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Overlapping Areas (overlapping + area)
Selected AbstractsBootstrap methods for assessing the performance of near-infrared pattern classification techniquesJOURNAL OF CHEMOMETRICS, Issue 5 2002Brandye M. Smith Abstract Two parametric bootstrap techniques were applied to near-infrared (NIR) pattern classification models for two classes of microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel® PH101 and PH102, which differ only in particle size. The development of pattern classification models for similar substances is difficult, since their characteristic clusters overlap. Bootstrapping was used to enlarge small test sets for a better approximation of the overlapping area of these nearly identical substances, consequently resulting in better estimates of misclassification rates. A bootstrap that resampled the residuals, referred to as the outside model space bootstrap in this paper, and a novel bootstrap that resampled principal component scores, referred to as the inside model space bootstrap, were studied. A comparison revealed that classification rates for both bootstrap techniques were similar to the original test set classification rates. The bootstrap method developed in this study, which resampled the principal component scores, was more effective for estimating misclassification volumes than the residual-resampling method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Sympatric spawning of Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla japonica in the western North Pacific OceanJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 9 2009M. Kuroki Extensive collections were made of the larvae of the temperate Japanese eel Anguilla japonica and the tropical giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata in an overlapping area of the North Equatorial Current region of the western North Pacific Ocean. Collections of 189 A. marmorata and > 2500 A. japonica larvae during nine surveys from 1991 to 2007 showed that these two anguillid eels have similar spawning areas just west of the southern West Mariana Ridge. In July to August 2006 and August 2007, morphologically and genetically identified A. marmorata preleptocephali were mainly collected between 14·5,15° N and 142,142·5° E, where A. japonica preleptocephali were also caught in some of the same net tows. Fewer A. marmorata preleptocephali, however, were collected (n = 31) compared to those of A. japonica (n = c. 165), and fewer small larvae of A. marmorata were collected per tow than A. japonica (n = 1,10 and 1,294, respectively), suggesting relatively smaller spawning aggregations of A. marmorata. The distribution of preleptocephali and small larvae was wider in longitude in A. marmorata (131, 143° E) than in A. japonica (137,143° E), while the latitudinal range was almost the same (12,17° N). Although spawning by these two species overlaps both spatially and temporally, the tropical eels of the North Pacific population of A. marmorata probably have a much longer spawning season with fewer spawners, at least in summer, and recruit to a much wider latitudinal range of growth habitats. [source] Design and Implementation of a Multicenter Trial of Vitamin E in Aging Individuals with Down SyndromeJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2005Paul S. Aisen Abstract, Older individuals with Down syndrome have an extremely high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of AD, and the development of effective therapies for individuals with sporadic AD, have raised the possibility that aging Down syndrome individuals may benefit from therapy directed against AD. As no prior large clinical trials had been conducted with this population, the authors launched "A Multicenter Trial of Vitamin E in Aging Individuals with Down Syndrome." The authors describe how they assembled an international group of investigators to develop the infrastructure and methodology for studying the efficacy of therapeutic interventions aimed at slowing the process of AD in Down syndrome. The process of designing and implementing the trial drew together clinical scientists and clinicians from two distinct but overlapping areas: researchers in the areas of Down syndrome and AD therapeutics. The authors review the issues considered and decisions made regarding various aspects of the trial design. [source] Morphofunctional patterns in Neotropical felids: species co-existence and historical assemblyBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 3 2010MIRIAM M. MORALES Extant felids are morphologically homogeneous, probably as a result of recent radiation and constraints from their predatory specializations. The Neotropical assemblage comprises 12 of the 41 extant felid species, which occupy all habitats available, with many species coexisting locally. We studied this assemblage on the basis of 31 craniodental variables reflecting morphofunctional variation, measured from 229 specimens representing all 12 species. Multivariate patterns were summarized allowing for phylogenetic covariation. Additional factors (geographical distribution, use of habitat and stratum, and activity pattern) were coded for each species. As expected, body size accounted for most variation, covarying with membership to three deep clades and, to a lesser extent, with large-scale geographic variation. The species tend to segregate in morphospace plus one or more factors (e.g. habits) that make interspecific overlap in niche space minimal. Using dated phylogenies, biogeographic history, and the fossil record, we reconstructed the historical assembly of the Neotropical felid guild. We found a pattern of successive invasions and speciation in which new lineages occupied previously vacant areas of morphospace, or new species occupied overlapping areas but with contrasting habits. This may be general among antagonistic species of historically structured guilds, and we predict similar patterns in other continents. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 711,724. [source] General principles regarding the use of adult stem cellsCELL PROLIFERATION, Issue 2008I. Carrasco de Paula In the vast world of scientific investigation, few disciplines can boast of having realized documents of such ethical rigour, and respect for the integrity and intrinsic value of the human person has been one of the cardinal principles of the researcher. Research is intrinsic to the medical profession; the reward of research is knowledge and its techniques are ordered towards maintenance of human health. Since this end concerns human beings, it demands an extremely rigorous ethical approach. Ethical aspects are present from the first moments of the experimental project and occur on three levels: choice of the objectives, selection and use of the appropriate means for the study, and application of resultant new discoveries. Today, our moral attention cannot be reduced to a cost,benefit analysis. Biomedical sciences and medicine have overlapping areas of interest that can be sources of tension: the good of the subject versus scientific utility; profit versus complexity of research; liberty versus ethical and juridical bonds; the public versus the private; and the individual versus the community. Here, I attempt to formulate some essential principles that should guarantee humane measures for research on humans. [source] | ||||||||||