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Other Technologies (other + technology)
Selected AbstractsSVG Linearization and AccessibilityCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 4 2002Ivan Herman Abstract The usage of SVG (Scaleable Vector Graphics) creates new possibilities as well as new challenges for theaccessibility of Web sites. This paper presents a metadata vocabulary to describe the information content ofan SVG file geared towards accessibility. When used with a suitable tool, this metadata description can helpin generating a textual ("linear") version of the content, which can be used for users with disabilities or withnon-visual devices. Although this paper concentrates on SVG, i.e. on graphics on the Web, the metadata approach and vocabularypresented below can be applied in relation to other technologies, too. Indeed, accessibility issues have a muchwider significance, and have an effect on areas like CAD, cartography, or information visualization. Hence, theexperiences of the work presented below may also be useful for practitioners in other areas. ACM CSS: I.3.4 Graphics Utilities,Graphics Packages, I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques,Graphics datastructures and data types, Standards, K.4.2 Social Issues,Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities [source] Cryogenic condensation: A cost-effective technology for controlling VOC emissionsENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 2 2002Robert J. Davis Cryogenic condensation is an extremely cost-effective technology for controlling emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from chemical processing facilities under certain conditions. This paper describes the technology and provides the case history of an application in the pharmaceutical industry, in which its cost effectiveness was compared with a range of alternative technologies, including thermal oxidation, catalytic oxidation, flaring, carbon adsorption, and scrubbing. Because the facility already used significant quantities of liquid and gaseous nitrogen for inerting, blanketing, and purging, a very convenient cold source for cryogenic condensation was already present. On a lifetime cost basis, cryogenic condensation was significantly less costly than all other technologies evaluated. [source] High-speed-range enhancement of switched reluctance motor with continuous mode for automotive applicationsEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 7 2008M. Rekik Abstract This paper describes an original method for the elaboration of control laws for the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) for high-speed operation. In this case, the control optimisation relies on the choice of optimal turn-on and turn-off angles to ensure, in general, high global efficiency, in classical supply mode with full-wave voltage. Then, after showing the influence of number of turns, a new supply mode called the continuous mode is described. This mode, used with a higher number of turns, allows to reduce the inverter current rating and hence silicon requirements without compromising performance at high speed. This makes the SRM competitive compared to other technologies (synchronous and induction motors). The simulation results for a 12/8 SRM are presented and compared to those for an induction motor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Advanced Material Strategies for Tissue Engineering ScaffoldsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 32-33 2009Lisa E. Freed Abstract Tissue engineering seeks to restore the function of diseased or damaged tissues through the use of cells and biomaterial scaffolds. It is now apparent that the next generation of functional tissue replacements will require advanced material strategies to achieve many of the important requirements for long-term success. Here, we provide representative examples of engineered skeletal and myocardial tissue constructs in which scaffolds were explicitly designed to match native tissue mechanical properties as well as to promote cell alignment. We discuss recent progress in microfluidic devices that can potentially serve as tissue engineering scaffolds, since mass transport via microvascular-like structures will be essential in the development of tissue engineered constructs on the length scale of native tissues. Given the rapid evolution of the field of tissue engineering, it is important to consider the use of advanced materials in light of the emerging role of genetics, growth factors, bioreactors, and other technologies. [source] Oyster shucking technologies: past and presentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Daniel E. Martin Summary A review of oyster shucking technologies from the nineteenth century to the present day is presented, comparing advantages and disadvantages of various mechanical, thermal, pressure and other technologies. [source] Contributions of electrochemical oxidation to waste-water treatment: fundamentals and review of applicationsJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2009Ángela Anglada Abstract OVERVIEW: This paper provides an overview of some fundamental aspects of electrochemical oxidation and gives updated information on the application of this technology to waste-water treatment. In recent years, electrochemical oxidation has gained increasing interest due to its outstanding technical characteristics for eliminating a wide variety of pollutants normally present in waste-waters such as refractory organic matter, nitrogen species and microorganisms. IMPACT: The strict disposal limits and health quality standards set by legislation may be met by applying electrochemical oxidation. However, treatment costs have to be cut down before full-scale application of this technology. Deployment of electrochemical oxidation in combination with other technologies and the use of renewable sources to power this process are two steps in this direction. APPLICATIONS: Effluents from landfill and a wide diversity of industrial effluents including the agro-industry, chemical, textile, tannery and food industry, have been effectively treated by this technology. Its high efficiency together with its disinfection capabilities makes electro-oxidation a suitable technology for water reuse programs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Practical use of hepatitis C virus kinetics monitoring in the treatment of chronic hepatitis CJOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS, Issue 2007S. Chevaliez Summary., Prevention of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection complications can be achieved by antiviral therapy based on the use of a combination of pegylated interferon (IFN)-, and ribavirin. The steady-state kinetics of HCV infection represents the treatment target. The goal is cure, which is achieved when all infected cells have been cleared from the body. Because of their intrinsic properties, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are rapidly replacing other technologies for routine quantification of HCV-RNA during antiviral therapy. The virological response at week 12 of therapy is currently used to tailor treatment duration in HCV genotype 1 infection only. Recent reports suggest that the virological response at week 4 could be used to tailor treatment duration, whatever the HCV genotype. [source] Experimental solar spectral irradiance until 2500,nm: results and influence on the PV conversion of different materialsPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 4 2007J. J. Pérez-López Abstract In this work, results are presented concerning solar spectral irradiance measurements performed in Madrid in the wavelength range 250,2500,nm, that is, extending the spectral range far away from the wavelengths where PV semiconductors are active. These data were obtained considering a horizontal receiver surface during selected clear days covering the four seasons of the year. PV materials having different spectral responses (m-Si, a-Si, CIGS, CdTe) have been considered to calculate spectral factors (SF) taking as reference the standard solar spectrum AM1.5 defined in standard IEC 60904-3. From these SFs, the influence of natural solar spectral variations in PV conversion has been established. It is shown, for example, that PV technologies based on a-Si are highly favored, from the spectral point of view, in spring,summer compared to other technologies having broader spectral responses, which are more favored in autumn,winter. From the experimental measured solar spectra, we have calculated Weighed Solar Spectra (WSS) corresponding to the four seasons of the year and also to the whole year. The WSS represents, for a certain period of time, the solar spectrum weighed over the irradiance level. SFs have been calculated for different WSSs showing spectral gains for the four PV materials during almost the full year. Otherwise, it is also shown in this work how the near-IR part of the solar spectrum affects the evaluation of the solar resource as a whole when reference solar cells made of different PV materials are used. For typical m-Si, a-Si, CIGS, and CdTe solar cells, the ratio of Isc over global irradiance is not constant along a given day showing variations that depend on the season and on the PV material considered. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Sustainable soil remediation by refrigerated condensation at sites with "high-concentration" recalcitrant compounds and NAPL: Two case studiesREMEDIATION, Issue 1 2008Lowell Kessel Remediation of recalcitrant compounds at sites with high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) can present significant technical and financial (long-term) risk for stakeholders. Until recently, however, sustainability has not been included as a significant factor to be considered in the feasibility and risk evaluation for remediation technologies. The authors present a framework for which sustainability can be incorporated into the remediation selection criteria focusing specifically on off-gas treatment selection for soil vapor extraction (SVE) remediation technology. SVE is generally considered an old and standard approach to in situ remediation of soils at a contaminated site. The focus on off-gas treatment technology selection in this article allows for more in-depth analysis of the feasibility evaluation process and how sustainable practices might influence the process. SVE is more commonly employed for recovery of VOCs from soils than other technologies and generally employs granular activated carbon (GAC), catalytic, or thermal oxidation, or an emerging alternative technology known as cryogenic-compression and condensation combined with regenerative adsorption (C3,Technology). Of particular challenge to the off-gas treatment selection process is the potential variety of chemical constituents and concentrations changing over time. Guidance is available regarding selection of off-gas treatment technology (Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 1996; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006). However, there are common shortcomings of off-gas treatment technology guidance and applications; practitioners have rarely considered sustainability and environmental impact of off-gas treatment technology selection. This evaluation includes consideration of environmental sustainability in the selection of off-gas treatment technologies and a region-specific (Los Angeles, California) cost per pound and time of remediation comparisons between GAC, thermal oxidation, and C3,Technology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Treatment technology for remediation of wood preserving sites: OverviewREMEDIATION, Issue 3 2000Edward R. Bates This is the first in a series of five articles describing the applicability, performance, and cost of technologies for the remediation of contaminated soil and water at wood preserving sites. Site-specific treatability studies conducted under the supervision of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), from 1995 through 1997 constitute much of the basis for the evaluations presented, although data from other treatability studies, literature sources, and actual site remediations have also been included to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of remediation technologies. This article provides an overview of the wood preserving sites studied, including contaminant levels, and a summary of the performance of the technologies evaluated. The subsequent articles discuss the performance of each technology in more detail. Three articles discuss technologies for the treatment of soils, including solidification/stabilization, biological treatment, solvent extraction and soil washing. One article discusses technologies for the treatment of liquids, water and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLS), including biological treatment, carbon adsorption, photolytic oxidation, and hydraulic containment. The reader should be aware that other technologies including, but not limited to, incineration, thermal desorption, and base catalyzed dehalogenation, also have application for treating contaminants on wood preserving sites. They are not discussed in these five articles since the focus was to evaluate lesser known and hopefully lower cost approaches. However, the reader should include consideration of these other technologies as part of any evaluation or screening of technologies applicable to remediation of wood preserving sites. [source] The Challenges of Ambient Law and Legal Protection in the Profiling EraTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 3 2010Mireille Hildebrandt Ambient Intelligence is a vision of a future in which autonomic smart environments take an unprecedented number of decisions both for the private and the public good. It involves a shift to automated pattern recognition, a new paradigm in the construction of knowledge. This will fundamentally affect our lives, increasing specific types of errors, loss of autonomy and privacy, unfair discrimination and stigmatisation, and an absence of due process. Current law's articulation in the technology of the printed script is inadequate in the face of the new type of knowledge generation. A possible solution is to articulate legal protections within the socio-technical infrastructure. In particular, both privacy-enhancing and transparency-enhancing technologies must be developed that embed legal rules in ambient technologies themselves. This vision of ,Ambient Law' requires a novel approach to law making which addresses the challenges of technology, legitimacy, and political-legal theory. Only a constructive and collaborative effort to migrate law from books to other technologies can ensure that Ambient Law becomes reality, safeguarding the fundamental values underlying privacy, identity, and democracy in tomorrow's ambient intelligent world. [source] DUNG BY PREFERENCE: THE CHOICE OF FUEL AS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ANDEAN POTTERY PRODUCTION IS EMBEDDED WITHIN WIDER TECHNICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC PRACTICES,ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 1 2000B. SILLAR A discussion of how Andean potters acquire and use their fuels is used to demonstrate the ,embedded'nature of ceramic technology. The most common choice of fuel in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia is animal dung (mainly cow, sheep, and llama). This technological choice is related to wider social and economic practices (particularly in relation to animal husbandry) which has further repercussions that affect other technologies (such as agriculture practices). Such a succession of interrelated activities is not unique to pottery; it is fundamental to all technologies and should be considered within archaeological analysis. [source] Away from the edge II: in-house Se-SAS phasing with chromium radiationACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 7 2005Hao Xu Recently, the demands of high-throughput macromolecular crystallography have driven continuous improvements in phasing methods, data-collection protocols and many other technologies. Single-wavelength anomalous scattering (SAS) phasing with chromium X-ray radiation opens a new possibility for phasing a protein with data collected in-house and has led to several successful examples of de novo structure solution using only weak anomalous scatterers such as sulfur. To further reduce data-collection time and make SAS phasing more robust, it is natural to combine selenomethionine-derivatized protein (SeMet protein) with Cr,K, radiation to take advantage of the larger anomalous scattering signal from selenium ( = 2.28 e,) compared with sulfur ( = 1.14 e,). As reported herein, the crystal structure of a putative chorismate mutase from Clostridium thermocellum was determined using Se-SAS with Cr,K, radiation. Each protein molecule contains eight selenomethionine residues in 148 amino-acid residues, providing a calculated Bijvoet ratio of about 3.5% at the Cr,K, wavelength. A single data set to 2.2,Ĺ resolution with approximately ninefold redundancy was collected using an imaging-plate detector coupled with a Cr source. Structure solution, refinement and deposition to the Protein Data Bank were performed within 9,h of the availability of the scaled diffraction data. The procedure used here is applicable to many other proteins and promises to become a routine pathway for in-house high-throughput crystallography. [source] Performance of soft phones and advances in associated technologyBELL LABS TECHNICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002Christopher Chrin Soft-phone technology for Internet protocol (IP) voice is growing in importance. However, soft phones exhibit poorer quality than public switched telephone network (PSTN) phones. A goal is to improve that quality, perhaps even to the point that the communication experience is better than with PSTN phones. This letter presents an analysis of soft-phone performance and describes acoustic echo cancellation and other technologies that improve soft-phone performance. © 2002 Lucent Technologies Inc. [source] Greening from the front to the back door?BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 3 2010A typology of chemical, resource management services Abstract Though services and product,service systems have been promoted as a promising way towards more eco-efficient and sustainable societies, they have not turned into reality as expected. Chemical and resource management services are among the few operational examples. They aim to align the service provider's and customer's actions to reduce chemical usage and waste, improve supply chain management and increase resource efficiency. Arguably, they also create new business and higher profit margins compared with merely selling chemicals or handling industrial waste. Thus far they have been viewed as a single business model. In contrast, this study shows through the construction of five ideal types that the actual services and their focus vary. They range from the management of the chemical supply to operations, waste reduction, combined logistics services, process management, IT and other technologies. Consequently this affects the value creation, organization and environmental efficiencies of these services. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Technology Advances and Tanker Spill PreventionNAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001Cdr. G. Rodgers USCGR (Ret.) ABSTRACT Goals to alert the bridge watch for imminent grounding or collision with shallow underwater dangers, have long been stymied by lags in active sonar technology. Thus "lower hemisphere" designs for shallow underwater search have been unable to exploit solutions useful topside for the "upper hemisphere" guarded by radar and other technology. While the radar environment normally exhibits single path, direct line-of-sight conditions for prime targets, the shallow water sonar environment is cluttered by a mix of echoes and multipath returns for identical ranges. Thus we first must accommodate to a quirky hydroacoustic environment as a major design subsystem for any shallow water navigational sonar. Secondly, for large carriers found in the world tanker fleet, there is recognition that some simple backfit solution is needed for any electroacoustic interface, the sonar transducer. Commercial carriers have not been designed or built with special hull considerations such as sonar domes and recesses; therefore, this second vital subsystem requires particular design attention for projecting hydro-acoustic energy and receiving return echoes. Several recent patents are on file which apply to this problem. Thirdly, signal processing considerations provide a set of design-critical factors. High speed digital signal processors (DSPs) of recent "parallel" design offer opportunities to search at high speed and to unravel the confusing mix of acoustic energy found in shallow water returns. Past hurdles are endemic for these three critical subsystems: hydroacoustic environment, electroacoustic transducer design, and signal processing, but now these seem most amenable to technology transfer. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||