Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Outcome Expectations (outcome + expectation)
Selected AbstractsPatient-based evaluations of primary care for cardiovascular diseases: a comparison between conventional and complementary medicineJOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2008Klazien Matter-Walstra PhD Abstract Background, Patients with chronic diseases, including cardiovascular conditions, increasingly rely on complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies. Objectives, The Swiss Program for Complementary Medicine Evaluation offers a unique opportunity to analyse cardiovascular patients' satisfaction with CAM and conventional medical (COM) therapies. The treatment choices of doctors certified in conventional as well as complementary therapies also could be studied. Methods, A national observational evaluation on treatment satisfaction of patients consulting COM or CAM doctors. Out of this evaluation project, data related to patients with cardiovascular diseases were specifically analysed for patient satisfaction with treatment and outcome when treated by COM or CAM doctors. Results, Of 199 included doctors (78 COM, 121 CAM) treating cardiovascular patients, COM doctors treated twice as many cardiovascular patients per doctor than CAM doctors. CAM doctors treated less than 1/3 of their cardiovascular patients solely by CAM, while they treated 42% exclusively by COM therapies. Patients seeing a CAM doctor had a significantly longer consultation and were more likely to be highly satisfied with overall treatment outcome and patient-practitioner communication. Moreover, patients seeing a CAM doctor and being treated solely by a CAM therapy more often report ,complete fulfilment of outcome expectation' and ,high overall satisfaction with treatment', although their symptoms less often disappear totally than those of COM therapy-treated patients. Conclusion, CAM therapies are not the first treatment choice for cardiovascular diseases. However, even though CAM doctors preferentially apply COM therapies, cardiovascular patients treated by CAM doctors are more likely to be satisfied with the overall treatment outcome, possibly because of the longer and better patient,practitioner interaction. [source] A match,mismatch test of a stage model of behaviour change in tobacco smokingADDICTION, Issue 7 2006Arie Dijkstra ABSTRACT Aims An innovation offered by stage models of behaviour change is that of stage-matched interventions. Match,mismatch studies are the primary test of this idea but also the primary test of the validity of stage models. This study aimed at conducting such a test among tobacco smokers using the Social Cognitive Stage Model. Design A match,mismatch field-experiment was conducted in which smokers and ex-smokers in different stages were assigned randomly to one of three information conditions. Participants Smokers in the pre-contemplation stage, the contemplation stage and the preparation stage, and ex-smokers in the action stage (n = 481), who were recruited through mass media, were assigned randomly to one of three information conditions. Intervention In each of the three information conditions, participants received a four- to six-page computer-tailored letter designed to: (1) increase the positive outcome expectations of quitting, (2) decrease the negative outcome expectations of quitting or (3) increase self-efficacy. Measurements Forward stage transition was the primary outcome measure, which was assessed 2 months after the participants received the information. Findings At the 2-month follow-up, the matched interventions were significantly more effective in stimulating forward stage transition (44.7%) than were mismatched interventions (25.8%; odds ratio = 2.78; confidence interval = 1.85,4.35). Conclusion The present study provides experimental support for the benefits of stage-matching and for the validity of the Social Cognitive Stage Model. [source] A socio-cognitive interpretation of the potential effects of downsizing on software quality performanceINFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Paul J. Ambrose Abstract Organizational downsizing research indicates that downsizing does not always realize its strategic intent and may, in fact, have a detrimental impact on organizational performance. In this paper, we extend the notion that downsizing negatively impacts performance and argue that organizational downsizing can potentially be detrimental to software quality performance. Using social cognitive theory (SCT), we primarily interpret the negative impacts of downsizing on software quality performance by arguing that downsizing results in a realignment of social networks (environmental factors), thereby affecting the self-efficacy and outcome expectations of a software professional (personal factors), which, in turn, affect software quality performance (outcome of behaviour undertaken). We synthesize relevant literature from the software quality, SCT and downsizing research streams and develop a conceptual model. Two major impacts of downsizing are hypothesized in the conceptual model. First, downsizing destroys formal and informal social networks in organizations, which, in turn, negatively impacts software developers' self-efficacy and outcome expectations through their antecedents, with consequent negative impacts on software development process efficiency and software product quality, the two major components of software quality performance. Second, downsizing negatively affects antecedents of software development process efficiency, namely top management leadership, management infrastructure sophistication, process management efficacy and stakeholder participation with consequent negative impacts on software quality performance. This theoretically grounded discourse can help demonstrate how organizational downsizing can potentially impact software quality performance through key intervening constructs. We also discuss how downsizing and other intervening constructs can be managed to mitigate the negative impacts of downsizing on software quality performance. [source] Path analysis of efficacy expectations and exercise behaviour in older adultsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 6 2000Barbara Resnick PhD CRNP Path analysis of efficacy expectations and exercise behaviour in older adults The benefits of regular exercise for older adults are well documented and include improvements in physical, functional, as well as psychological, health. The purpose of this descriptive study was to test a theoretically and empirically based model describing the factors that influence exercise behaviour of older adults in the United States of America. The hypothesized model suggested that age, gender, and mental and physical health have an effect on self-efficacy and outcome expectations, and that all these variables influence exercise behaviour. Exercise behaviour was hypothesized to have a reciprocal relationship with self-efficacy expectations and mental and physical health. The convenience sample was 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community (CCRC) in Baltimore, Maryland. A one-time health interview was conducted which included a measure of self-efficacy and outcome expectations related to exercise, a measure of health status (SF-12), and gathering of information from participants about their actual exercise behaviour. Of the 187, 71 (38%) reported participating in 20 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise at least three times per week over the previous 3 months. Six hypothesized paths were significant. The model fitted the data and accounted for 32% of the variance in exercise behaviour. Interventions that focus on strengthening self-efficacy and outcome expectations can improve exercise behaviour in older adults. [source] Social Cognitive Reactions to Considering Participation in Weight-Management InterventionsJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Shaelyn M. Strachan This study investigated social cognitive reactions and individual-difference factors associated with selecting a traditional diet intervention (TDI) and a nondiet (NDI) intervention. Participants read balanced descriptions of typical TDI and NDI interventions, and subsequently completed a questionnaire assessing selection of intervention, self-efficacy (SE), and outcome expectations (OE) for each approach; body image (BI); and demographics. MANOVA procedures revealed that selection of intervention moderated ratings of SE and OE for each intervention. In addition, MANOVA procedures revealed a 3-way interaction between intervention selection, intervention rating, and weight status. A MANOVA also revealed that selection groups differed on the overweight preoccupation subscale of the BI measure. Social cognitions and aspects of body image may provide useful information about readiness for weight-management approaches. [source] Adherence to a daily flossing regimen in university students: effects of planning when, where, how and what to do in the face of barriersJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 9 2006Benjamin Schüz Abstract: Objectives: Regular (daily) dental flossing is recommended for preventing oral diseases, but adherence is unsatisfactory. Social cognitive theory (SCT) specifies determinants of dental flossing: Cognitions about risk, positive and negative outcome expectations and the perceived ability to perform behaviour predict motivation, which in turn predicts behaviour. Recent research suggests that motivation alone may not suffice to predict behaviour, and proposes if-then-planning. This study aims to predict flossing adherence from social cognitive variables and planning. Material and Methods: Questionnaire data from 157 non-dental university students on flossing, SCT variables and planning were gathered at three measurement points over 6 weeks. Residual floss was used to validate behaviour self-reports. Results: Social cognitive variables and planning correlated significantly with flossing at all times. Discriminant function analysis suggests that after controlling for Time 1 flossing, planning Time 2 (Wilk's ,=0.77; p<0.01) is more important in discriminating between adherent and non-adherent participants at Time 3 than Time 1 social cognitive measures. Regression analyses confirmed this result with planning as only predictor of flossing change (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest targeting planning in interventions to increase compliance with flossing recommendations. Implications for such interventions are discussed. [source] Encouraging Consensus-Challenging Research in Universities*JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 8 2006Jeffery S. McMullen abstract Drawing from self-efficacy theory and transcriptions of in-depth interviews, we construct a conjoint experiment that we then administer to 54 tenure-tracked assistant professors from two Research-I universities in the United States. Findings from their 1728 nested decisions show that the administrative effectiveness of outcome expectations and time constraints in encouraging highly uncertain, consensus-challenging research depends on the research self-efficacy of scholars. As expected, we find that increases in anticipated credit are more effective at encouraging consensus-challenging research when scholars perceive themselves to be highly competent in the line of research being pursued. Surprisingly, however, we also find that increases in both blame and time pressures are more discouraging of consensus-challenging research when scholars perceive themselves to be highly competent in a research area. We conclude by discussing the findings and their implications for research and practice. [source] Connecting high school physics experiences, outcome expectations, physics identity, and physics career choice: A gender studyJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 8 2010Zahra Hazari Abstract This study explores how students' physics identities are shaped by their experiences in high school physics classes and by their career outcome expectations. The theoretical framework focuses on physics identity and includes the dimensions of student performance, competence, recognition by others, and interest. Drawing data from the Persistence Research in Science and Engineering (PRiSE) project, which surveyed college English students nationally about their backgrounds, high school science experiences, and science attitudes, the study uses multiple regression to examine the responses of 3,829 students from 34 randomly selected US colleges/universities. Confirming the salience of the identity dimension for young persons' occupational plans, the measure for students' physics identity used in this study was found to strongly predict their intended choice of a physics career. Physics identity, in turn, was found to correlate positively with a desire for an intrinsically fulfilling career and negatively with a desire for personal/family time and opportunities to work with others. Physics identity was also positively predicted by several high school physics characteristics/experiences such as a focus on conceptual understanding, real-world/contextual connections, students answering questions or making comments, students teaching classmates, and having an encouraging teacher. Even though equally beneficial for both genders, females reported experiencing a conceptual focus and real-world/contextual connections less frequently. The explicit discussion of under-representation of women in science was positively related to physics identity for female students but had no impact for male students. Surprisingly, several experiences that were hypothesized to be important for females' physics identity were found to be non-significant including having female scientist guest speakers, discussion of women scientists' work, and the frequency of group work. This study exemplifies a useful theoretical framework based on identity, which can be employed to further examine persistence in science, and illustrates possible avenues for change in high school physics teaching. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 978,1003, 2010 [source] How and why do college students use Wikipedia?JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 11 2009Sook Lim The purposes of this study were to explore college students' perceptions, uses of, and motivations for using Wikipedia, and to understand their information behavior concerning Wikipedia based on social cognitive theory (SCT). A Web survey was used to collect data in the spring of 2008. The study sample consisted of students from an introductory undergraduate course at a large public university in the midwestern United States. A total of 134 students participated in the study, resulting in a 32.8% response rate. The major findings of the study include the following: Approximately one-third of the students reported using Wikipedia for academic purposes. The students tended to use Wikipedia for quickly checking facts and finding background information. They had positive past experiences with Wikipedia; however, interestingly, their perceptions of its information quality were not correspondingly high. The level of their confidence in evaluating Wikipedia's information quality was, at most, moderate. Respondents' past experience with Wikipedia, their positive emotional state, their disposition to believe information in Wikipedia, and information utility were positively related to their outcome expectations of Wikipedia. However, among the factors affecting outcome expectations, only information utility and respondents' positive emotions toward Wikipedia were related to their use of it. Further, when all of the independent variables, including the mediator, outcome expectations, were considered, only the variable information utility was related to Wikipedia use, which may imply a limited applicability of SCT to understanding Wikipedia use. However, more empirical evidence is needed to determine the applicability of this theory to Wikipedia use. Finally, this study supports the knowledge value of Wikipedia (Fallis, 2008), despite students' cautious attitudes toward Wikipedia. The study suggests that educators and librarians need to provide better guidelines for using Wikipedia, rather than prohibiting Wikipedia use altogether. [source] International partnerships: A game theory perspectiveNEW DIRECTIONS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, Issue 150 2010Yiyun Jie This chapter illustrates how shared and divergent partner motivations and outcome expectations in a Sino-U.S. cross-border higher education program have created synergy, but also challenged the implementation of a partnership. [source] Predicting physical activity and outcome expectations in cancer survivors: an application of Self-Determination TheoryPSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 7 2006Philip M. Wilson Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of autonomous and controlled motives drawn from Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. Plenum Press: New York, 1985; Handbook of Self-determination Research. University of Rochester Press: New York, 2002) towards predicting physical activity behaviours and outcome expectations in adult cancer survivors. Participants were cancer-survivors (N=220) and a non-cancer comparison cohort (N=220) who completed an adapted version of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire modified for physical activity behaviour (TSRQ-PA), an assessment of the number of minutes engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) weekly, and the anticipated outcomes expected from regular physical activity (OE). Simultaneous multiple regression analyses indicated that autonomous motives was the dominant predictor of OEs across both cancer and non-cancer cohorts (R2adj=0.29,0.43), while MVPA was predicted by autonomous (,'s ranged from 0.21 to 0.34) and controlled (,'s ranged from ,0.04 to ,0.23) motives after controlling for demographic considerations. Cancer status (cancer versus no cancer) did not moderate the motivation,physical activity relationship. Collectively, these findings suggest that the distinction between autonomous and controlled motives is useful and compliments a growing body of evidence supporting SDT as a framework for understanding motivational processes in physical activity contexts with cancer survivors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Exercise Adoption Among Older, Low-Income Women at Risk for Cardiovascular DiseasePUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, Issue 1 2010Laura M. Hays ABSTRACT Using an expanded Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) model, we hypothesized that self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and exercise self-definition would predict exercise adoption. This secondary analysis examined data from a prospective single-group study of low-income women who received a physician screen and referral to a community-based, free exercise program. The sample included 190 older, low-income women with a mean age of 64 years, the majority of whom were African American (66%) and had at least one cardiovascular risk factor (92%). Baseline values of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and exercise self-definition were measured using instruments developed for the study. Exercise adoption was defined as the number of exercise sessions completed over 8 weeks. Our hypothesis was tested using hierarchical multiple regression. The mean number of exercise sessions completed over the 8-week period was 5.7 out of a recommended 24. Value of Exercise scores, a subscale of the Exercise Self-Definition scale, predicted exercise adoption. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations were not predictive. The significance of Value of Exercise scores reinforces the importance of expanding SCT with additional variables such as exercise self-definition. Future work should emphasize the social and environmental factors that form an important part of SCT. [source] Testing a model of exercise behavior in older adultsRESEARCH IN NURSING & HEALTH, Issue 2 2001Barbara Resnick Abstract The purpose of this study was to test a model of exercise behavior in older adults. It was hypothesized that (a) mental and physical health directly influence self-efficacy expectations; (b) mental and physical health, age, and self-efficacy expectations influence outcome expectations; and (c) all these variables directly and/or indirectly influence exercise behavior. The sample was composed of 175 older adults living in a continuing-care retirement community, each of whom was interviewed once. Seven of the 10 hypothesized paths were significant. Physical health, self-efficacy expectations, and outcome expectations directly influenced exercise behavior, and age and mental health indirectly influenced exercise through self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations. Combined these variables accounted for 30% of the variance in exercise behavior. To improve exercise behavior in older adults, health care providers should focus on developing interventions to strengthen self-efficacy and outcome expectations related to exercise. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 83,92, 2001 [source] Intervention Effects on Cognitive Antecedents of Physical Exercise: A 1-Year Follow-Up StudyAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: HEALTH AND WELL-BEING, Issue 2 2009Wiebke Göhner We developed and evaluated a theory-based intervention programme (MoVo-LISA) that encompasses motivational and volitional strategies aiming to prepare orthopaedic rehabilitation patients to perform physical exercise on a regular basis after discharge. The intervention consists of six units: two group sessions, one one-to-one interview, and three after-care contacts. Two hundred and twenty inactive patients were subsequently assigned to an intervention group (standard care plus MoVo-LISA) and a control group (standard care). Participants filled out questionnaires assessing cognitive antecedents of physical exercise. Measurement took place before and after rehabilitation, 6 weeks and 6 months after discharge, and 1 year after discharge. A 2 × 5 repeated measurement design was applied. Results revealed significant main and interaction effects with regard to cognitive variables; the intervention group reported enhanced self-efficacy and more positive balance of outcome expectations at 6 months as well as stronger goal intentions, more elaborated implementation intentions, and optimised strategies of intention shielding at 12 months after discharge compared to patients of the control group. Our findings demonstrate that a short and inexpensive cognitive-behavioural training programme is an effective tool to enable rehabilitation patients to follow treatment recommendations after discharge. The standardised intervention can be conducted by personnel other than psychologists. [source] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Study of Rural General Practitioners' Understanding and ExpectationsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 5 2003David Pierce ABSTRACT Introduction:,Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been extensively used to manage depression and anxiety. It has been offered to general practitioners (GPs) as a technique suited to primary care. Methods and results:,Forty-two GPs, who had participated in workshops on CBT, in rural Victoria, were surveyed about their use, expectations and understanding of CBT. Most of the GPs either occasionally or regularly used CBT. Respondents expressed concern that CBT would lengthen their consultations, while recognising its usefulness in their practice and capacity to enhance doctor,patient communication. Conclusions:,The GPs in this study, while regarding CBT as an appropriate technique in general practice, expressed both broad outcome expectations from its use and concerns about its time management impact. This study indicates the need for further research on the role of CBT in rural general practice. [source] COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY: A STUDY OF RURAL GENERAL PRACTIONERS, UNDERSTANDING AND EXPECTATIONSAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 5 2003David Pierce ABSTRACT Introduction: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been extensively used to manage depression and anxiety. It has been offered to general practitioners (GPs) as a technique suited to primary care. Methods and results: Forty-two GPs, who had participated in workshops on CBT, in rural Victoria, were surveyed about their use, expectations and understanding of CBT. Most of the GPs either occasionally or regularly used CBT. Respondents expressed concern that CBT would lengthen their consultations, while recognising its usefulness in their practice and capacity to enhance doctor,patient communication. Conclusions: The GPs in this study, while regarding CBT as an appropriate technique in general practice, expressed both broad outcome expectations from its use and concerns about its time management impact. This study indicates the need for further research on the role of CBT in rural general practice. [source] Affect-Congruent Social-Cognitive Evaluations and BehaviorsCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2008Kätlin Peets This study examined whether the affect children feel toward peers would influence children's social-cognitive evaluations and behaviors. The sample consisted of 209 fifth-grade children (11- to 12-year-olds; 119 boys and 90 girls). For each child, 3 target peers (liked, disliked, and neutral) were identified via a sociometric nomination procedure. The names of the targets were then inserted into hypothetical vignettes in which the target peer's behavior had a negative consequence for the child. After each vignette, questions about intent, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy beliefs were asked. In addition, self-reports regarding relationship-specific proactive and reactive aggression and regarding victimization were collected. The results demonstrate that children social-cognitively differentiate between the relationship types and that relationship-specific evaluations are associated with relationship-specific behaviors. [source] An exploratory study of the influences that compromise the sun protection of young adultsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 6 2008Ngaia Calder Abstract This paper reports on an exploratory research project designed to gain a deeper understanding of the influences on ultraviolet radiation (UVR) behaviours among high-risk young adults to determine what compromises the adoption of protection measures for this group. A dual approach using focus groups and the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique was used to provide personal narratives related to UVR behaviour for tertiary education students. Results from both ,conversations' were content-analysed using an iterative ,bootstrapping' technique to identify key themes and issues. This exploratory research identified a number of key themes including effect on mood, influence of culture, the value of tans, unrealistic optimism, risk-orientation, and the role of experience. This group felt that they not been targeted effectively by public health campaigns and did not fully understand the dangers of high-risk UVR behaviours. Although a number of previous studies have investigated the relationship between knowledge and behaviour, and largely concluded that increases in knowledge do not lead to increases in adoption of protection practices, the preliminary findings of this study reveal that the knowledge and perceived self efficacy of protective practices is extremely high, what is lacking is the perceived threat and thus the motivations to adopt such behaviours. The conclusions drawn from this research indicate that there are a variety of important influencing factors that compromise UVR behaviours, in particular, the lack of perceived seriousness and severity towards long term consequences such as skin cancer. The recommendation to address the imbalance of ,perceived threat' and ,outcome expectations' is to focus on increasing knowledge of skin cancer, particularly susceptibility to skin cancer and the severity of the condition. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||