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Parameter Combinations (parameter + combination)
Selected AbstractsTesting a model for predicting the timing and location of shallow landslide initiation in soil-mantled landscapesEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 9 2003M. Casadei Abstract The growing availability of digital topographic data and the increased reliability of precipitation forecasts invite modelling efforts to predict the timing and location of shallow landslides in hilly and mountainous areas in order to reduce risk to an ever-expanding human population. Here, we exploit a rare data set to develop and test such a model. In a 1·7 km2 catchment a near-annual aerial photographic coverage records just three single storm events over a 45 year period that produced multiple landslides. Such data enable us to test model performance by running the entire rainfall time series and determine whether just those three storms are correctly detected. To do this, we link a dynamic and spatially distributed shallow subsurface runoff model (similar to TOPMODEL) to an in,nite slope model to predict the spatial distribution of shallow landsliding. The spatial distribution of soil depth, a strong control on local landsliding, is predicted from a process-based model. Because of its common availability, daily rainfall data were used to drive the model. Topographic data were derived from digitized 1 : 24 000 US Geological Survey contour maps. Analysis of the landslides shows that 97 occurred in 1955, 37 in 1982 and ,ve in 1998, although the heaviest rainfall was in 1982. Furthermore, intensity,duration analysis of available daily and hourly rainfall from the closest raingauges does not discriminate those three storms from others that did not generate failures. We explore the question of whether a mechanistic modelling approach is better able to identify landslide-producing storms. Landslide and soil production parameters were ,xed from studies elsewhere. Four hydrologic parameters characterizing the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and underlying bedrock and its decline with depth were ,rst calibrated on the 1955 landslide record. Success was characterized as the most number of actual landslides predicted with the least amount of total area predicted to be unstable. Because landslide area was consistently overpredicted, a threshold catchment area of predicted slope instability was used to de,ne whether a rainstorm was a signi,cant landslide producer. Many combinations of the four hydrological parameters performed equally well for the 1955 event, but only one combination successfully identi,ed the 1982 storm as the only landslide-producing storm during the period 1980,86. Application of this parameter combination to the entire 45 year record successfully identi,ed the three events, but also predicted that two other landslide-producing events should have occurred. This performance is signi,cantly better than the empirical intensity,duration threshold approach, but requires considerable calibration effort. Overprediction of instability, both for storms that produced landslides and for non-producing storms, appears to arise from at least four causes: (1) coarse rainfall data time scale and inability to document short rainfall bursts and predict pressure wave response; (2) absence of local rainfall data; (3) legacy effect of previous landslides; and (4) inaccurate topographic and soil property data. Greater resolution of spatial and rainfall data, as well as topographic data, coupled with systematic documentation of landslides to create time series to test models, should lead to signi,cant improvements in shallow landslides forecasting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Evaluation of a digital camera image applied to PCB inspectionHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 4 2008Bernard C. Jiang Rapid advancement and widespread digital camera applications have made it possible to replace charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras in automatic inspections for industrial applications. However, most digital camera applications using the automatic exposure mode may not be effective in some of the inspection environments. The reflection from a board surface in printed circuit board (PCB) inspections is one such problem area. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of using digital cameras for inspection. The indices used for evaluating digital camera image quality are the perceived image quality, the visual resolution, and the noise. An experiment was designed and conducted to determine the optimal camera parameter combination for attaining the best image quality. The desirability function was used to compare various digital camera parameter settings in considering three image quality indices for selecting the best camera-operating conditions. Based on the developed model and the subjective image quality index, the overall image quality improved 9.4% and 13.86%, respectively. The developed methodology can be used to: (a) determine the digital camera image quality, (b) provide an improved model for determining the automatic exposure setting for digital camera designers, and (c) adjust the digital camera parameters for automatic inspection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Support vector machines-based modelling of seismic liquefaction potentialINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 10 2006Mahesh Pal Abstract This paper investigates the potential of support vector machines (SVM)-based classification approach to assess the liquefaction potential from actual standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) field data. SVMs are based on statistical learning theory and found to work well in comparison to neural networks in several other applications. Both CPT and SPT field data sets is used with SVMs for predicting the occurrence and non-occurrence of liquefaction based on different input parameter combination. With SPT and CPT test data sets, highest accuracy of 96 and 97%, respectively, was achieved with SVMs. This suggests that SVMs can effectively be used to model the complex relationship between different soil parameter and the liquefaction potential. Several other combinations of input variable were used to assess the influence of different input parameters on liquefaction potential. Proposed approach suggest that neither normalized cone resistance value with CPT data nor the calculation of standardized SPT value is required with SPT data. Further, SVMs required few user-defined parameters and provide better performance in comparison to neural network approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Magnetocardiographic Intra-QRS Fragmentation Analysis in the Identification of Patients with Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia after Myocardial InfarctionPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 8 2001PETRI KORHONEN KORHONEN, P., et al.: Magnetocardiographic Intra-QRS Fragmentation Analysis in the Identification of Patients with Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia after Myocardial Infarction. The aim of this study was to investigate if magnetocardiographic (MCG) analysis of cardiac micropotentials within the QRS complex can identity patients prone to ventricular arrhythmias, and to compare it to MCG time-domain, late-field analysis. The study population consisted of 136 patients with remote MI, 53 with and 83 without a history of VT. After averaging and high pass filtering of multichannel MCG signals, time-domain parameters describing the end-QRS activity and fragmentation index M and score S describing the whole QRS complex were computed. Fragmentation and time-domain parameters differed between the VT and control groups: fragmentation index M was 12 ± 3 versus 9 ± 2 (P < 0.001), fragmentation score S was 83 ± 42 versus 56 ± 21 (P < 0.001), and filtered QRS duration was 144 ± 32 versus 114 ± 19 ms (P < 0.001) in VT and control groups, respectively. A combination of fragmentation parameters yielded 87% sensitivity and 61% specificity in VT identification. Corresponding figures for a time-domain parameter combination were 81% and 72%. Sensitivity of time-domain analysis was 88% and specificity was 75% in a subgroup with anterior MI. In multivariate analysis, fragmentation and time-domain analyses discriminated VT patients from controls independently of the extent of coronary artery disease or left ventricular dysfunction. MCG in postinfarction patients reveals pathology associated with propensity to ventricular arrhythmias inside and not only at the end of the QRS complex. MCG seems most accurate in the anterior infarct location. [source] Review article: Basic steps in adapting response surface methodology as mathematical modelling for bioprocess optimisation in the food systemsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2010Titus U. Nwabueze Summary Techniques involving choosing process combinations for optimisation without due consideration for relevant experimental designs is scientifically unreliable and irreproducible. Mathematical modelling, of which response surface methodology (RSM) is one, provides a precise map leading to successful optimisation. This paper identified key process variables, building the model and searching the solution through multivariate regression analysis, interpretation of resulting polynomial equations and response surface/contour plots as basic steps in adapting the central composite design to achieve process optimisation. It also gave information on appropriate RSM software packages and choice of order in RSM model and data economy in reducing the factorial experiments from large number parameter combinations to a far less number without losing any information including quadratic and interaction (if present) effects. It is expected that this paper will afford many food scientists and researchers the opportunity for adapting RSM as a mathematical model for achieving bioprocess optimisation in food systems. [source] Development and clinical application of nucleated red blood cell counting and staging on the automated haematology analyser XE-2100TMINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2003F.-S. Wang Summary We initially developed a new flow cytometric (FCM) reference method for the enumeration and staging of nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) in 1997 [Wang et al., 1998 (XIth International Symposium on Technological Innovations in Laboratory Haematology, Banff, Canada, 1998); Tsuji et al., 1999 (Cytometry, 1999)]. The method used CD45 antibody and propidium iodide staining to separate NRBCs from other cells. Accuracy and precision were enhanced because larger numbers of cells were counted than was possible with the manual method. We also developed a method for automated NRBC counting on a haematology analyser, the XE-2100 (Wang, 1988). NRBC were separated from other cells using a special lysing buffer and a fluorescent dye. The XE-2100 was found to detect peripheral and cord blood NRBC accurately and precisely when compared with cell morphology or FCM control methods. The FCM NRBC staging method was established through the identification of different NRBC populations following the novel staining and lysing method. To evaluate the method further, we sorted samples containing NRBCs using a FACSort and investigated NRBC staging on the Sysmex XE-2100TM based on the cell sorting results. Data were analysed using special software (ida). First, we used the data in various parameter combinations. We then established gates to classify the NRBC populations. Finally, we analysed blood specimens from patients with different types of diseases to explore possible clinical applications. [source] Root defects following air polishingJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2003An in vitro study on the effects of working parameters Abstract Aim: Air-polishing devices (APDs) are highly effective in removing plaque and extrinsic staining. Their application on root surfaces, however, may result in clinically relevant substance removal, limiting the use in patients with periodontitis, where denuded root surfaces are frequently found. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the influence of different working parameters on root damage and to identify those minimizing root damage. Material and methods: Defect depth and defect volume after instrumentation of roots with an APD (Dentsply Prophy-Jet®) using conventional NaHCO3 powder at instrumentation times of 5, 10 and 20 s, combinations of low, medium and high powder and water settings, distances of 2, 4 and 6 mm, and angulations of 45° and 90° were quantified laseroptically. A total of 297 roots were instrumented and parameter combinations were performed in triplicate. The influence of each working parameter on substance loss was determined by multiple regression analysis. Results: Time had the greatest influence on defect volume and depth (,-weights 0.6 and 0.57, respectively), when compared with powder setting (,-weights 0.49 and 0.3) and water setting (,-weights 0.28 and 0.3). Variations in distance affected defect depth (,-weight 0.44), but not volume (,-weight 0.04). No major differences were found at 45° and 90°. Various parameter combinations led to maximal defect depths of 473.5 ± 26.2 µm within 20 s. Conclusion: Root damage varies among combinations of working parameters. Using the APD with the assessed NaHCO3 powder, all parameter combinations led to substantial root damage. Thus, APDs using NaHCO3 may not be safely utilized on exposed root surfaces. Zusammenfassung Wurzeldefekte nach Pulverstrahlpolitur , Eine In-vitro-Untersuchung zur Auswirkung der Arbeitsparameter Hintergrund: Pulverstrahlgeräte sind sehr wirksam in der Entfernung von Plaque und externen Zahnverfärbungen. Die Bearbeitung von Wurzeloberflächen kann aber zu klinisch relevanten Hartsubstanzabträgen führen, die den Einsatz bei Parodontitispatienten einschränken, bei denen häufig entblößte Wurzeloberflächen gefunden werden. Zielsetzung: Untersuchung des Einflusses verschiedener Arbeitsparameter auf die Wurzeloberflächenschädigung mit dem Ziel diese zu reduzieren. Material und Methoden: Defekttiefe und ,volumen wurden nach Instrumentierung der Wurzeloberflächen mit einem Pulverstahlgerät (Dentsply Prophy-Jet®) bei Verwendung von konventionellem NaHCO3 -Pulver bei Bearbeitungszeiten von 5, 10 and 20 Sekunden, Kombinationen von niedrigen, mittleren und hohen Pulver- und Wassereinstellungen, Abständen von 2, 4 und 6 mm sowie Arbeitswinkeln von 45° und 90° laseroptisch quantifiziert. Insgesamt 297 Wurzeln extrahierter Zähne wurden bearbeitet und die Parameterkombinationen dreimal wiederholt. Der Einfluss der Arbeitsparameter auf den Substanzabtrag wurde für jeden Parameter mittels multipler Regressionsanalyse bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Zeit hatte den größten Einfluss auf Defektvolumen und -tiefe (ß-Gewichte 0,6 und 0,57) im Vergleich zur Pulver- (,-Gewichte 0,49 und 0,3) und Wassereinstellung (,-Gewichte 0,28 und 0,3). Veränderungen des Arbeitsabstandes beeinflussten die Defekttiefe (,-Gewicht 0,44), aber nicht das Volumen (,-Gewicht 0,04). Keine wesentlichen Unterschiede wurden zwischen den Arbeitswinkeln 45° und 90° gefunden. Die verschiedenen Parameterkombinationen führten zu maximalen Defekttiefen von 473,5±26,2 ,m innerhalb von 20 s. Schlussfolgerung: Der Substanzabtrag von Wurzeloberflächen unterscheidet sich für die verschiedenen Kombinationen der Arbeitsparameter. Bei Verwendung von Pulverstrahlgeräten mit dem untersuchten NaHCO3 -Pulver führten alle Kombinationen der Arbeitsparameter zu wesentlichen Substanzverlusten. Deshalb können Pulverstrahlgeräte mit NaHCO3 nicht sicher zur Reinigung freiliegender Wurzeloberflächen verwendet werden. Résumé Lésions radiculaires après aéro-polissage- une étude in vitro sur les effets des paramètres de travail. But de l'étude: Les aéro-polisseurs (APDs) sont très efficace pour l'élimination de la plaque et des colorations extrinsèques. Leur application sur les surfaces radiculaires, cependant, peut résulter en l'élimination cliniquement significative de substance ce qui limite leur utilisation chez les patients souffrant de parodontite, chez lesquels on observe fréquemment des dénudations radiculaires C'est pourquoi cette étude se propose de mettre en évidence l'influence des divers paramètres de travail sur les dommages radiculaires et d'identifier ceux qui limiteraient ces dommages. Matériels et Méthodes: La profondeur des lésions et le volume après instrumentation des racines avec un APD (Dentsply Prophy-Jet®) utilisant une poudre classique de NaHCO3 sur des durées d'utilisation de 5, 10 et 20 secondes, avec des combinaisons de réglages d'eau et de poudre bas, moyen et fort, à des distances de 2, 4 et 6 mm, et avec des angulations de 45° et 90° furent quantifiées par laser-optique. 297 racines furent instrumentées et les combinaisons de paramètres furent appliquées trois fois. L'influence de chaque paramètre de travail sur la perte de substance fut déterminée par analyse de régression multiple. Resultats: La durée avait la plus grande influence sur le volume des lésions et sur leurs profondeurs (,-poids 0.6 et 0.57 respectivement), lorsqu'on la comparait avec les réglages de poudre (,-poids 0.49 et 0.3) et d'eau (,-poids 0.28 et 0.3). Les variations de distance affectait les profondeurs des lésions (,-poids 0.44), mais pas le volume (,-poids 0.04). Aucune différence majeure ne put être trouvée entre les angulations. Les diverses combinaisons de paramètre entraînaient des profondeur de défaut maximales de 473.5±26.2 ,m en 20 s. Conclusion: les dommages radiculaires varient selon les combinaisons de paramétres de travail. Lors de l'utilisation de l'APD avec sa poudre de NaHCO3, toutes les combinaisons entraînaient des dommages radiculaires substantiels. Ainsi, les APDs à NaHCO3 ne peuvent pas être utilises en toute sécurité sur les surfaces radiculaires exposées. [source] In vitro evaluation of novel low abrasive air polishing powdersJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2003G. J. Petersilka Abstract Aim of the study: Though efficient in stain and plaque removal, air polishing is highly abrasive on root cementum or dentin even if working parameters are adjusted to minimize damage. As abrasiveness is also influenced by the physical properties of the powders used, the aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of novel low abrasive air polishing powders in vitro. Material and methods: Using four novel air polishing powders (A, B, C and D) and a standard sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) powder, roots of 126 extracted teeth were air polished under standardized conditions at various working parameter combinations (distance: 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm; powder and water setting: low, medium and high) at an angulation of 90° for 20 s. Instrumentation was performed in triplicate; resulting root defects were quantified laser-optically. Results: Mean defect depths after application of powders A, B, C and D were significantly lower than with standard powder (A: 17.9 ± 10.9 µm, B: 48.2 ± 32.7 µm, C: 92.5 ± 57.9 µm, D: 33.9 ± 19.6 µm, NaHCO3: 163.1 ± 71.1 µm) (Kruskal,Wallis test). Among the experimental powders, D was transported most reliably in the air polishing unit and allowed complete removal of disclosed plaque as assessed on freshly extracted teeth. Conclusion: The novel air polishing powder D is of low abrasiveness to root cementum and dentin while being effective in removing dental plaque. Thus, it may be useful for safe and efficient plaque removal on exposed root surfaces. [source] Expression of HSP72 after ELF-EMF exposure in three cell lines,BIOELECTROMAGNETICS, Issue 7 2007Eric Gottwald Abstract It has been reported that magnetic fields with flux densities ranging from µT to mT are able to induce heat shock factor, HSP72 mRNA or heat shock proteins in various cells. In this study we investigated changes in the HSP72 mRNA transcription level in three cell lines (HL-60, H9c2, and Girardi heart cells) and in the intracellular HSP72 protein content in two cell lines (HL-60 and Girardi heart cells) after treatment schemes using electromagnetic fields with a flux density of 2 µT to 4 mT, a frequency of 50 Hz and exposure times from 15 to 30 min. None of the treatments or modalities showed any significant effect on the HSP72 protein level, although HSP72 mRNA could be induced, at least to some extent, with one of the parameter combinations in all cell lines tested. Obviously, HSP72 mRNA transcription and translation are not necessarily coupled in certain cells. This leads to the conclusion that electromagnetic field effects on HSP72 mRNA levels are not indicative for downstream effects unless increased mRNA levels can be correlated with increased HSP72 protein levels as well. Bioelectromagnetics 28:509,518, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Systematic optimization for the evaluation of the microinjection molding parameters of light guide plate with TOPSIS-based Taguchi methodADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Te-Li Su Abstract A back light module is a key product for providing sufficient light source for a liquid crystal display (LCD). The light guide plate (LGP), used to increase the light usage rate, is a key component in the back light module. This study researches the microinjection molding process parameters and the quality performance of the LGP. Its purpose was to develop a combining Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with the Taguchi method. This is to optimize the multiquality performance of the LGP for the injection molding manufacturing process, in which both the LCD and the LGP spontaneously produce the best quality performance for V-cut depth and angle. First, an L18 orthogonal array was planned for the manufacturing parameters that affect the microinjection molding process. These included cooling time, mold temperature, melt temperature, injection speed, injection pressure, packing pressure, packing switching, and packing time. The TOPSIS was used to deal with the single-quality optimization disadvantage of the Taguchi method. Then, the TOPSIS response table was used to obtain the optimized manufacturing parameters combination for a multiresponse process optimization. From the analysis of variance, the significant factors for the quality performance of the LGP could be obtained. In other words, by controlling these factors, it was possible to efficiently control the quality performance of the LGP. Finally, with the five verified experiments, the optimized processing parameters came within a 95% confidence interval. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:54,63, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20181 [source] | ||||||||||||||||