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Particular Communities (particular + community)
Selected AbstractsNO COMMUNITY IS AN ISLAND: THE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE DEPRIVATION ON URBAN VIOLENCE IN SPATIALLY AND SOCIALLY PROXIMATE COMMUNITIES,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2006DANIEL P. MEARS The link between resource deprivation and urban violence has long been explored in criminological research. Studies, however, have largely ignored the potential for resource deprivation in particular communities to affect rates of violence in others. The relative inattention is notable because of the strong theoretical grounds to anticipate influences that extend both to geographically contiguous areas and to those that, though not contiguous, share similar social characteristics. We argue that such influences,what we term spatial and social proximity effects, respectively,constitute a central feature of community dynamics. To support this argument, we develop and test theoretically derived hypotheses about spatial and social proximity effects of resource deprivation on aggregated and disaggregated homicide counts. Our analyses indicate that local area resource deprivation contributes to violence in socially proximate communities, an effect that, in the case of instrumental homicides, is stronger when such communities are spatially proximate. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories focused on community-level social processes and violence, and for policies aimed at reducing crime in disadvantaged areas. [source] The role of floristic survey data and quantitative analysis in identification and description of ecological communities under threatened species legislation: A case study from north-eastern New South WalesECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION, Issue 2009Penny Kendall Summary The concept of ecological communities play an important role in conservation planning and natural resource management. However, inherent uncertainties in the definition and identification of individual communities make it difficult to assess whether particular communities are present on particular sites and how they may be affected by proposed developments or management actions. If communities are poorly defined or misidentified, they may not perform their intended role as effective representations of biodiversity. We use a case study of forest communities dominated by Brown Barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata) in north-eastern New South Wales to demonstrate the value of quantitative floristic survey data for resolving robust and effective classifications of communities. Numerical analyses of an extensive set of floristic data suggested a re-configuration of a prior classification based largely on subjective interpretation. Although the general existence of assemblages dominated by Brown Barrel was confirmed, the new classification replaced three prior units with two assemblages that were more robust and better reflected the overall patterns in species composition. As only one of the two assemblages potentially warranted threatened status, the new classification allows scarce conservation resources to be targeted where they are most needed. The quantitative survey data also enabled a more detailed floristic description of the assemblages and provided a basis for maps of point locations and modelled habitat. These maps identified previously undocumented occurrences of the communities and helped to assess their extent of decline since European settlement. Improving the coverage of quadrat-based floristic sampling is therefore a valuable and cost-effective investment to inform better management of native vegetation and biodiversity. [source] Tongue Sandwiches and Bagel Days: Sex, Food and Mind-Body DualismGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 4 2004Lynne Baxter The substantive content of our paper is that of mind-body dualism, which we explore through food metaphors. However, our primary aim is to use these food metaphors to explore the difficulties in going beyond dualistic thinking. We do this by focusing on dualism as a learnt state of being. Accordingly, and using an analysis of pedagogies of the everyday that takes account of particular communities of practice, we seek to demonstrate the (re)production of dualistic frameworks in organizational life. Our conclusion returns to a political agenda that is concerned to go beyond the inevitable hierarchization implicit in dualistic construction. Here we present the case for the retention of the binary and we indicate the work that now needs to take place if we are interested in developing interpretations that express the fluidity of gendered identities. [source] Sexuality and Safer Sex: The Issues for Lesbians and Bisexual WomenJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 4 2001FAAN, Patricia E. Stevens RN Nursing interventions to help women reduce their risk of contracting HIV must be designed from an in-depth understanding of the complex sociocultural patterns of sexuality in particular communities and among specific subgroups. Objective: In this data collection phase of a community-based HIV prevention project, the objective was to understand HIV risk-taking and HIV risk-reduction activities of lesbians and bisexual women. Design: Qualitative field study. Setting: Data were collected in women's bars and dance clubs and at selected lesbian/bisexual community events in San Francisco. Participants: Interviews were conducted with 1,189 racially diverse, socially and sexually active lesbians and bisexual women. Results: Inductive content analysis produced two themes: realities of sexual behavior and sexual expressions and their meanings. Realities of sexual behavior included an assumption that women who have sex with other women cannot get HIV, a lack of familiarity with HIV prevention strategies, inconsistent practice of safer sex with men and/or women, and the negative effect of alcohol or drug use on safer sex efforts. Sexual expressions and their meaning included trust in monogamy, a sense that safer sex practices detracted from intimacy and eroticism, the difficulty of negotiating sexual behaviors with men or women, and dealing with partner resistance to safer sex practices. Conclusions: Specific recommendations for practice are the need for nurses to understand the range and diversity of women's sexual behaviors, to develop skills in conducting inclusive sexual histories, and to develop a comprehensive approach to sexual health. [source] Manipulating honorifics in the construction of social identities in Japanese television drama1JOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 4 2010Andrew Barke This study examines culturally-based ideologies concerning the use of Japanese honorifics in the construction of social identities through an analysis of dialogues in a Japanese television drama. The study assumes that the underlying or encoded meaning of Japanese honorific forms is social/psychological distance and considers ways in which speakers utilise differences in the encoded meanings of honorifics to construct a variety of social identities, including those that reflect membership within particular communities of practice. It also looks at how implicatures that arise through marked use of honorific forms are used to achieve specific interactional goals such as the expression of (im)politeness and the marking of change in the speaker's attitude toward the addressee/referent. [source] CAN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF TOURISM MAKE US BETTER TRAVELERS?ANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2005ERVE CHAMBERS Although the deliberate study of tourism is still relatively new in anthropology, we have over the past couple of decades managed to accumulate an impressive amount of research and experience. This article asks whether our inquiries can provide us with any practical knowledge regarding how tourism is conducted. While it has proven difficult to generalize the impacts of tourism upon particular communities, I argue here that our present knowledge can help us develop guidelines for responsible tourism that are more realistic than those that are usually offered. The danger for well-meaning travelers is that they are often encouraged to assume that their motives alone place them above those mass travelers who are so easily criticized for their lack of cultural interest or sensitivity. The anthropological approach to tourism described here suggests that we might be better off if we recognize that our intrusions into the places of others are not really all that different. This article provides some "alternative travel tips" aimed at creating more aware travelers. [source] Social capital and health in rural and urban communities in South AustraliaAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 1 2009Anna M. Ziersch Abstract Objective: This paper seeks to compare the relationships between social capital and health for rural and urban residents of South Australia. Methods: Using data from a South Australian telephone survey of 2,013 respondents (1,402 urban and 611 rural), separate path analyses for the rural and urban samples were used to compare the relationships between six social capital measures, six demographic variables, and mental and physical health (measured by the SF-12). Results: Higher levels of networks, civic participation and cohesion were reported in rural areas. Education and income were consistently linked with social capital variables for both rural and urban participants, with those on higher incomes and with higher educational achievement having higher levels of social capital. However, there were also differences between the rural and urban groups in some of the other predictors of social capital variables. Mental health was better among rural participants, but there was no significant difference for physical health. Social capital was associated with good mental health for both urban and rural participants, but with physical health only for urban participants. Higher levels of social capital were significantly associated with better mental health for both urban and rural participants, but with better physical health only for urban participants. Conclusions and implications: The study found that social capital and its relationship to health differed for participants in rural and urban areas, and that there were also differences between the areas in associations with socioeconomic variables. Policies aiming to strengthen social capital in order to promote health need to be designed for specific settings and particular communities within these. 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