmodium onto the substratum. Reflection interference microscopy resolves this matrix in live plasmodia. The axially disposed cytoskeletal elements of the trackways are revealed by rhodamine-labelled phalloidin to be rich in F-actin. A weft of peripheral, rapidly extending filopodia (50 ,m/min) typifies the expanding regions of the plasmodium. Here spindle cells are recruited before emigrating into newly differentiated trackways. Immunoblotting whole plasmodia or a sucrose-soluble cytoplasmic extract reveals a single actin-positive band of Mr 48 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies to two distinct myosin peptide sequences identify a single myosin HC (Mr 96 kDa) in immunoblots. Gliding was reversibly blocked by 10 mM 2,3-butanedione-2-monoxime, a myosin ATPase inhibitor, but it was insensitive to the actin-binding drugs cytochalasin D and phalloidin. We suggest that the force (>50 pN) for gliding motility results from interaction of myosin molecules, associated with the spindle cells, with trackway F-actin via the bothrosomes. [source] Growth hormone, acromegaly, and heart failure: an intricate triangulationCLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 6 2003Luigi Saccà Summary Short-term GH or IGF-I excess provides a model of physiological cardiac growth associated with functional advantage. The physiological nature of cardiac growth is accounted for by the following: (i) the increment in cardiomyocyte size occurs prevalently at expense of the short axis. This is the basis for the concentric pattern of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, with consequent fall in LV wall stress and functional improvement; (ii) cardiomyocyte growth is associated with improved contractility and relaxation, and a favourable energetic setting; (iii) the capillary density of the myocardial tissue is not affected; (iv) there is a balanced growth of cardiomyocytes and nonmyocyte elements, which accounts for the lack of interstitial fibrosis; (v) myocardial energetics and mechanics are not perturbed; and (vi) the growth response is not associated with the gene re-programming that characterizes pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Overall, the mechanisms activated by GH or IGF-I appear to be entirely different from those of chronic heart failure. Not to be neglected is also the fact that GH, through its nitric oxide (NO)-releasing action, contributes to the maintenance of normal vascular reactivity and peripheral vascular resistance. This particular kind of interaction of GH with the cardiovascular system accounts for: (i) the lack of cardiac impairment in short-term acromegaly; (ii) the beneficial effects of GH and IGF-I in various models of heart failure; (iii) the protective effect of GH and IGF-I against post-infarction ventricular remodelling; (iv) the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in patients with heart failure treated with GH; and (v) the cardiac abnormalities associated with GH deficiency and their correction after GH therapy. If it is clear that GH and IGF-I exert favourable effects on the heart in the short term, it is equally undeniable that GH excess with time causes pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and, if it is not corrected, eventually leads to cardiac failure. Why then, at one point in time in the natural history of acromegaly, does physiological cardiac growth become maladaptive and translate into heart failure? Before this transition takes places, the acromegalic heart shares very few features with other models of chronic heart failure. None of the mechanisms involved in the progression of heart failure is clearly operative in acromegaly, save for the presence of insulin-resistance and mild alterations of lipoproteins and clot factors. Is this enough to account for the development of heart failure? Probably not. On the other hand, it must be stressed that GH and IGF-I activate several mechanisms that play a protective role against the development of heart failure. These include ventricular unloading, deactivation of neurohormonal components, antiapoptotic effect and enhanced vascular reactivity. Ultimately, all data available concur to hypothesize that acromegalic cardiomyopathy represents a progressive model of cardiac hypertrophy in which the cardiotoxic and pro-remodelling effect is intrinsic to the excessive and unrestrained myocardial growth. [source] Women's Careers Beyond the Classroom: Changing Roles in a Changing WorldCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 3 2001Nina Bascia Drawing from our own and others' research over the past decade and a half, we present four "readings," each illuminating a different dimension of women educators' career development, particularly their movement into work beyond the classroom. The majority of the participants in our studies are women who work for change in their classrooms, schools, and district organizations, using the opportunities, vehicles, and channels available,or apparent,to them. They do this work in professional and personal contexts that are continually changing, sometimes as a result of their own choices and actions and sometimes not. While there is a growing body of literature on women's movement into, and their lives in, educational administration, we are concerned here with the broader and more varied manifestations of leadership beyond the classroom. In the four readings, we bring together several strands in the literature on women educators' lives and careers. We first lay out the taken-for-granted oppositional contrasts in the educational discourses that have tended to obscure more complex understandings of work lives and careers. Next, we explore how the particular kinds of work available to women actually encourage some to move beyond narrow conceptions of the distinctions between classroom and nonclassroom work. Third, we discuss the developmental nature of individual career paths. Fourth, we note the spatial and temporal nature of leadership work by showing how it is influenced and changed by greater economic, social, and political forces. We believe that these multiple interpretations are required to understand the range and combination of influences that propel and compel women educators to take up various forms of leadership work beyond the classroom. [source] Occupational Cultures and the Embodiment of Masculinity: Hairdressing, Estate Agency and FirefightingGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 6 2007Alex Hall Drawing on data from an Economic and Social Research Council-funded project, this article explores the implications of different occupational cultures for men's masculine identity. With a focus on embodiment and individual agency, it explores the argument that it is within ,scenes of constraint' that gendered identities are both ,done' and ,undone'. In this article we examine embodied experience in occupational cultures commonly stereotyped as ,masculine' or ,feminine' (hairdressing, estate agency and firefighting), showing how men conform to, draw upon and resist the gendered stereotypes associated with these occupations. What we argue is that gendered conceptions of ,the body' need to be differentiated from individual men's embodiment. Instead, processes of identification can be shown to emerge via embodied experiences of particular kinds of gendered body, and in the ways in which men negotiate the perception of these bodies in different occupational contexts. [source] Occupational Knowledge and Practice amongst UK University Research AdministratorsHIGHER EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2009John Hockey With the exception of lecturing staff, research on occupational groups and cultures within the UK higher education system is relatively sparse. This paper focuses upon one specialist group, to-date under-researched but which plays a central role in contemporary higher education administration: graduate research administrators. This occupational group is of particular interest as its members administer and manage an increasing complex and key area of university life, which in many cases appears to span the putative occupational divide between ,academic' and ,administrative' work. Based upon qualitative interviews with 27 research administrators, and using some of Bourdieu's conceptual devices, the paper analyses particular kinds of informal occupational knowledge and practice, necessary in order effectively to ,do' the complex task of research administration in the pressurized environment of contemporary British higher education. [source] Nutritional status and patient characteristics for hospitalised older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 13 2008Sigrid Odencrants MSc Aim. The aim of the study was to describe and compare nutritional status and social and medical characteristics among older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to an acute care hospital ward for respiratory medicine. Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a condition associated with risk of developing malnutrition. A body mass index <20 is predictive of hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowledge about patient characteristics is crucial for the identification of malnourished patients and the development of nursing care for these patients. Design. Quantitative descriptive study. Methods. Thirty-three hospitalised women and 17 men with a mean age of 75·7 years (SD 6·9) were consecutively included. A very severe case of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was indicated in 28 out of 39 patients who underwent a lung function test. Data were collected with measurement of nutritional status using Mini Nutritional Assessment, anthropometry and lung function. Results. Nearly half of the patients (48%) were identified as malnourished, an equal part as at risk for malnutrition and two patients as well nourished. The mean Mini Nutritional Assessment score of 17·2 (SD 3·99) for all patients was near the Mini Nutritional Assessment cut-off score (i.e. 17) for malnutrition. Patients identified as malnourished had a mean body mass index of 18·9 and those at risk for malnutrition had a mean of 23·4. It was more common for those identified as malnourished to live singly, to not live in own property and to be dependent on daily community service. Seven patients identified as malnourished died during the data collection period. Conclusions. This study provides important knowledge about further risks of impaired nutritional status among older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Relevance to clinical practice. This knowledge can provide registered nurses with the necessary knowledge to make them aware of certain patients needing particular kinds of attention. [source] History for a practice professionNURSING INQUIRY, Issue 4 2006Patricia D'Antonio This essay explores the meaning of history for a practice profession. It argues that our clinical backgrounds suggest particular kinds of historical questions that colleagues with different backgrounds would not think to ask. This essay poses three possible questions as examples. What if we place the day after day work of caring for the sick , that which is nursing , at the center of an institution's history? What if we were to embrace a sense of nurses and nursing work as truly diverse and different? What if we were to analytically engage the reluctance of the large number of nurses to formally embrace feminism? This essay acknowledges that these are not the only possible questions and, in the end, they most likely will not even be the important ones. But this essay does argue that we, who are both clinicians and historians, need to more seriously consider the implications of our questions for disciplinary practice and research. It argues, in the end, that the meaning of history to a practice profession lies in our questions: questions that are different than those raised by other methods, and questions that may escape notice in the press of daily practice and research. [source] Friends, Strangers or Countrymen?POLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 1 2001The Ties between Citizens as Colleagues Some analogies are better than others for understanding the ties and responsibilities between citizens of a state. Citizens are better understood as particular kinds of colleagues than as either strangers or members of close-knit communities such as family or friends. Colleagues are diverse, separate and relatively distant individuals whose involuntary interdependence as equals in a practice or institution creates common concerns; this entails special responsibilities of communication, consideration and trust, which are capable of extension beyond the immediate group. Citizens likewise are involuntarily interdependent in political practices, and have comparable concerns and obligations that are more substantial than liberal advocates of constitutional patriotism recommend. But these are distinct from and potentially more extensible than those between co-nationals sharing a common culture, which are proposed by nationalists and some communitarians. The relationship of citizens is a more valid ground for associative obligations than others apart from family and friends. [source] Remembering the auca: violence and generational memory in Amazonian EcuadorTHE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Issue 4 2009Casey High In Amazonian Ecuador and beyond, indigenous Waorani people have received considerable attention for their history of revenge killings during much of the twentieth century. In pointing to the heterogeneous forms of social memory assigned to specific generations, the article describes how oral histories and public performances of past violence mediate changing forms of sociality. While the victim's perspective in oral histories is fundamental to Waorani notions of personhood and ethnic identity, young men acquire the symbolic role of ,wild' Amazonian killers in public performances of the past. Rather than being contradictory or competing historical representations, these multiple forms of social memory become specific generational roles in local villages and in regional inter-ethnic relations. The article suggests that, beyond the transmission of a fixed package of historical knowledge, memory is expressed in the multiple and often contrasting forms of historical representation assigned to particular kinds of people. Résumé En Amazonie équatorienne et ailleurs, les peuples autochtones Waorani ont bénéficié d'une attention considérable pendant une bonne part du XXe siècle pour leur histoire de vendetta. En pointant l'hétérogénéité des formes de mémoire sociale associées à différentes générations, l'auteur décrit la façon dont les histoires orales et les performances publiques des violences passées médient des formes changeantes de socialité. Tandis que le point de vue de la victime dans ces récits oraux est fondamental dans les notions de personnalité et d'identité ethnique des Waoranis, les jeunes gens acquièrent le rôle symbolique des tueurs amazoniens « sauvages » lors de performances publiques évoquant le passé. Plutôt que des représentations historiques contradictoires ou concurrentes, ces multiples formes de mémoire sociale se muent en rôles générationnels spécifiques dans les villages locaux et en relations interethniques régionales. L'auteur suggère qu'au-delà de la transmission d'un bagage immuable de connaissances historiques, la mémoire s'exprime dans les formes multiples et souvent très différentes de représentation historique attribués à certaines catégories de personnes. [source] Event frequency and children's suggestibility: a study of cued recall responsesAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2004Heather L. Price Research examining the effect of repeated experience on children's suggestibility for particular kinds of information has produced differing results. In one study, responses to recognition questions revealed heightened suggestibility for variable details in children who repeatedly experienced an event compared to children who experienced an event once. In other studies, no such effect was found with cued recall. In this study, 4,5-year old children engaged in one or four play sessions. Children were later given a biasing interview wherein half of the details were incorrectly represented. Children were then given a final memory test using free and cued recall prompts that was preceded by one of three instruction types: no special instructions, moderate instructions, or opposition instructions. Children in the repeated-event condition were more suggestible than those in the single-event condition, regardless of instructions. No significant differences in suggestibility were found across instructions conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Considering "The Professional" in Communication Studies: Implications for Theory and Research Within and Beyond the Boundaries of Organizational CommunicationCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 2 2007George Cheney This essay positions contemporary "professionalism" as a contested term and a nexus of important theoretical and practical concerns for communication scholars, including, for example, those engaged in the empirical, interpretive, and critical examinations of culture and the self. We advance communication-based understandings of the meanings and practices of professionalism as a complement to the predominantly sociological conceptions of the rise and place of the professional in modern industrialized societies. We are deliberately playful with the term professionalism in demonstrating the power of its ambiguity for reflecting, shaping, and indexing particular kinds of social relations and expectations for them. Part of our argument concerns the complex interplay of symbolism and materiality in the domains of interaction and artifacts surrounding "the professional," and especially its embodiment in work and other settings. This brings us directly to an examination of the "intersectionality" of aspects of difference in the world of the professional (and by implication, the nonprofessional), including race, gender, and class, and to observe a broad-based cultural dialectic of the civilized and the primitive. Finally, we briefly consider extensions as relevant to domains of communication studies beyond the accustomed domain of organizational communication. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||