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Selected AbstractsAN EFFICIENT MODEL FOR ENHANCING TEXT CATEGORIZATION USING SENTENCE SEMANTICSCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2010Shady Shehata Most of text categorization techniques are based on word and/or phrase analysis of the text. Statistical analysis of a term frequency captures the importance of the term within a document only. However, two terms can have the same frequency in there documents, but one term contributes more to the meaning of its sentences than the other term. Thus, the underlying model should identify terms that capture the semantics of text. In this case, the model can capture terms that present the concepts of the sentence, which leads to discovering the topic of the document. A new concept-based model that analyzes terms on the sentence, document, and corpus levels rather than the traditional analysis of document only is introduced. The concept-based model can effectively discriminate between nonimportant terms with respect to sentence semantics and terms which hold the concepts that represent the sentence meaning. A set of experiments using the proposed concept-based model on different datasets in text categorization is conducted in comparison with the traditional models. The results demonstrate the substantial enhancement of the categorization quality using the sentence-based, document-based and corpus-based concept analysis. [source] Moving Toward a Comprehensive Assessment System: A Framework for Considering Interim AssessmentsEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT: ISSUES AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2009Marianne Perie Local assessment systems are being marketed as formative, benchmark, predictive, and a host of other terms. Many so-called formative assessments are not at all similar to the types of assessments and strategies studied by,Black and Wiliam (1998),but instead are interim assessments. In this article, we clarify the definition and uses of interim assessments and argue that they can be an important piece of a comprehensive assessment system that includes formative, interim, and summative assessments. Interim assessments are given on a larger scale than formative assessments, have less flexibility, and are aggregated to the school or district level to help inform policy. Interim assessments are driven by their purpose, which fall into the categories of instructional, evaluative, or predictive. Our intent is to provide a specific definition for these "interim assessments" and to develop a framework that district and state leaders can use to evaluate these systems for purchase or development. The discussion lays out some concerns with the current state of these assessments as well as hopes for future directions and suggestions for further research. [source] A new numerical approach for solving high-order non-linear ordinary differential equationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 8 2003Songping Zhu Abstract There have been many numerical solution approaches to ordinary differential equations in the literature. However, very few are effective in solving non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), particularly when they are of order higher than one. With modern symbolic calculation packages, such as Maple and Mathematica, being readily available to researchers, we shall present a new numerical method in this paper. Based on the repeated use of a symbolic calculation package and a second-order finite-difference scheme, our method is particularly suitable for solving high-order non-linear differential equations arising from initial-value problems. One important feature of our approach is that if the highest-order derivative in an ODE can be written explicitly in terms of all the other terms of lower orders, our method requires no iterations at all. On the other hand, if the highest-order derivative in an ODE cannot be written explicitly in terms of all the other lower-order terms, iterations are only required before the actual time marching begins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Scope of Criminal Law and Criminal Sanctions: An Economic View and Policy ImplicationsJOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 3 2008Roger Bowles This paper considers why some harm-generating activities are controlled by criminal law and criminal sanctions while others are subject to some other mechanism such as civil law, administrative law, regulation or the tax system. It looks at the question from the perspective of the law and economics approach. We seek to identify the comparative benefits of using the criminal law relative to other enforcement mechanisms and , more broadly , why certain specific behaviours are criminalized. The paper argues that an economic approach emphasizing the relative merits of alternative legal instruments for bringing about harm reduction can provide an explanation for a number of recent legal developments. It argues also that the willingness of legislators to combine the use of sanctions traditionally used in one area of the law with sanctions from other areas is more readily explicable in economic terms than in other terms. [source] Development, standardization, and testing of a lexicon for reporting contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging studiesJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 6 2001Debra M. Ikeda MD Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop, standardize, and test reproducibility of a lexicon for reporting contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. To standardize breast MRI lesion description and reporting, seven radiologists with extensive breast MRI experience developed consensus on technical detail, clinical history, and terminology reporting to describe kinetic and architectural features of lesions detected on contrast-enhanced breast MR images. This lexicon adapted American College of Radiology Breast Imaging and Data Reporting System terminology for breast MRI reporting, including recommendations for reporting clinical history, technical parameters for breast MRI, descriptions for general breast composition, morphologic and kinetic characteristics of mass lesions or regions of abnormal enhancement, and overall impression and management recommendations. To test morphology reproducibility, seven radiologists assessed morphology characteristics of 85 contrast-enhanced breast MRI studies. Data from each independent reader were used to compute weighted and unweighted kappa (,) statistics for interobserver agreement among readers. The MR lexicon differentiates two lesion types, mass and non-mass-like enhancement based on morphology and geographical distribution, with descriptors of shape, margin, and internal enhancement. Lexicon testing showed substantial agreement for breast density (, = 0.63) and moderate agreement for lesion type (, = 0.57), mass margins (, = 0.55), and mass shape (, = 0.42). Agreement was fair for internal enhancement characteristics. Unweighted kappa statistics showed highest agreement for the terms dense in the breast composition category, mass in lesion type, spiculated and smooth in mass margins, irregular in mass shape, and both dark septations and rim enhancement for internal enhancement characteristics within a mass. The newly developed breast MR lexicon demonstrated moderate interobserver agreement. While breast density and lesion type appear reproducible, other terms require further refinement and testing to lead to a uniform standard language and reporting system for breast MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:889,895. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Classification and management of chronic sialadenitis of the parotid glandJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2009S. WANG Summary, Saliva has numerous oral functions and multiple functions in relation to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Chronic salivary hypofunction can lead to severe adverse health outcomes. Chronic sialadenitis is one of the major conditions that can cause salivary hypofunction. A correct diagnosis and management of chronic sialadenitis is essential for the recovery of salivary hypofunction. Chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland is often seen in the clinic, sometimes also referred to as recurrent pyogenic parotitis, recurrent parotitis, non-obstructive parotitis, sialadenitis or obstructive parotitis, among other terms. The literature describes several different classifications and denominations for chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland. These various classifications and denominations complicate the definition and diagnostic criteria, and if chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland can develop into Sjogren's syndrome remains unclear. Treatment of this condition is also a challenging problem. Here, we review the presented classification and denomination of chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland, proposing a classification based on the disease entities identified in a long-term follow-up investigation, and discuss the treatment principles for the condition. [source] Determination of effective anisotropy in nanocrystalline soft ribbons regarding magnetostrictive contributionsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003O. Geoffroy Abstract The effective anisotropy of nanocrystalline ribbons was determined by means of breakage/multiplication of domain walls by eddy currents under dynamical conditions. The data were interpreted in terms of the possible sources of anisotropy: random crystalline (nanograins), uniaxial (field annealing), magnetoelastic (stress). A simple model adapted from Herzer's Random Anisotropy Model describes the combination of the above terms on the wall scale. The random contribution from nanograins is short-range and averaged by the walls. On the contrary, the two other terms are long-range. The estimated stress ranges between 0.3 and 1.3 MPa, depending on the degree of recrystallisation. [source] United Kingdom Military Law: Autonomy, Civilianisation, JuridificationTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 1 2002G. R. Rubin This paper argues that military law has undergone a long-term process of change. Previously an autonomous legal system with little civilian input at the administrative, judicial and policy-making levels, military law became subject to a consensual policy of civilianisation from the early 1960s, reflected primarily in the adoption of civilian criminal law norms by the military justice system. More recently there has emerged the juridification of significant areas of military relations in respect to discipline and certain other terms of service which hitherto have not been subject to externally imposed legal regulation. Explanations for the shifts from autonomy, through civilianisation, and then to juridification, ranging from political and social developments to new human rights and equal opportunities discourses, are offered for such changes. [source] ,Mixed race', ,mixed origins' or what?ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, Issue 2 2009Generic terminology for the multiple racial/ethnic group population A broad range of terms have been proposed and debated for the ,mixed race' population. Dissatisfaction with ,mixed race', the term most widely used but contested on the grounds that it references the now discredited concept of ,race', has led to the search for an alternative. In 1994 the Royal Anthropological Institute advocated ,mixed origins'; despite subsequent further efforts, this alternative has gained little momentum. ,Mixed race' now competes with terms such as ,mixed heritage', ,dual heritage', and ,mixed parentage' amongst data users. However, research indicates that the term of choice of most respondents in general population and student samples of this population group is ,mixed race', other terms - including ,mixed origins' - attracting little support. Given its dominance, it is premature to argue that the term ,mixed race' should be replaced by candidates that are not self-descriptors. [source] Evolution on a shaky piece of Gondwana: is local endemism recent in New Caledonia?CLADISTICS, Issue 1 2005Jérôme Murienne New Caledonia is well known as a hot spot of biodiversity whose origin as a land mass can be traced back to the Gondwanan supercontinent. The local flora and fauna, in addition to being remarkably rich and endemic, comprise many supposedly relictual groups. Does the New Caledonian biota date back to Gondwanan times, building up its richness and endemism over 100 Myr or does it result from recent diversifications after Tertiary geological catastrophic events? Here we use a molecular phylogenetic approach to answer this question with the study of the Neocaledonian cockroach genus Angustonicus belonging to the subfamily Tryonicinae from Australia and New Caledonia. Both geological and molecular dating show that the diversification of this group is less than two million years old, whatever the date of its origin itself. This dating is not consistent with hypotheses of Gondwanan richness and endemism in New Caledonian biota. In other terms, local richness and endemism at the specific level are not necessarily related to an old Gondwanan origin of the Neocaledonian groups. © The Willi Hennig Society 2005. [source] | |||||||||||||