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Paradigm
Kinds of Paradigm Terms modified by Paradigm Selected AbstractsENSURING AUTHENTIC YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DELINQUENCY CASES: CREATING A PARADIGM FOR SPECIALIZED JUVENILE DEFENSE PRACTICEFAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Patricia Puritz In delinquency courts, juvenile defense attorneys are essential for guaranteeing children's due process rights and encouraging their meaningful participation in the proceedings. Yet, indigent defense delivery systems are largely failing youth accused of committing crimes. This article highlights the importance of developing systems that support the highly specialized practice area of juvenile defense. To protect their clients' rights and meet their ethical obligations, juvenile defense attorneys must zealously advocate for their clients' expressed interests and must strategically address the biases and misunderstandings prevalent in delinquency courts. Specifically, defense attorneys must vigorously challenge systemic race, class, and gender injustices; incorporate expert knowledge of youth development into their advocacy; and protect clients' mental health and educational interests. Such holistic representation promotes rehabilitation and reduces recidivism. Because of numerous obstacles that currently impede defense attorneys from engaging in such exemplary practice, systemic reforms are necessary to support high-quality defense representation and, ultimately, ensure that youths' rights are protected. [source] RECONCILIATION AS A PNEUMATOLOGICAL MISSION PARADIGM: SOME PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS BY AN ORTHODOXINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 372 2005Petros Vassiliadis This article underlines the importance of reconciliation and healing in the life and mission of the church. It develops a new theology of mission that is no longer based on the old Christocentric uni-versalism but on a new trinitarian (i.e. pneumatological) understanding of the witness of the church. This is possible nowadays because of the reinforcement of pneumalology into missiologi-cal reflections, which together with the amazing expansion worldwide of the Pentecostal movement, determines the present day Christian mission. The article it based on the assumption that the Holy Spirit in both the biblical and patristic traditions is first and foremost eschatologically- (Acts 2:17ff) and communion- (2 Cor. 13:13) oriented. Since, however, a pneumatological approach of Christian mission cannot be received in the wider Christian constituency unless it is christologically conditioned, the article makes Christology its starting point. It argues that on the basis of Christ's teaching, life and work, the apostles were, and all Christians thereafter are commissioned to proclaim not a set of given reli-gious convict urns, doctrines and moral commands, but the coming kingdom. The message, therefore, is the good news of a new reality of full-scale reconciliation. From the epistemological point of view, the article builds upon the existence of two types of pneumatology in the history of the church. One type is "historical" and is more familiar in the West. It understands the Holy Spirit as fully dependent upon, and being the agent of Christ in order to fulfil the task of mission. The other type is "eschatological", and id more widespread in the East. It understands the Holy Spirit as the source of Christ, and the church in term more of ,coming together', i.e., as the eschatological synaxis of the people of God in hut Kingdom, than of ,going forth'for mission. Taking thu second type of pneumatology one step further, the article argues that mission in the conventional sense is the outcome and not the source of Christian theology. That is why for the Orthodox what constitutes the essence of the church is not her mission but the Eucharist, the divine Liturgy; the mission is the meta-liturgy, the Liturgy after the Liturgy. Nevertheless, reconciliation being the primary precondition of the Eucharist, it also automatically becomes a source of mission. [source] PARADIGM OF CHANGE (YI ?) IN CLASSICAL CHINESE PHILOSOPHY: PART IJOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 4 2009CHUNG-YING CHENG [source] A REVIEW OF GEOLOGICAL DATA THAT CONFLICT WITH THE PARADIGM OF CATAGENIC GENERATION AND MIGRATION OF OILJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 3 2005H. Hugh Wilson The majority of petroleum geologists today agree that the complex problems that surround the origin, generation, migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons can be resolved by accepting the geochemical conclusion that the process originates by catagenic generation in deeply-buried organically-rich source rocks. These limited source rock intervals are believed to expel hydrocarbons when they reach organic maturity in oil kitchens. The expelled oil and gas then follow migration pathways to traps at shallower levels. However, there are major geological obstacles that cast doubt upon this interpretation. The restriction of the source rock to a few organically rich levels in a basin forces the conclusion that the basin plumbing system is leaky and allows secondary horizontal and vertical migration through great thicknesses of consolidated sedimentary rocks in which there are numerous permeability barriers that are known to effectively prevent hydrocarbon escape from traps. The sourcing of lenticular traps points to the enclosing impermeable envelope as the logical origin of the trapped hydrocarbons. The lynch-pin of the catagenic theory of hydrocarbon origin is the expulsion mechanism from deeply-buried consolidated source rock under high confining pressures. This mechanism is not understood and is termed an "enigma". Assuming that expulsion does occur, the pathways taken by the hydrocarbons to waiting traps can be ascertained by computer modelling of the basin. However, subsurface and field geological support for purported migration pathways has yet to be provided. Many oilfield studies have shown that oil and gas are preferentially trapped in synchronous highs that were formed during, or very shortly after, the deposition of the charged reservoir. An unresolved problem is how catagenically generated hydrocarbons, expelled during a long-drawn-out maturation period, can have filled synchronous highs but have avoided later traps along the assumed migration pathways. From many oilfield studies, it has also been shown that the presence of hydrocarbons inhibits diagenesis and compaction of the reservoir rock. This "Füchtbauer effect" points to not only the early charging of clastic and carbonate reservoirs, but also to the development of permeability barriers below the early-formed accumulations. These barriers would prevent later hydrocarbon additions during the supposed extended period of expulsion from an oil kitchen. Early-formed traps that have been sealed diagenetically will retain their charge even if the trap is opened by later structural tilting. Diagenetic traps have been discovered in clastic and carbonate provinces but their recognition as viable exploration targets is discouraged by present-day assumptions of late hydrocarbon generation and a leaky basin plumbing system. Because there are so many geological realities that cast doubt upon the assumptions that devolve from the paradigm of catagenic generation, the alternative concept of early biogenic generation and accumulation of immature oil, with in-reservoir cracking during burial, is again worthy of serious consideration. This concept envisages hydrocarbon generation by bacterial activity in many anoxic environments and the charging of synchronous highs from adjacent sources. The resolution of the fundamental problem of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation, which is critical to exploration strategies, should be sought in the light of a thorough knowledge of the geologic factors involved, rather than by computer modelling which may be guided by questionable geochemical assumptions. [source] A NEW PARADIGM FOR FRESHWATER FRAGILARIOID DIATOM CLASSIFICATION?JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001A CRITIQUE OF LANGE-BERTALOT'S NEW SYSTEM Morales, E. A.1 & Trainor, F. R.2 1Phycology Section, Patrick Center for Environmental Research, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 USA; 2Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043 USA In a recent study of freshwater diatoms from South America (Rumrich et al. 2000), Lange-Bertalot introduced a new paradigm for the classification of fragilarioid diatoms. This new system is antagonistic to that presented by Williams and Round (1987) because Lange-Bertalot recognizes a marked variability in the characters chosen and a supposed overall continuity of morphological features among the genera created by his English counterparts. Lange-Bertalot then proposes a partitioning of Fragilaria into two genera: Fragilaria and Staurosira mainly based on the presence/absence of rimoportulae and areolate girdle bands. The newly defined Fragilaria includes relatively large phytoplankters such as F. capucina and F. crotonensis. In turn, Staurosira includes, for the most part, small periphytic organisms, and contains several new species that were based on varieties of old Fragilaria taxa. This fragmentation of species and their varieties is based on a supposed morphological discontinuity. As a consequence an apparent increase in species diversity has occurred within the fragilarioid group. The present work analyzes Lange-Bertalot's new paradigm and confronts it with recent LM and SEM evidence. The incorporation of concepts such as plasticity, polymorphism, and parallel evolution in current classification systems is also discussed. It is concluded that Lange-Bertalot's system represents a step backward from that of Williams and Round. Some adjustments in the latter scheme could be sufficient to accommodate the diversity of fragilarioids known at present. [source] ROADS TO RECONCILIATION: AN EMERGING PARADIGM OF AFRICAN THEOLOGYMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2010J. J. CARNEY The heart of contemporary African Christian theology is the notion of "reconciliation." Contextualizing this movement, the article begins by surveying the three major theological paradigms,inculturation, liberation, and reconstruction,that shaped post-colonial African theology. Drawing on the writings of Desmond Tutu, John Rucyahana and Emmanuel Katongole and three grassroots reconciliation ministries, I delineate four principles of African reconciliation theology: interdependence, prophetic advocacy, holistic transformation, and alternative Christian community. The article concludes by addressing outstanding challenges of memory, justice, brokenness, and pluralism and considers how the Catholic sacrament of reconciliation could offer further theological resources for the emerging paradigm. [source] Phase and amplitude recovery and diffraction image generation method: structure of Sb/Au(110),,3,×,,3R54.7° from surface X-ray diffractionACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A, Issue 3 2007R. Fung The discovery that the phase problem of diffraction from non-periodic objects may be solved by oversampling the diffraction intensities in reciprocal space with respect to a Nyquist criterion has opened up new vistas for structure determination by diffraction methods. A similar principle may be applied to the problem of surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD), where, owing to the breaking of a crystal periodicity normal to its surface, diffraction data consist of a set of superstructure rods (SRs) due to scattering from the parts of the surface whose structure is different from that of the truncated bulk and of crystal truncation rods (CTRs), formed by interfering contributions from the surface and the bulk. A phase and amplitude recovery and diffraction image generation method (PARADIGM) is described that provides a prescription for finding the unmeasured amplitudes and phases of the surface contributions to the CTRs in addition to the phases of the SRs, directly from the diffraction data. The resulting `diffraction image' is the basis of a determination of the previously unknown multidomain structure of Sb/Au(110),,3,×,,3R54.7°. [source] CHAOS THEORYAS A NEW PARADIGM IN PSYCHOANALYSIS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISCUSSION OF MODELSTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, Issue 2 2002Warren R. Procci First page of article [source] LIQUIDITY AND ASSET PRICING UNDER THE THREE-MOMENT CAPM PARADIGMTHE JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2007Duong Nguyen Abstract We examine whether the use of the three-moment capital asset pricing model can account for liquidity risk. We also make a comparative analysis of a four-factor model based on Fama,French and Pástor,Stambaugh factors versus a model based solely on stock characteristics. Our findings suggest that neither of the models captures the liquidity premium nor do stock characteristics serve as proxies for liquidity. We also find that sensitivities of stock return to fluctuations in market liquidity do not subsume the effect of characteristic liquidity. Furthermore, our empirical findings are robust to differences in market microstructure or trading protocols between NYSE/AMEX and NASDAQ. [source] TOWARDS A PARADIGM OF DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND CO-PRODUCTION OF PERSONAL SOCIAL SERVICES IN SWEDENANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2009Victor Pestoff ABSTRACT:,Many countries in Europe are now searching for new ways to engage citizens and involve the third sector in the provision and governance of social services in order to meet major demographical, political and economic challenges facing the welfare state in the 21st Century. Co-production provides a model for the mix of both public service agents and citizens who contribute to the provision of a public service. Citizen participation involves several different dimensions: economic, social, political and service specific. The extent of citizen participation varies between different providers of welfare services, as too does user and staff influence. Empirical materials from a recent study of childcare in Sweden will be used to illustrate these points. However, the role of citizens and the third sector also varies between countries and social sectors. Third sector providers facilitate citizen participation, while a glass ceiling for participation exists in municipal and for-profit providers. Moreover, co-production takes place in a political context, and can be crowded-in or crowded-out by public policy. These findings can contribute to the development of a new paradigm of participative democracy. [source] HYPOXIA-INDUCED ERYTHROPOIETIN PRODUCTION: A PARADIGM FOR OXYGEN-REGULATED GENE EXPRESSIONCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 10 2006Christian Stockmann SUMMARY 1The mechanisms controlling the expression of the gene encoding for the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) are exemplary for oxygen-regulated gene expression. In humans and other mammals, hypoxia modulates EPO levels by increasing expression of the EPO gene. An association between polycythaemia and people living at high altitudes was first reported more than 100 years ago. 2Since the identification of EPO as the humoral regulator of red blood cell production and the cloning of the EPO gene, considerable progress has been made in understanding the regulation of EPO gene expression. This has finally led to the identification of a widespread cellular oxygen-sensing mechanism. Central to this mechanism is the transcription factor complex hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. 3The abundance and activity of HIF-1, a heterodimer of an ,- and ,-subunit, is predominantly regulated by oxygen-dependent post-translational hydroxylation of the ,-subunit. Non-heme ferrous iron containing hydroxylases use dioxygen and 2-oxoglutarate to specifically target proline and an asparagine residue in HIF-1,. As such, the three prolyl hydroxylases (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein (PHD) 1, PHD2 and PHD3) and the asparagyl hydroxylase (factor inhibiting HIF (FIH)-1) act as cellular oxygen sensors. In addition to erythropoiesis, HIF-1 regulates a broad range of physiologically relevant genes involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, vasomotor control and energy metabolism. Therefore, the HIF system is implicated in the pathophysiology of many human diseases. 4In addition to the tight regulation by oxygen tension, temporal and tissue-specific signals limit expression of the EPO gene primarily to the fetal liver and the adult kidney. [source] THE UNEMPLOYMENT PARADIGMS REVISITED: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF U.S. STATE AND EUROPEAN UNEMPLOYMENTCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 3 2009DIEGO ROMERO-ÁVILA This article tests the main unemployment paradigms for the unemployment rates of the states of the United States and the European Union,15 countries over the past three decades. For that purpose, we employ a state-of-the-art panel stationarity test, which allows for an unknown number of endogenous structural breaks as well as for cross-sectional correlation. Overall, our analysis renders clear-cut evidence in favor of regime-wise stationarity in U.S. state unemployment, while hysteresis in European unemployment. Interestingly, the timing of the breaks broadly coincides with major macroeconomic shocks mainly associated with the oil crises of the 1970s and marked changes in interest rates in the 1980s and early 1990s. Based on our results, we draw some policy prescriptions that point to the need for greater flexibility in the European labor markets. (JEL C23, E24) [source] PARADIGMS BEHIND (AND BEFORE) THE MODERN CONCEPT OF RELIGIONHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2006CATHERINE BELL ABSTRACT This essay identifies five paradigms that are basic to understanding the historical emergence and uses of the generic idea of "religion" in the Christian cultures of Europe and America. The spread of this concept has been sufficiently thorough in recent centuries as to make religion appear to be a "social fact," to use Durkheim's phrase, rather than so many cultural expressions and different social practices. The supremacy of Euro-American culture,and an academy still saturated with Christian ideas,has enjoined other cultures and forms of religiosity to conform to this idea of religion; for these cultures contentment with the status quo can vie with the anxieties of influence, including "modernization." The key paradigms discussed are the following: Christianity as the prototype; religion as the opposite of reason; the modern formulation of "world religions"; the cultural necessity of religion; and critical analysis of the Western "construction" of religion. These paradigms demonstrate the limits on theoretical variety in the field, the difficulty in making real changes in set ways of thinking, and productive foci for interdisciplinary methods of study. [source] ON HARMONY AS TRANSFORMATION: PARADIGMS FROM THE YIJING ????,JOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2009CHUNG-YING CHENG [source] REVISITING ALTERNATIVE THEORETICAL PARADIGMS IN MANUFACTURING STRATEGYPRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2000M. Hsafizadeh Testing and cross-validation of theories and paradigms are necessary to advance the field of manufacturing strategy. When the findings of one study are also obtained in other studies, using entirely different databases, we become more confident in the results. Replication alleviates concerns about spurious results and is one motivation for this study. We examine aspects of the tradeoffs concept, production competence paradigm, and a manufacturing strategy taxonomy framework. In regard to the tradeoffs concept, we found evidence of tradeoffs between some, but certainly not all, manufacturing capabilities of quality, cost, delivery, and customization. The relationships get sharper when controlling for process choice. For example, the tradeoff between cost and customization is particularly strong between plants that have different process choices. We find that such tradeoffs can change, or even disappear, however, once the process choice is in place. With respect to the production competence paradigm, our analysis shows a statistically significant correlation between production competence and operations performance in batch shops, but not in plants with other process choices. Finally, using variables similar to those of Miller and Roth, our data produced three similar clusters even though their unit of analysis was much more macro than ours. Controlling for process choice is consistent with the current manufacturing strategy literature that emphasizes dynamic development of capabilities within the context of path dependencies. A major argument of this strand of research is that operations decisions not only affect current capabilities, but also set the framework for development of capabilities in the future. That being the case, controlling for process choice (or other factors such as industry or markets) should contribute to the understanding of capability-development paths adopted by different manufacturing plants. In short, we found at least partial support for each of the theories examined here, even though the theories seem on the surface to be contradictory and mutually exclusive. Controlling for process choice or other measures of dependency goes a long way in uncovering consistency across different theories and empirical studies in operations management. [source] Mobile Agent Computing Paradigm for Building a Flexible Structural Health Monitoring Sensor NetworkCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2010Bo Chen While sensor network approach is a feasible solution for structural health monitoring, the design of wireless sensor networks presents a number of challenges, such as adaptability and the limited communication bandwidth. To address these challenges, we explore the mobile agent approach to enhance the flexibility and reduce raw data transmission in wireless structural health monitoring sensor networks. An integrated wireless sensor network consisting of a mobile agent-based network middleware and distributed high computational power sensor nodes is developed. These embedded computer-based high computational power sensor nodes include Linux operating system, integrate with open source numerical libraries, and connect to multimodality sensors to support both active and passive sensing. The mobile agent middleware is built on a mobile agent system called Mobile-C. The mobile agent middleware allows a sensor network moving computational programs to the data source. With mobile agent middleware, a sensor network is able to adopt newly developed diagnosis algorithms and make adjustment in response to operational or task changes. The presented mobile agent approach has been validated for structural damage diagnosis using a scaled steel bridge. [source] Cracking the Incremental Paradigm of Japanese CreativityCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2004Tony Proctor This paper points out the differences between incremental and paradigm shift approaches to creativity in management that exists between Japanese and Western schools of thought. A number of examples are used to illustrate how a systematic incremental process that places emphasis on continuous improvement is key to Japanese creativity in management. A framework that captures the cornerstones of Japanese creativity is outlined. The paper concludes by discussing the contribution of this research and outlines a plan for further work. [source] International Trade Theory and Policy: What is Left of the Free Trade Paradigm?DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 6 2005Sunanda Sen Free trade doctrines have been questioned from the angle of their logical validity as well as relevance. Their replacement by New Trade Theories has been matched by important policy moves on strategic trade and industrial policy in advanced countries. These are defended by the advanced nations, both at inter-governmental levels and in multilateral institutions, largely in the interest of big capital in industry and finance. However, the theoretically discarded principles of free trade are still in use to push trade liberalization in developing countries. An uneven power relation between the rich and poor nations of the world has generated this asymmetric combination of policies in the world economy. Neglect of the macroeconomic issues relating to the national as well as the world economy has led these theories and the related policies to ignore the concerns for growth as well as development. [source] Coaxial Aerodynamically Assisted Bio-jets: A Versatile Paradigm for Directly Engineering Living Primary OrganismsENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2007S. Irvine Abstract In this paper, a coaxial jetting methodology is demonstrated as a first example (non-electric field driven) completely run by aerodynamic forces which are brought about by the application of a differential pressure for the safe handling of primary living organisms by means of jets as encapsulated droplets. Previously this jetting technique in this configuration has only been investigated for processing combinations of liquid-liquid and liquid-gas systems. These developmental studies into aerodynamically assisted jets (AAJ) have unearthed a versatile bio-jetting approach referred to here as coaxial aerodynamically assisted bio-jetting (CAABJ). In the current work, this flexible approach is demonstrated to handle two primary cell types for drop-and-placing onto several different substrates. Furthermore, the study assesses cellular viability of the post-treated cells in comparison to controls by way of flow cytometry. These first steps demonstrate the promise this protocol has in exploring the creation of biologically viable structures to form encapsulations of cells which would be useful as a direct tissue engineering to the immuno-hinding methodology in bio-repair and therapeutics. Therefore, these investigations place CAABJ into the cell jetting pursuit together with bio-electrosprays, which will undergo an explosive developmental research. [source] Toward a New Sexual Selection Paradigm: Polyandry, Conflict and Incompatibility (Invited Article)ETHOLOGY, Issue 12 2003Jeanne A. Zeh Darwin's recognition that male,male competition and female choice could favor the evolution of exaggerated male traits detrimental to survival set the stage for more than a century of theoretical and empirical work on sexual selection. While this Darwinian paradigm represents one of the most profound insights in biology, its preoccupation with sexual selection as a directional evolutionary force acting on males has diverted attention away from the selective processes acting on females. Our understanding of female reproduction has been further confounded by discreet female mating tactics that have perpetuated the illusion of the monogamous female and masked the potential for conflict between the sexes. With advances in molecular techniques leading to the discovery that polyandry is a pervasive mating strategy, recognition of these shortcomings has brought the study of sexual selection to its current state of flux. In this paper, we suggest that progress in two key areas is critical to formulation of a more inclusive, sexual selection paradigm that adequately incorporates selection from the female perspective. First, we need to develop a better understanding of male × female and maternal × paternal genome interactions and the role that polyandry plays in providing females with non-additive genetic benefits such as incompatibility avoidance. Consideration of these interaction effects influencing natural selection on females is important because they can complicate and even undermine directional sexual selection on males. Secondly, because antagonistic coevolution maintains a balance between opposing sides that obscures the conflict itself, many more experimental evolution studies and interventionist investigations (e.g. gene knockouts) are needed to tease apart male manipulative adaptations and female counter-adaptations. It seems evident that the divisiveness and controversy that has plagued sexual selection theory since Darwin first proposed the idea has often stalled progress in this important field of evolutionary biology. What is now needed is a more pluralistic and integrative approach that considers natural as well as sexual selection acting on females, incorporates multiple sexual selection mechanisms, and exploits advances in physiology and molecular biology to understand the mechanisms through which males and females achieve reproductive success. [source] The Contribution of Bioenergy to a New Energy ParadigmEUROCHOICES, Issue 3 2005Daniel De La Torre Ugarte Biomass is a widely available resource that is receiving increased consideration as a renewable substitute for fossil fuels. Developed sustainably and used efficiently, it can induce growth in developing countries, reduce oil demand, and address environmental problems. The potential benefits include: reduction of greenhouse gases, recuperation of soil productivity and degraded land, economic benefits from adding value to agricultural activities and improving access to and quality of energy services. The production of bioenergy involves a range of technologies, including solid combustion, gasification, and fermentation. These technologies produce energy from a diverse set of biological resources - traditional crops, crop residues, energy-dedicated crops, dung, and the organic component of urban waste. The results are bioenergy products that provide multiple energy services: cooking fuel, heat, electricity and transportation fuels. It is this very diversity that holds the potential of a win-win-win for the environment, social and economic development. Bioenergy has to be viewed not as a replacement for oil, but as an element of a portfolio of renewable sources of energy. Coherent and mutually supportive environmental and economic policies may be needed to encourage the emergence of a globally dispersed bioenergy industry that will pursue a path of sustainable development. La biomasse est une resource largement répandue, qui commence à retenir l'attention comme substitut renouvelable aux énergies fossiles. En l'utilisant de façon efficace et durable, on peut accélérer la croissance des pays en voie de développement, réduire la demandepour le pétrole et résoudre certains problèmes d'environnement. Au nombre des bénéfices potentiels il faut mettre : la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la reconstitution de la fertilité dessols et des terres dégradées, les avantages économiques liés à l'accroissement de la production agricole et à l'amélioration des services énergétiques, tant en qualité qu'en accessibilité. La production de bioénergie met en oeuvre un large éventail de techniques parmi lesquelles la combustionde produits solides, la gazéification et la fermentation. Elles produisent de l'énergie à partir d'une grande variété de sources biologiques : cultures traditionnelles, résidus de cultures, cultures spécialisées, fumiers et déchets organiques urbains. Les produits bio-énergétiques qui en résultent couvrent une grande variété d'usages : énergie de cuisson, chauffage, électricité et transports. C'est précisément sur cette diversité que repose l'espoir de gains dans toutes les directions, sociales, environnementales et économiques. Il ne faut pas voir la bioénergie comme un simple substitut au pétrole, mais comme un portefeuille de ressources renouvelables. Pour encourager l'émergence d'une industrie bioénergétique largement répandue et susceptible de contribuer au développement durable, il faudra sans doute élaborer des politiques économiques et environnementales cohérentes, capables de se soutenir mutuellement. Bei Biomasse handelt es sich umeine weithin verfügbare Ressource, welche zunehmend als erneuerbarer Ersatz für fossile Brennstoffe in Betracht gezogen wird. Sie kann bei nachhaltiger Entwicklung und effizienter Nutzung zu Wachstum in den Entwicklungsländern führen, die Nachfrage nach Öl senken und dazu beitragen, die Umweltprobleme in den Griff zu bekommen. Zu den potenziellen Nutzen gehÖren: Verringerung der Treibhausgase, Wiederherstellung von Bodenproduktivität sowie von erodiertem Land, wirtschaftlicher Nutzen durch zusätzliche Wertschöpfung aus landwirtschaftlicher Aktivität und besserer Zugang zu und Qualität in der Energieversorgung. Bei der Erzeugungvon Bioenergie kommen eine Reihe von verschiedenen Technologien zur Anwendung, z.B. Verbrennung fester Brennstoffe, Vergasung sowie Gärung. Diese Technologien erzeugen Energie mittels unterschiedlicher biologischer Ressourcen , traditionelle Feldfrüchte und deren Rückstände, spezielle Energiepflanzen, Mist sowie der organische Anteil städtischer Abfälle. Die daraus erzeugte Bioenergie kann zum Kochen, zum Heizen, als Elektrizität oder als Treibstoff genutzt werden. Gerade in dieser Vielfalt liegt der potenzielle Gewinn für die Umwelt und die soziale sowie die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Bioenergie sollte nicht als ein Ersatz für Öl, sondern als Bestandteil des Portfolios erneuerbarer Energiequellen angesehen werden. Kohärente und sich gegenseitig unterstützende ökologische und Ökonomische Politikmaßnahmen könntenerforderlich sein, um die Entstehung einer global verbreiteten Bioenergieindustrie zu begünstigen, welche eine nachhaltige Entwicklung verfolgt. [source] Caloric restriction for longevity: I. Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal researchEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 5 2004Kelly M. Vitousek Abstract The initial article in this series reviews basic findings in the field of caloric restriction for longevity (CRL). To eating disorder specialists, the data are disconcerting. The chronic dieting and subnormal weight we endeavour to prevent and treat in humans appear highly beneficial when imposed on animals. In the laboratory, organisms from nematodes to monkeys thrive when forced to undereat, as long as they receive sufficient micronutrients. The most remarkable results are obtained through the most extreme measures: mice, for example, do best if limited to a third of expected caloric intake, beginning soon after weaning and continuing throughout adulthood. Deprivation can be achieved through an ,anorexic' protocol of steady underconsumption or a ,bulimic' pattern in which periods of fasting alternate with bouts of binge eating. The benefits of such regimens include delayed senescence, postponement and/or attenuation of age-related disease and dramatic increases in average and maximum lifespan. Although some biological functions are impaired (including growth, reproduction and perhaps resistance to certain stressors), the cost/benefit ratio clearly favours CRL when calculated on the basis of physical outcomes in late age. Advocacy of comparable regimens for people, however, is ill-considered. Enthusiasm for CRL can be sustained only by detaching deprivation from the context of daily life, ignoring psychological effects, and dismissing data on human semi-starvation and eating disorders. The experiences of participants in Biosphere 2 and individuals with anorexia nervosa suggest that the price of CRL is unacceptably high when a wider range of outcome variables is examined. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] The "Golden Hour" ParadigmACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 7 2002John M. Tallon MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] The European Judicial Organisation in a New Paradigm: The Influence of Principles of ,New Public Management' on the Organisation of the European CourtsEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 6 2008Elaine Mak Recent reforms regarding the European Courts raise the question in which way do ,new public management' principles influence the European judicial organisation and how is a balance struck between these principles and classic ,rule of law' principles? The article first presents a classification of these types of principles in the framework for discussion regarding the European judicial organisation. Starting out from two paradigms, an inquiry is made into the status of the two sets of principles in the present-day European ,constitutional' framework. Second, the interaction of principles is investigated with regard to a number of current dilemmas, including the demarcation of the judicial domain, the management of the Courts and the distribution of judicial competences. [source] The Next Generation Road Weather Information System: A New Paradigm for Road and Rail Severe Weather Prediction in the UKGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2008John Thornes The use of road weather information systems for the winter maintenance of roads is now widespread around the world. However, road weather forecasts are normally only made available for a limited number of road sensor sites in a region. For example, in Birmingham, UK, there is one forecast site for 26 salting routes. XRWIS is the next generation road weather information system that forecasts for every 20 m along each salting route (typically 50 km long) using a geographical information system, sky-view factor analysis and mesoscale weather forecasts. Treatment requirements for each salting route are then visualised in simple ,traffic-light' style colours. In a recent winter-long trial in Devon, UK, up to 78 salting runs on six salting routes could have been prevented saving up to £80,000 in labour and materials. Other potential applications of XRWIS include the prediction of low rail adhesion in winter, due to ice, frost and snow, and track buckling in summer. [source] More than a Metaphor: The Passing of the Two Worlds Paradigm in German-Language Diasporic LiteratureGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2006Jim Jordan ABSTRACT German-language diasporic literature published during the period from the late 1970s to the early 1990s frequently deploys images, metaphors and motifs depicting the migrant as suspended, trapped or stranded between two worlds. I briefly outline this phenomenon and the criticism it has been subjected to in recently published research, which emphasises the regressive effect which the persistence of this metaphor has had. The passing of the ,two worlds paradigm' marks a transition in the development of diasporic writing, making it an apposite time to achieve an understanding of this paradigm as more than merely an impediment to a more differentiated appreciation of the literature of migration. I therefore explore this paradigm in relation to debates concerning multiculturalism during the 1980s and early 1990s. In conclusion, I examine how a paradigm voluntarily adopted by diasporic writers as representative of their situation at that time has endured to become an outdated characterisation of all migrant writing. [source] The Marriage of Artist Novel and Bildungsroman: Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, A Paradigm in DisguiseGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 1 2006Hellmut Ammerlahn Goethe described the fruitful years from 1794, when he found Schiller's friendship and completed Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, in metaphors of creativity, insight and abundance: ,ein neuer Frühling' and ,ein unaufhaltsames Fortschreiten philosophischer Ausbildung und ästhetischer Tätigkeit'. Yet since the mid-twentieth century what has been called Goethe's ,prototypischer Bildungsroman' and its central concept have come under attack. The more the novel's structure and the symbolism of the hero's relationships to all other characters were disregarded, the more Wilhelm's identity became ambiguous. Since the issue of genre is a major key to understanding the novel, Goethe's poetological and morphological principles are examined to make sense of the ,Masken' the author employs both to hide and to reveal Wilhelm's identity as a creative and self-reflexive poet. The first part of the ,Lehrbrief,' which deals with art and the artist as well as the mature Wilhelm's inheritance of his grandfather's art collection, receive focused attention. The hero's healing process from personal trauma, and his ultimate discovery of the solid foundation for his ,produktive Einbildungskraft' are tied to his poetic ,Doppelgänger', Mignon and the Harpist, and further to Shakespeare's Hamlet, the Tower, the picture of the sick prince, and to Natalie. The new interpretation of these interconnections reveals that with this novel Goethe produced nothing less than the paradigmatic ,Bildungsroman eines Dichters'. In the colourful figures that enter into or leave the hero's life, Goethe symbolises the increasingly demanding challenges his Wilhelm Meister has to confront and comprehend in order to master his vibrant imagination. [source] Ideas, Interests, and Institutions: Challenging the Property Rights Paradigm in BotswanaGOVERNANCE, Issue 4 2003Amy R. Poteete Recent work in international studies and comparative politics scrutinizes the relative importance of ideas, interests, and institutions as sources of policy change. A growing body of scholarship identifies ideas as the main causal factors, influencing perceived interests as well as perceived policy options. Others contend that policies can best be understood as products of institutions. Neither explanation can account for both policy choice by politicians and the implementation strategies of administrators. In Botswana, the use of professional criteria for hiring and advancement encourages adherence to international professional norms within the bureaucracy, but electoral competition gives politicians more reason to be attentive to local political concerns. The institutions that define relations of authority among actors with different motivations shape the outcomes of policy choice and implementation. Institutions influence the attentiveness of policy-makers to ideas when making decisions, the degree of attention particular policy-makers give to ideas from particular sources, and the degree of acceptance that ideas must achieve to affect policy. Better evaluations of political development can be achieved through attentiveness to the mix of actors involved in policy decisions, the diversity of institutions and ideas that affect their policy preferences, and the relations of authority that shape their relative influence over policy choice and implementation. [source] What Are the Unintended Consequences of Changing the Diagnostic Paradigm for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage After Brain Computed Tomography to Computed Tomographic Angiography in Place of Lumbar Puncture?ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 9 2010Jonathan A. Edlow MD First page of article [source] Nanobots: A New Paradigm for Hydrogeologic Characterization?GROUND WATER, Issue 4 2005Warren W. Wood No abstract is available for this article. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||