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Ppm F (ppm + f)
Selected AbstractsEffect on de novo plaque formation of rinsing with toothpaste slurries and water solutions with a high fluoride concentration (5,000 ppm)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2009A. Nordström The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect, on de novo plaque formation, of rinsing with toothpaste slurries and water solutions containing a high concentration of fluoride (F). Sixteen subjects rinsed three times per day for 4 d with dentifrice slurries containing 5,000, 1,500, and 500 ppm F, while 12 subjects rinsed with water solutions containing 5,000, 1,500, 500, and 0 ppm F, and 1.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Plaque was scored [using the Quigley & Hein index (QHI)] after each 4-d period. Plaque samples for F analysis were collected. Significantly less plaque was scored for the dentifrice slurry containing 5,000 ppm F (buccal and all surfaces) and for 1.5% SLS (buccal surfaces). The differences in plaque scores between dentifrice containing 5,000 and 1,500 ppm F were 19% for all surfaces and 33% for buccal surfaces. The difference between the water solutions containing 1.5% SLS and 1,500 ppm F for buccal surfaces was 23%; the corresponding difference for 5,000 ppm F was 17%. The dentifrice slurry containing 5,000 ppm F accumulated 56% more F in plaque. The combination of high levels of F and SLS in dentifrice reduces de novo plaque formation and increases the accumulation of F in plaque after 4 d. [source] Tin-containing fluoride solutions as anti-erosive agents in enamel: an in vitro tin-uptake, tissue-loss, and scanning electron micrograph studyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2009Nadine Schlueter Tin-containing fluoride solutions can reduce erosive tissue loss, but the effects of the reaction between tin and enamel are still not clear. During a 10-d period, enamel specimens were cyclically demineralized (0.05 M citric acid, pH 2.3, 6 × 5 min d,1) and remineralized (between the demineralization cycles and overnight). In the negative-control group, no further treatment was performed. Three groups were treated (2 × 2 min d,1) with tin-containing fluoride solutions (400, 1,400 or 2,100 ppm Sn2+, all 1,500 ppm F,, pH 4.5). Three additional groups were treated with test solutions twice daily, but without demineralization. Tissue loss was determined profilometrically. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to measure the tin content on and within three layers (10 ,m each) beneath the surface. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was conducted. All test preparations significantly reduced tissue loss. Deposition of tin on surfaces was higher without erosion than with erosion, but no incorporation of tin into enamel was found without demineralization. Under erosive conditions, both highly concentrated solutions led to the incorporation of tin up to a depth of 20 ,m; the less-concentrated solution led to small amounts of tin in the outer 10 ,m. The efficacy of tin-containing solutions seems to depend mainly on the incorporation of tin into enamel. [source] R1 Effect of brushing on dental erosionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 2006A. Z. ABDULLAH Objectives:, To compare the effect of brushing versus dipping using three different concentrations of fluoridated toothpastes on enamel erosion in vitro using surface profilometry. Methods:, In a randomised, blinded experiment six groups of seven enamel slabs each were cut and mounted into resin blocks, ground and checked for surface flatness using a scanning profilometer (Scantron Proscan 2000). Each slabs' surface was covered with nail varnish except for a small window (1 x 2 mm). Each group was immersed under static conditions for 2 minutes, five times daily in fresh 200 ml aliquots of citric acid 0.3% (pH = 3.6). In addition, three groups were immersed in three different fluoridated toothpastes (0 ppm F, 1100 ppm F, or 1450 ppm F) twice daily morning and evening for 2 minutes each time. The other three groups were brushed using the same toothpastes twice daily for 2 minutes each time. The total cycling period lasted 16 days during which the slabs were incubated overnight and between erosive challenges in artificial saliva at 37oC. A 60-minute gap was left between daytime immersions. Before and after dipping in the erosive solutions the slabs were rinsed with de-ionised water. After the cycling period, the slabs were analysed with the scanning profilometer to measure the amount of surface loss at day 4, 8, 12, and 16. Results:, Surface loss ± SD of enamel at day 16 caused by citric acid combined with dipping using non-fluoridated toothpaste was 61.19 ± 8.50 ,m, 1100 ppm F was 43.44 ± 10.94 ,m or 1450 ppm F was 34.98 ± 4.29 ,m. Surface Loss ± SD of enamel at day 16 caused by citric acid combined with brushing using 0 ppm F, 1100 ppm F, or 1450 ppm F toothpastes was 75.62 ±10.64, 63.51 ± 5.27 and 48.94 ± 13.67 ,m, respectively. Conclusion:, Enamel erosion was increased significantly (CI 95%) using brushing with toothpastes compared to dipping. In addition, enamel erosion showed a dose-response to fluoridated toothpastes. Acknowledgment:, This project was supported by GlaxoSmithKline. [source] Skeletal Fluorosis From Instant Tea,,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2008Michael P Whyte MD Abstract Introduction: Skeletal fluorosis (SF) can result from prolonged consumption of well water with >4 ppm fluoride ion (F,; i.e., >4 mg/liter). Black and green teas can contain significant amounts of F,. In 2005, SF caused by drinking 1,2 gallons of double-strength instant tea daily throughout adult life was reported in a 52-yr-old woman. Materials and Methods: A 49-yr-old woman developed widespread musculoskeletal pains, considered fibromyalgia, in her mid-30s. Additionally, she had unexplained, increasing, axial osteosclerosis. She reported drinking 2 gallons of instant tea each day since 12 yr of age. Fluoxetine had been taken intermittently for 5 yr. Ion-selective electrode methodology quantitated F, in her blood, urine, fingernail and toenail clippings, tap water, and beverage. Results: Radiographs showed marked uniform osteosclerosis involving the axial skeleton without calcification of the paraspinal, intraspinal, sacrotuberous, or iliolumbar ligaments. Minimal bone excrescences affected ligamentous attachments in her forearms and tibias. DXA Z-scores were +10.3 in the lumbar spine and +2.8 in the total hip. Her serum F, level was 120 ,g/liter (reference range, 20,80 ,g/liter), and a 24-h urine collection contained 18 mg F,/g creatinine (reference value, <3). Fingernail and toenail clippings showed 3.50 and 5.58 mg F,/kg (control means, 1.61 and 2.02, respectively; ps < 0.001). The instant tea beverage, prepared as usual extra strength using tap water with ,1.2 ppm F,, contained 5.8 ppm F,. Therefore, the tea powder contributed ,35 mg of the 44 mg daily F, exposure from her beverage. Fluoxetine provided at most 3.3 mg of F, daily. Conclusions: SF from habitual consumption of large volumes of extra strength instant tea calls for recognition and better understanding of a skeletal safety limit for this modern preparation of the world's most popular beverage. [source] Total fluoride intake in children aged 22,35 months in four Colombian citiesCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Ángela M. Franco Abstract , Objective: To obtain information on the level of total fluoride intake from food, beverages and toothpaste by children at the age of 22,25 months of low and high socioeconomic status (SES) in major Colombian cities. Methods:, Daily fluoride intake was assessed by the duplicate plate method and by recovered toothpaste solution during a 3-day period and afterwards analysed by the microdiffusion method. Results:, Mean daily fluoride intake was 0.11 (±0.10), 0.14 (±0.12), 0.10 (±0.07) and 0.07 (±0.06) mg/kg body weight (bw)/day in Bogotá, Medellín, Manizales and Cartagena, respectively. The total fluoride intake was higher in low-SES subjects in the cities of Medellín and Bogotá. In the high-SES children of the four cities, the average intakes ranged from 0.06 to 0.09 mg F/kg bw, whereas, the low-SES children in three cities had intakes between 0.11 and 0.21 mg F/kg bw (Cartagena, 0.07). Toothpaste (containing 1000,1500 ppm F, with 1500 ppm F being more common) accounted for approximately 70% of total fluoride intake, followed by food (24%) and beverages (<6%). More than half the children had their teeth brushed by an adult, on average twice a day, using 0.22,0.65 g of toothpaste. Conclusion:, Children from three Colombian cities have a mean total daily fluoride intake above the ,optimal range'. Health authorities should promote an appropriate use of fluoridated dentifrices discouraging the use of dentifrices containing 1500 ppm F in children younger than 6 years of age and promoting a campaign of education of parents and oral health professionals on adequate toothbrushing practices. [source] Relationship between area deprivation and the anticaries benefit of an oral health programme providing free fluoride toothpaste to young childrenCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004R. P. Ellwood Abstract , Objective:,To determine the effectiveness of providing free toothpaste containing either 1450 or 440 ppm F on caries experience in 5-year-old children living in areas with different levels of material deprivation. Design:, Five-year, examiner-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, clinical trial. Children were randomly assigned to three groups. Setting:, Health Districts in the north-west of England with high levels of dental caries. Clinical examinations were performed in schools during the period October 1999 to April 2000 when the children were 5,6 years old. Participants:, Children from 3-month birth cohorts resident in nine, nonfluoridated health districts. Interventions:, Toothpaste containing either 440 or 1450 ppm F and dental health literature posted at 3-month intervals and toothbrush provided annually from the age of 1,5 years. Comparison group received no intervention. Main outcome measures:, Mean dmft and proportion of participants with dmft > 0, dmft , 4, upper primary incisor caries and extraction of one or more primary teeth. Outcomes tabulated for quartiles of participants based on the distribution of the Townsend index of material deprivation. Results:, A total of 3467 children were included in the final data analysis. The Townsend index was found to be useful in identifying groups of children with increased caries risk. Overall, participants in the programme using the high-fluoride toothpaste had significantly (P < 0.002) less caries than the comparison group with similar absolute reductions in mean dmft for the most- and least-deprived groups. Relative to the comparison group the association between deprivation and dental caries was changed so that in the most-deprived quartile those using the low-fluoride toothpaste tended to have less dental caries than the comparison group whereas in the least deprived they tended to have more. This difference in the association (slope) was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Provision of both low- and high-fluoride toothpaste appeared to reduce the risk of extractions for participants in the most-deprived quartile (P < 0.05). Conclusion:, The relative benefits of the programmes supplying the two toothpastes considered in this study are different depending on the deprivation status of the participants. For the most-deprived groups postal provision of either a low- or high-fluoride toothpaste provides similar levels of benefit. In the less deprived groups only provision of the high-fluoride toothpaste provided a benefit. The absolute caries reduction seen for provision of the high-fluoride toothpaste was not related to the deprivation status and hence the programme did not reduce deprivation-related health inequalities. Targeting the programme using the methods employed in this study is unlikely to improve the effectiveness of the programme. [source] | ||||||||||